{"id":1058,"date":"2016-06-28T18:16:43","date_gmt":"2016-06-28T18:16:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level2-english\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=1058"},"modified":"2016-11-08T00:27:30","modified_gmt":"2016-11-08T00:27:30","slug":"text-categories-of-nouns","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-introtocollegecomp\/chapter\/text-categories-of-nouns\/","title":{"raw":"Categories of Nouns","rendered":"Categories of Nouns"},"content":{"raw":"There are a lot of ways to categorize nouns: common vs. proper nouns, concrete vs. abstract nouns, count vs. non-count nouns, and\u00a0compound vs. non-compound nouns. Let's take a look at each of these kinds of categorization and see exactly what they each mean.\r\n<h2>Common vs. Proper Nouns<\/h2>\r\nCommon nouns are\u00a0generic words, like <em>tissue<\/em> or\u00a0<em>watch<\/em>. They are\u00a0lower-cased (unless they\u00a0begin a sentence).\u00a0A proper noun, on the other hand, is the name of a specific thing, like the brand name\u00a0<em>Kleenex<\/em> or\u00a0<em>Rolex<\/em>. Proper nouns are always\u00a0capitalized.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>common noun:\u00a0name<\/li>\r\n \t<li>proper noun: Ester<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Note:\u00a0<\/strong>This rule also applies to adjectives that are based on proper nouns:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>It's often difficult to understand Shakespearian language.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>Shakespearian<\/em> comes from\u00a0<em>Shakespeare<\/em>, a man's last name, so it should be capitalized.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>After her encounter with Lukas, she vowed to hate all Swiss\u00a0men.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>Swiss<\/em>\u00a0comes from the country\u00a0<em>Switzerland<\/em>, so it should be capitalized.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nHowever, you can also encounter things like these:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>I really love swiss cheese.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Do you want me to pick up any french fries for you while I'm out?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nWhy aren't <em>swiss<\/em> and\u00a0<em>french<\/em> capitalized in these instances?\u00a0When you're talking about\u00a0<em>swiss cheese<\/em> and\u00a0<em>french fries<\/em>, these adjectives\u00a0have a non-literal meaning: the cheese isn't really from Switzerland, nor\u00a0are the fries really from France.\u00a0So the adjective doesn't need to be capitalized.\r\n\r\nThis also applies to things\u00a0like\u00a0<em>arabic numerals<\/em> and\u00a0<em>pasteurized milk<\/em> (<i>pasteurized<\/i>\u00a0comes from the name <em>Louis Pasteur<\/em>, who discovered pasteurization).\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Concrete vs. Abstract Nouns<\/h2>\r\nConcrete nouns are things you can hold, see, or otherwise sense, like\u00a0<em>book<\/em>,\u00a0<em>light<\/em>, or\u00a0<em>warmth<\/em>.\r\n\r\nAbstract nouns, on the other hand, are (as you might expect) abstract concepts, like\u00a0<em>time<\/em> and\u00a0<em>love<\/em>.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>concrete noun: rock<\/li>\r\n \t<li>abstract noun: justice<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\nLook at each of the following nouns and\u00a0determine if they are common or proper and if they are concrete or abstract. For example:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>justice<\/em> is a common abstract noun.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"10%\">Buddhism<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"40%\">[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"10%\">Robert<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"40%\">[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>cathedral<\/td>\r\n<td>[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\n<td>talent<\/td>\r\n<td>[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"236346\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"236346\"]\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"10%\">Buddhism<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"40%\"><em>Buddhism<\/em> is a proper abstract noun.<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"10%\">Robert<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"40%\"><em>Robert<\/em> is a proper concrete noun.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>cathedral<\/td>\r\n<td><em>cathedral<\/em> is a common concrete noun.<\/td>\r\n<td>talent<\/td>\r\n<td><em>talent<\/em>\u00a0is a common abstract\u00a0noun<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2 class=\"entry-title\">Count vs. Non-Count Nouns<\/h2>\r\nA <strong>count noun<\/strong> (also <strong>countable noun<\/strong>) is a noun that can be modified by a numeral (<em>three chairs<\/em>) and that occurs in both singular and plural forms (<em>chair<\/em>, <em>chairs<\/em>). The can also be preceded by words such as <em>a<\/em>, <em>an<\/em>, or <em>the<\/em> (<em>a chair<\/em>).\u00a0Quite literally, count nouns are nouns which can be counted.\r\n\r\nA <strong>non-count noun<\/strong> (also <strong>mass noun<\/strong>), on the other hand, has none of these properties. It can't be modified by a numeral (<em>three furniture<\/em> is incorrect), occur in singular\/plural (<em>furnitures<\/em> is not a word), or co-occur with <em>a<\/em>, <em>an<\/em>, or <em>the<\/em> (<em>a furniture<\/em> is incorrect). Again, quite literally, non-count nouns are nouns which cannot be counted.\r\n\r\nIn general, a count noun is going to be something you can easily count\u2014like\u00a0<em>rock<\/em> or <em>dollar bill<\/em>. Non-count nouns, on the other hand, would be more difficult to count\u2014like\u00a0<em>sand<\/em> or\u00a0<em>money<\/em>.\u00a0If you ever want to identify a singular\u00a0non-count noun, you need a phrase beforehand\u2014like\u00a0<em>a grain of sand<\/em> or <em>a sum of money<\/em>.\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Less\u00a0vs.\u00a0Fewer?<\/h3>\r\nThe adjectives\u00a0<em>less<\/em> and\u00a0<em>fewer<\/em> are both used to indicate a smaller amount of the noun they modify. People often will use these words\u00a0interchangeably; however, the word\u00a0<em>fewer<\/em>\u00a0is used with count nouns, while\u00a0<em>less<\/em> is used with non-count nouns:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The pet day care has <strong>fewer<\/strong> dogs than cats this week.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Next time you make these cookies, you should use <strong>less<\/strong> sugar.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThe adjectives many and much also follow this pattern.\u00a0<em>Many<\/em> is used with count nouns, and\u00a0<em>much<\/em> is used with non-count nouns.\u00a0<em>Much<\/em> usually\u00a0follows the adverb\u00a0<em>too<\/em> (i.e.,\u00a0<em>too much<\/em>):\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Many<\/strong>\u00a0poets\u00a0struggle\u00a0when they try to determine if a poem is complete or not.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>There's too <strong>much<\/strong> goodness in her heart for her own good.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\nRead the following sentences. Decide if the bolded words have been treated correctly as count or non-count nouns.\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Satya has a lot of\u00a0<strong>clothings<\/strong>. Her mother has told her that before she can buy any more, she must get rid of five\u00a0<strong>shirts<\/strong> and two\u00a0<strong>pants<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>There were a lot of types of <strong>food<\/strong> at the event, including different <strong>soups<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>salads<\/strong>,\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>desserts<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Miguel loved studying <strong>outer space<\/strong>\u2014especially\u00a0the different\u00a0<strong>galaxy<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"842967\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"842967\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>No. All three nouns (<em>clothings<\/em>,\u00a0<em>shirts<\/em>, and\u00a0<em>pants<\/em>) have been treated as count nouns. However, only\u00a0<em>shirts<\/em> is a count noun. The correct sentence would be \"Satya has a lot of\u00a0<strong>clothing<\/strong>. Her mother has told her that before she can buy any more, she must get rid of five\u00a0shirts and two\u00a0<strong>pairs of pants<\/strong>.\"\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Please not that even though the word <em>pants<\/em>\u00a0ends in an\u00a0<em>s<\/em>, it is not actually plural (or singular; it's non-count!). The correct way to create a plural is <em>pairs of pants<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Yes.\u00a0<em>Food<\/em> is a non-count noun (and has been treated as such).\u00a0<em>Soups<\/em>,\u00a0<em>salads<\/em>, and\u00a0<em>desserts<\/em> are all plural count nouns.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>No. <em>Outer space<\/em> is non-count, and has been treated as such, but <em>galaxy<\/em> is a count noun, and has been treated as a non-count. The correct sentence would be \"Miguel loved studying outer space\u2014especially the different <strong>galaxies<\/strong>.\"<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\nChoose the correct word to fill in the gaps in the following sentences:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Evelyn wished there was (less \/ fewer) rain in the weather\u00a0forecast.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>You can only be in this line if you have fifteen items or (less \/ fewer).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>I\u00a0made a list of my (many \/ much) ideas for the project.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Arturo drank\u00a0too (many \/ much)\u00a0water before his workout.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"824688\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"824688\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Evelyn wished there was <strong>less<\/strong> rain in the weather\u00a0forecast.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>Rain<\/em> is a non-count noun, so the adjective\u00a0<em>less<\/em> should be used.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>You can only be in this line if you have fifteen items or <strong>fewer<\/strong>.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>Items<\/em> is a count noun, so the adjective\u00a0<em>fewer<\/em> should be used.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>I\u00a0made a list of my <strong>many<\/strong>\u00a0ideas for the project.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>Ideas<\/em> is a count noun, so the adjective\u00a0<em>many<\/em> should be used.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Arturo drank\u00a0too <strong>much<\/strong>\u00a0water before his workout.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>Water<\/em> is a non-count noun, so the adjective\u00a0<em>much<\/em> should be used.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Compound Nouns<\/h2>\r\nA <b>compound noun<\/b> is a noun phrase made up of two nouns, e.g. <i>bus driver<\/i>, in which the first noun acts as a sort of adjective\u00a0for the second one, but without really describing it. (For example, think about the difference between\u00a0<i>a black bird<\/i> and <i>a blackbird<\/i>.)\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1115\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1024\"]<img class=\"size-large wp-image-1115\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/04\/21174321\/birdsH-1024x337.jpg\" alt=\"two photographs; one of a crow the other of a blackbird.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"337\" \/> Figure 1. A crow is a black bird, while a blackbird is a specific species of bird.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<strong>Compound nouns<\/strong>\u00a0can be made up of two or more other words, but each compound\u00a0has a single meaning. They\u00a0may or may not be hyphenated, and they may be written with a space between words\u2014especially if one of the words has more than one syllable, as in <i>living room<\/i>. In that regard, it's necessary to avoid the over-simplification of saying that two single-syllable words are written together as one word. Thus, <i>tablecloth<\/i> but <i>table mat<\/i>, <i>wine glass<\/i> but <i>wineglassful<\/i> or <i>key ring<\/i> but <i>keyholder<\/i>. Moreover, there are cases which some people\/dictionaries\u00a0will write one way while others write them another way.\u00a0Until very recently we wrote <i>(the) week's end<\/i>, which later became <i>week-end<\/i> and then our beloved <i>weekend<\/i>.\r\n\r\nThere are three typical structures of compound nouns.\r\n<h3>Types of Compound Nouns<\/h3>\r\nShort compounds may be written in three different ways:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>The solid or closed forms<\/strong> in which two usually moderately short words appear together as one. Solid compounds most likely consist of short\u00a0units that often have been established in the language for a long time. Examples are <i>housewife<\/i>, <i>lawsuit<\/i>, <i>wallpaper<\/i>, <i>basketball<\/i>, etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>The hyphenated form<\/strong> in which two or more words are connected by a hyphen. This category includes compounds that contain suffixes, such as <em>house-build<\/em>(<em>er<\/em>) and <em>single-mind<\/em>(<em>ed<\/em>)(<em>ness<\/em>). Compounds that contain articles, prepositions or\u00a0conjunctions, such as <i>rent-a-cop <\/i>and\u00a0<i>mother-of-pearl<\/i>, are also often hyphenated.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>The open or spaced form<\/strong> consisting of newer combinations of usually longer words, such as <i>distance learning<\/i>, <i>player piano<\/i>, <i>lawn tennis<\/i>, etc.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nHyphens are often considered a squishy part on language (we'll discuss this further in <a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level2-english\/chapter\/text-hyphens-and-dashes\/\" target=\"_blank\">Text: Hyphens and Dashes<\/a>). Because of this, usage differs and often depends on the individual choice of the writer rather than on a hard-and-fast rule. This means\u00a0open, hyphenated, and closed forms may be encountered for the same compound noun, such as the triplets <i>container ship<\/i>\/<i>container-ship<\/i>\/<i>containership<\/i> and <i>particle board<\/i>\/<i>particle-board<\/i>\/<i>particleboard<\/i>. If you're ever in doubt whether a compound should be closed, hyphenated, or open, dictionaries are your best reference.\r\n<h3>Plurals<\/h3>\r\nThe process of making\u00a0compound nouns plural has its own\u00a0set of conventions to follow. In all forms of compound nouns, we pluralize the chief element of a compound word (i.e., we pluralize the primary noun of the compound).\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>fisher<strong>man<\/strong>\u00a0\u2192 fisher<strong>men<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>black\u00a0<strong>bird<\/strong> \u2192 black\u00a0<strong>birds<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>brother<\/strong>-in-law\u00a0\u2192 <strong>brothers<\/strong>-in-law<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThe word <em>hand-me-down<\/em>\u00a0doesn't have a distinct primary noun, so\u00a0its plural is\u00a0<em>hand-me-downs<\/em>.\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\nLook at each compound\u00a0word in the table below. Write the plural\u00a0version of the word and explain\u00a0why you wrote the plural in that form. For example:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The plural of <em>spoonful<\/em> is\u00a0<em>spoonfuls<\/em>. The end of the word is made plural because -<em>ful\u00a0<\/em>isn't a complete word.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The plural of\u00a0<em>runner-up<\/em> is\u00a0<em>runners-up<\/em>. <em>Runner <\/em>is made plural\u00a0because it\u00a0is the primary noun.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th width=\"20%\">Singular<\/th>\r\n<th width=\"30%\">Plural<\/th>\r\n<th width=\"20%\">Singular<\/th>\r\n<th width=\"30%\">Plural<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>do-it-yourself<\/td>\r\n<td>[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\n<td>rabbit's foot<\/td>\r\n<td>[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>have-not<\/td>\r\n<td>[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\n<td>passerby<\/td>\r\n<td>[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>time-out<\/td>\r\n<td>[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\n<td>lieutenant general<\/td>\r\n<td>[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"87309\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"87309\"]\r\n<table>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th width=\"20%\">Singular<\/th>\r\n<th width=\"30%\">Plural<\/th>\r\n<th width=\"20%\">Singular<\/th>\r\n<th width=\"30%\">Plural<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>do-it-yourself<\/td>\r\n<td>The plural of <em>do-it-yourself<\/em>\u00a0is <em>do-it-yourselves<\/em>. <em>Yourself<\/em> is made plural because it\u00a0is the primary noun.<\/td>\r\n<td>rabbit's foot<\/td>\r\n<td>The plural of <em>rabbit's foot<\/em> is <em>rabbits' feet<\/em>. Both words are made plural because when there's more than one foot, it's unlikely\u00a0to know how many rabbits the feet came from.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>have-not<\/td>\r\n<td>The plural of <em>have-not<\/em> is <em>have-nots<\/em>. The end of the word is made plural because <em>have-not<\/em> doesn't have a distinct primary noun<\/td>\r\n<td>passerby<\/td>\r\n<td>The plural of <em>passerby<\/em>\u00a0is <em>passersby<\/em>. <em>Passer<\/em>\u00a0is made plural because it is the primary noun.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>time-out<\/td>\r\n<td>The plural of <em>time-out<\/em> is <em>time-outs<\/em>. The end of the word is made plural because <em>time-out<\/em> doesn't have a distinct primary noun<\/td>\r\n<td>lieutenant general<\/td>\r\n<td>The plural of <em>lieutenant general<\/em> is <em>lieutenant generals<\/em>. The end of the word is made plural because <em>lieutenant general<\/em> doesn't have a distinct primary noun<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<p>There are a lot of ways to categorize nouns: common vs. proper nouns, concrete vs. abstract nouns, count vs. non-count nouns, and\u00a0compound vs. non-compound nouns. Let&#8217;s take a look at each of these kinds of categorization and see exactly what they each mean.<\/p>\n<h2>Common vs. Proper Nouns<\/h2>\n<p>Common nouns are\u00a0generic words, like <em>tissue<\/em> or\u00a0<em>watch<\/em>. They are\u00a0lower-cased (unless they\u00a0begin a sentence).\u00a0A proper noun, on the other hand, is the name of a specific thing, like the brand name\u00a0<em>Kleenex<\/em> or\u00a0<em>Rolex<\/em>. Proper nouns are always\u00a0capitalized.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>common noun:\u00a0name<\/li>\n<li>proper noun: Ester<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Note:\u00a0<\/strong>This rule also applies to adjectives that are based on proper nouns:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>It&#8217;s often difficult to understand Shakespearian language.\n<ul>\n<li><em>Shakespearian<\/em> comes from\u00a0<em>Shakespeare<\/em>, a man&#8217;s last name, so it should be capitalized.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>After her encounter with Lukas, she vowed to hate all Swiss\u00a0men.\n<ul>\n<li><em>Swiss<\/em>\u00a0comes from the country\u00a0<em>Switzerland<\/em>, so it should be capitalized.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>However, you can also encounter things like these:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>I really love swiss cheese.<\/li>\n<li>Do you want me to pick up any french fries for you while I&#8217;m out?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Why aren&#8217;t <em>swiss<\/em> and\u00a0<em>french<\/em> capitalized in these instances?\u00a0When you&#8217;re talking about\u00a0<em>swiss cheese<\/em> and\u00a0<em>french fries<\/em>, these adjectives\u00a0have a non-literal meaning: the cheese isn&#8217;t really from Switzerland, nor\u00a0are the fries really from France.\u00a0So the adjective doesn&#8217;t need to be capitalized.<\/p>\n<p>This also applies to things\u00a0like\u00a0<em>arabic numerals<\/em> and\u00a0<em>pasteurized milk<\/em> (<i>pasteurized<\/i>\u00a0comes from the name <em>Louis Pasteur<\/em>, who discovered pasteurization).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Concrete vs. Abstract Nouns<\/h2>\n<p>Concrete nouns are things you can hold, see, or otherwise sense, like\u00a0<em>book<\/em>,\u00a0<em>light<\/em>, or\u00a0<em>warmth<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Abstract nouns, on the other hand, are (as you might expect) abstract concepts, like\u00a0<em>time<\/em> and\u00a0<em>love<\/em>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>concrete noun: rock<\/li>\n<li>abstract noun: justice<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p>Look at each of the following nouns and\u00a0determine if they are common or proper and if they are concrete or abstract. For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>justice<\/em> is a common abstract noun.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;\">Buddhism<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 40%;\"><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"1\"><\/textarea><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;\">Robert<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 40%;\"><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"1\"><\/textarea><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>cathedral<\/td>\n<td><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"1\"><\/textarea><\/td>\n<td>talent<\/td>\n<td><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"1\"><\/textarea><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q236346\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q236346\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;\">Buddhism<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 40%;\"><em>Buddhism<\/em> is a proper abstract noun.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;\">Robert<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 40%;\"><em>Robert<\/em> is a proper concrete noun.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>cathedral<\/td>\n<td><em>cathedral<\/em> is a common concrete noun.<\/td>\n<td>talent<\/td>\n<td><em>talent<\/em>\u00a0is a common abstract\u00a0noun<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"entry-title\">Count vs. Non-Count Nouns<\/h2>\n<p>A <strong>count noun<\/strong> (also <strong>countable noun<\/strong>) is a noun that can be modified by a numeral (<em>three chairs<\/em>) and that occurs in both singular and plural forms (<em>chair<\/em>, <em>chairs<\/em>). The can also be preceded by words such as <em>a<\/em>, <em>an<\/em>, or <em>the<\/em> (<em>a chair<\/em>).\u00a0Quite literally, count nouns are nouns which can be counted.<\/p>\n<p>A <strong>non-count noun<\/strong> (also <strong>mass noun<\/strong>), on the other hand, has none of these properties. It can&#8217;t be modified by a numeral (<em>three furniture<\/em> is incorrect), occur in singular\/plural (<em>furnitures<\/em> is not a word), or co-occur with <em>a<\/em>, <em>an<\/em>, or <em>the<\/em> (<em>a furniture<\/em> is incorrect). Again, quite literally, non-count nouns are nouns which cannot be counted.<\/p>\n<p>In general, a count noun is going to be something you can easily count\u2014like\u00a0<em>rock<\/em> or <em>dollar bill<\/em>. Non-count nouns, on the other hand, would be more difficult to count\u2014like\u00a0<em>sand<\/em> or\u00a0<em>money<\/em>.\u00a0If you ever want to identify a singular\u00a0non-count noun, you need a phrase beforehand\u2014like\u00a0<em>a grain of sand<\/em> or <em>a sum of money<\/em>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Less\u00a0vs.\u00a0Fewer?<\/h3>\n<p>The adjectives\u00a0<em>less<\/em> and\u00a0<em>fewer<\/em> are both used to indicate a smaller amount of the noun they modify. People often will use these words\u00a0interchangeably; however, the word\u00a0<em>fewer<\/em>\u00a0is used with count nouns, while\u00a0<em>less<\/em> is used with non-count nouns:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The pet day care has <strong>fewer<\/strong> dogs than cats this week.<\/li>\n<li>Next time you make these cookies, you should use <strong>less<\/strong> sugar.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The adjectives many and much also follow this pattern.\u00a0<em>Many<\/em> is used with count nouns, and\u00a0<em>much<\/em> is used with non-count nouns.\u00a0<em>Much<\/em> usually\u00a0follows the adverb\u00a0<em>too<\/em> (i.e.,\u00a0<em>too much<\/em>):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Many<\/strong>\u00a0poets\u00a0struggle\u00a0when they try to determine if a poem is complete or not.<\/li>\n<li>There&#8217;s too <strong>much<\/strong> goodness in her heart for her own good.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p>Read the following sentences. Decide if the bolded words have been treated correctly as count or non-count nouns.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Satya has a lot of\u00a0<strong>clothings<\/strong>. Her mother has told her that before she can buy any more, she must get rid of five\u00a0<strong>shirts<\/strong> and two\u00a0<strong>pants<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>There were a lot of types of <strong>food<\/strong> at the event, including different <strong>soups<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>salads<\/strong>,\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>desserts<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Miguel loved studying <strong>outer space<\/strong>\u2014especially\u00a0the different\u00a0<strong>galaxy<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q842967\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q842967\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>No. All three nouns (<em>clothings<\/em>,\u00a0<em>shirts<\/em>, and\u00a0<em>pants<\/em>) have been treated as count nouns. However, only\u00a0<em>shirts<\/em> is a count noun. The correct sentence would be &#8220;Satya has a lot of\u00a0<strong>clothing<\/strong>. Her mother has told her that before she can buy any more, she must get rid of five\u00a0shirts and two\u00a0<strong>pairs of pants<\/strong>.&#8221;\n<ul>\n<li>Please not that even though the word <em>pants<\/em>\u00a0ends in an\u00a0<em>s<\/em>, it is not actually plural (or singular; it&#8217;s non-count!). The correct way to create a plural is <em>pairs of pants<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Yes.\u00a0<em>Food<\/em> is a non-count noun (and has been treated as such).\u00a0<em>Soups<\/em>,\u00a0<em>salads<\/em>, and\u00a0<em>desserts<\/em> are all plural count nouns.<\/li>\n<li>No. <em>Outer space<\/em> is non-count, and has been treated as such, but <em>galaxy<\/em> is a count noun, and has been treated as a non-count. The correct sentence would be &#8220;Miguel loved studying outer space\u2014especially the different <strong>galaxies<\/strong>.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Choose the correct word to fill in the gaps in the following sentences:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Evelyn wished there was (less \/ fewer) rain in the weather\u00a0forecast.<\/li>\n<li>You can only be in this line if you have fifteen items or (less \/ fewer).<\/li>\n<li>I\u00a0made a list of my (many \/ much) ideas for the project.<\/li>\n<li>Arturo drank\u00a0too (many \/ much)\u00a0water before his workout.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q824688\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q824688\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>Evelyn wished there was <strong>less<\/strong> rain in the weather\u00a0forecast.\n<ul>\n<li><em>Rain<\/em> is a non-count noun, so the adjective\u00a0<em>less<\/em> should be used.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>You can only be in this line if you have fifteen items or <strong>fewer<\/strong>.\n<ul>\n<li><em>Items<\/em> is a count noun, so the adjective\u00a0<em>fewer<\/em> should be used.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>I\u00a0made a list of my <strong>many<\/strong>\u00a0ideas for the project.\n<ul>\n<li><em>Ideas<\/em> is a count noun, so the adjective\u00a0<em>many<\/em> should be used.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Arturo drank\u00a0too <strong>much<\/strong>\u00a0water before his workout.\n<ul>\n<li><em>Water<\/em> is a non-count noun, so the adjective\u00a0<em>much<\/em> should be used.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Compound Nouns<\/h2>\n<p>A <b>compound noun<\/b> is a noun phrase made up of two nouns, e.g. <i>bus driver<\/i>, in which the first noun acts as a sort of adjective\u00a0for the second one, but without really describing it. (For example, think about the difference between\u00a0<i>a black bird<\/i> and <i>a blackbird<\/i>.)<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_1115\" style=\"width: 1034px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1115\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1115\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/04\/21174321\/birdsH-1024x337.jpg\" alt=\"two photographs; one of a crow the other of a blackbird.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"337\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-1115\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1. A crow is a black bird, while a blackbird is a specific species of bird.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>Compound nouns<\/strong>\u00a0can be made up of two or more other words, but each compound\u00a0has a single meaning. They\u00a0may or may not be hyphenated, and they may be written with a space between words\u2014especially if one of the words has more than one syllable, as in <i>living room<\/i>. In that regard, it&#8217;s necessary to avoid the over-simplification of saying that two single-syllable words are written together as one word. Thus, <i>tablecloth<\/i> but <i>table mat<\/i>, <i>wine glass<\/i> but <i>wineglassful<\/i> or <i>key ring<\/i> but <i>keyholder<\/i>. Moreover, there are cases which some people\/dictionaries\u00a0will write one way while others write them another way.\u00a0Until very recently we wrote <i>(the) week&#8217;s end<\/i>, which later became <i>week-end<\/i> and then our beloved <i>weekend<\/i>.<\/p>\n<p>There are three typical structures of compound nouns.<\/p>\n<h3>Types of Compound Nouns<\/h3>\n<p>Short compounds may be written in three different ways:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>The solid or closed forms<\/strong> in which two usually moderately short words appear together as one. Solid compounds most likely consist of short\u00a0units that often have been established in the language for a long time. Examples are <i>housewife<\/i>, <i>lawsuit<\/i>, <i>wallpaper<\/i>, <i>basketball<\/i>, etc.<\/li>\n<li><strong>The hyphenated form<\/strong> in which two or more words are connected by a hyphen. This category includes compounds that contain suffixes, such as <em>house-build<\/em>(<em>er<\/em>) and <em>single-mind<\/em>(<em>ed<\/em>)(<em>ness<\/em>). Compounds that contain articles, prepositions or\u00a0conjunctions, such as <i>rent-a-cop <\/i>and\u00a0<i>mother-of-pearl<\/i>, are also often hyphenated.<\/li>\n<li><strong>The open or spaced form<\/strong> consisting of newer combinations of usually longer words, such as <i>distance learning<\/i>, <i>player piano<\/i>, <i>lawn tennis<\/i>, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Hyphens are often considered a squishy part on language (we&#8217;ll discuss this further in <a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level2-english\/chapter\/text-hyphens-and-dashes\/\" target=\"_blank\">Text: Hyphens and Dashes<\/a>). Because of this, usage differs and often depends on the individual choice of the writer rather than on a hard-and-fast rule. This means\u00a0open, hyphenated, and closed forms may be encountered for the same compound noun, such as the triplets <i>container ship<\/i>\/<i>container-ship<\/i>\/<i>containership<\/i> and <i>particle board<\/i>\/<i>particle-board<\/i>\/<i>particleboard<\/i>. If you&#8217;re ever in doubt whether a compound should be closed, hyphenated, or open, dictionaries are your best reference.<\/p>\n<h3>Plurals<\/h3>\n<p>The process of making\u00a0compound nouns plural has its own\u00a0set of conventions to follow. In all forms of compound nouns, we pluralize the chief element of a compound word (i.e., we pluralize the primary noun of the compound).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>fisher<strong>man<\/strong>\u00a0\u2192 fisher<strong>men<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>black\u00a0<strong>bird<\/strong> \u2192 black\u00a0<strong>birds<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>brother<\/strong>-in-law\u00a0\u2192 <strong>brothers<\/strong>-in-law<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The word <em>hand-me-down<\/em>\u00a0doesn&#8217;t have a distinct primary noun, so\u00a0its plural is\u00a0<em>hand-me-downs<\/em>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p>Look at each compound\u00a0word in the table below. Write the plural\u00a0version of the word and explain\u00a0why you wrote the plural in that form. For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The plural of <em>spoonful<\/em> is\u00a0<em>spoonfuls<\/em>. The end of the word is made plural because &#8211;<em>ful\u00a0<\/em>isn&#8217;t a complete word.<\/li>\n<li>The plural of\u00a0<em>runner-up<\/em> is\u00a0<em>runners-up<\/em>. <em>Runner <\/em>is made plural\u00a0because it\u00a0is the primary noun.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 20%;\">Singular<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 30%;\">Plural<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 20%;\">Singular<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 30%;\">Plural<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>do-it-yourself<\/td>\n<td><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"1\"><\/textarea><\/td>\n<td>rabbit&#8217;s foot<\/td>\n<td><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"1\"><\/textarea><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>have-not<\/td>\n<td><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"1\"><\/textarea><\/td>\n<td>passerby<\/td>\n<td><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"1\"><\/textarea><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>time-out<\/td>\n<td><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"1\"><\/textarea><\/td>\n<td>lieutenant general<\/td>\n<td><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"1\"><\/textarea><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q87309\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q87309\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 20%;\">Singular<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 30%;\">Plural<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 20%;\">Singular<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 30%;\">Plural<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>do-it-yourself<\/td>\n<td>The plural of <em>do-it-yourself<\/em>\u00a0is <em>do-it-yourselves<\/em>. <em>Yourself<\/em> is made plural because it\u00a0is the primary noun.<\/td>\n<td>rabbit&#8217;s foot<\/td>\n<td>The plural of <em>rabbit&#8217;s foot<\/em> is <em>rabbits&#8217; feet<\/em>. Both words are made plural because when there&#8217;s more than one foot, it&#8217;s unlikely\u00a0to know how many rabbits the feet came from.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>have-not<\/td>\n<td>The plural of <em>have-not<\/em> is <em>have-nots<\/em>. The end of the word is made plural because <em>have-not<\/em> doesn&#8217;t have a distinct primary noun<\/td>\n<td>passerby<\/td>\n<td>The plural of <em>passerby<\/em>\u00a0is <em>passersby<\/em>. <em>Passer<\/em>\u00a0is made plural because it is the primary noun.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>time-out<\/td>\n<td>The plural of <em>time-out<\/em> is <em>time-outs<\/em>. The end of the word is made plural because <em>time-out<\/em> doesn&#8217;t have a distinct primary noun<\/td>\n<td>lieutenant general<\/td>\n<td>The plural of <em>lieutenant general<\/em> is <em>lieutenant generals<\/em>. The end of the word is made plural because <em>lieutenant general<\/em> doesn&#8217;t have a distinct primary noun<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-1058\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Text: Common vs. Proper Nouns and Concrete vs. Abstract Nouns. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Revision and Adaptation of Wikipedia content. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Count noun. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Count_noun\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Count_noun<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Mass noun. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mass_noun\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mass_noun<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>English compound. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/English_compound\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/English_compound<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Compound noun. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Teflpedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/teflpedia.com\/Compound_noun\">http:\/\/teflpedia.com\/Compound_noun<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Crow. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Valters Krontals. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/ayxZnp\">https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/ayxZnp<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Common Blackbird. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Andreas Trepte. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Common_Blackbird.jpg\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Common_Blackbird.jpg<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":17,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Text: Common vs. Proper Nouns and Concrete vs. Abstract Nouns\",\"author\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Revision and Adaptation of Wikipedia content\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Count noun\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Count_noun\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"pd\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Mass noun\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mass_noun\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"English compound\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/English_compound\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Compound noun\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Teflpedia\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/teflpedia.com\/Compound_noun\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Crow\",\"author\":\"Valters Krontals\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/ayxZnp\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Common Blackbird\",\"author\":\"Andreas Trepte\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Common_Blackbird.jpg\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-1058","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":2016,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-introtocollegecomp\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1058","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-introtocollegecomp\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-introtocollegecomp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-introtocollegecomp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-introtocollegecomp\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1058\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2106,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-introtocollegecomp\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1058\/revisions\/2106"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-introtocollegecomp\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/2016"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-introtocollegecomp\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1058\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-introtocollegecomp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1058"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-introtocollegecomp\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1058"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-introtocollegecomp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1058"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-introtocollegecomp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1058"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}