{"id":261,"date":"2016-05-19T19:57:28","date_gmt":"2016-05-19T19:57:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level2-english\/?post_type=chapter&p=261"},"modified":"2016-11-08T00:27:17","modified_gmt":"2016-11-08T00:27:17","slug":"text-nouns","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-introtocollegecomp\/chapter\/text-nouns\/","title":{"raw":"Nouns","rendered":"Nouns"},"content":{"raw":"Nouns are a\u00a0diverse group of words, and they are very common in English. Nouns are a category of words defining things<\/strong>\u2014the name of people\u00a0(Dr. Sanders, lawyers), places (Kansas, factory, home), things (scissors, sheet music, book), or ideas (love, truth, beauty, intelligence).\r\n
\r\n

Identifying Nouns<\/h3>\r\nLet's look at the following examples to get a better idea of how nouns work in sentences. All of the nouns have been bolded in blue:\r\n
    \r\n \t
  • The one experiment<\/strong><\/span> that has been given the most attention<\/strong><\/span> in the debate<\/strong><\/span> on saccharin<\/strong><\/span> is the 1977 Canadian study<\/strong><\/span> done on rats<\/strong><\/span>.<\/li>\r\n \t
  • The multi-fuel capacity<\/strong><\/span> of the Stirling engine<\/strong><\/span> gives it a versatility not possible in the internal combustion engine<\/strong><\/span>.<\/li>\r\n \t
  • The regenerative cooling cycle<\/strong><\/span> in the engines<\/strong><\/span> of the Space Shuttle<\/strong><\/span> is made up of high pressure hydrogen<\/strong><\/span> that flows in tubes<\/strong><\/span> connecting the nozzle<\/strong><\/span> and the combustion chamber<\/strong><\/span>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nThere are a lot of different categories of nouns, but before we get in too deep, let's talk about pluralization.\r\n

    Pluralization<\/h2>\r\n\"IconA plural noun\u00a0indicates that there is more than one of that noun (while a singular noun indicates that there is just one of the noun). Most plural forms are created by simply adding an\u00a0-s<\/em> or -es<\/em> to the end of the singular word.\u00a0For example, there's one dog<\/strong> (singular), but three dogs<\/strong> (plural). However,\u00a0English has both regular and irregular plural nouns. Regular plurals follow this rule (and other similar rules), but\u00a0irregular plurals are, well, not regular and don't follow a \"standard\" rule.\r\n

    Regular\u00a0Plurals<\/h3>\r\nLet's start with regular plurals: regular plural nouns<\/strong> use established\u00a0patterns to\u00a0indicate there is more than one of a thing. As was\u00a0mentioned earlier, we add the plural suffix -s<\/em> to most words (cats<\/em>,\u00a0bears<\/em>,\u00a0zebras<\/em>).\u00a0However, after sounds s<\/em>, z<\/em>, sh<\/em>, ch<\/em>, and j<\/em>, we add the plural suffix -es <\/em>(classes<\/em>,\u00a0sashes<\/em>,\u00a0foxes<\/em>). Some words that end in\u00a0z<\/em> also double their ending\u00a0consonant, like\u00a0quizzes<\/em>.\r\n\r\nWe also add the plural suffix -es<\/em> to most words that end in o<\/em>\u00a0(potatoes<\/em>, heroes<\/em>, mosquitoes<\/em>). However, when the words have a foreign origin (e.g.,Latin, Greek, Spanish), we \u00a0just add the plural suffix -s<\/em>\u00a0(tacos<\/em>, avocados<\/em>, maestros<\/em>).\r\n
    \r\n

    Practice<\/h3>\r\nLook at each plural word in the table below. Write the singular version of the word and explain which\u00a0rule the\u00a0plural has used in its formation. For example:\r\n
      \r\n \t
    • vultures<\/em> is the plural of\u00a0vulture<\/em>.\u00a0Despite\u00a0vultures<\/em> ending in -es,\u00a0<\/em>you simply add an -s<\/em> to form the plural, as the\u00a0e<\/em> is a part of the singular word.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
      trees<\/td>\r\n[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\nsopranos<\/td>\r\n[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\nwatches<\/td>\r\n[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
      tomatoes<\/td>\r\n[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\nwaltzes<\/td>\r\n[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\nwrists<\/td>\r\n[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"633086\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"633086\"]\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
      trees<\/td>\r\ntrees<\/em> is the plural of\u00a0tree<\/em>s<\/em>. -s<\/em>\u00a0is added<\/td>\r\nsopranos<\/td>\r\nsopranos<\/em> is the plural of\u00a0soprano<\/em>. -s<\/em>\u00a0is added despite the word ending in an\u00a0o<\/em>, because the word is borrowed from Italian<\/td>\r\nwatches<\/td>\r\nwatches<\/em> is the plural of\u00a0watch<\/em>. -es<\/em> is added because the word ends in\u00a0ch<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
      tomatoes<\/td>\r\ntomatoes<\/em> is the plural of\u00a0tomato<\/em>. -es<\/em> is added because it's a native English word<\/td>\r\nwaltzes<\/td>\r\nwaltzes<\/em> is the plural of\u00a0waltz<\/em>. -es<\/em> is added because the word ends in\u00a0z<\/em><\/td>\r\nwrists<\/td>\r\nwrists<\/em>\u00a0is the plural of\u00a0wrist<\/i>. -s<\/em> is added<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nWhen a word ends in y<\/em>\u00a0and there is a consonant before y<\/em>, we change the y<\/em>\u00a0to i<\/em>\u00a0and add -es<\/em>. Thus\u00a0sky<\/em> becomes\u00a0skies<\/em>.\u00a0When a word ends in -f<\/em> or -fe<\/em>, we change the f<\/em> to v<\/em>\u00a0and add -es<\/em>. Thus\u00a0calf<\/em>\u00a0becomes\u00a0calves<\/em>.\r\n\r\nHowever, there are some exceptions to these rules:\r\n
        \r\n \t
      • donkeys<\/em> not\u00a0donkeies<\/em>;\u00a0alloys<\/em> not\u00a0alloies<\/em>.\r\n
          \r\n \t
        • If the\u00a0y<\/em> follows another vowel, you simply add an -s<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
        • cliffs<\/em> not\u00a0clivves<\/em>; chiefs<\/em> not\u00a0chieves<\/em>\r\n
            \r\n \t
          • If there are two terminal\u00a0f<\/em>s, <\/em>you simply add an -s<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n \t
          • If you still pronounce the\u00a0f<\/em> in the plural, then the spelling should retain the\u00a0f<\/em> as well.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
            \r\n

            Practice<\/h3>\r\nLook at each plural word in the table below. Write the singular version of the word and explain which\u00a0rule the\u00a0plural has used in its formation. For example:\r\n
              \r\n \t
            • fries<\/em> is the plural of\u00a0fry<\/em>. To form the plural, the\u00a0y<\/em> was changed to an\u00a0i<\/em>, and we added\u00a0-es<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
              reefs<\/td>\r\n[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\nleaves<\/td>\r\n[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\nflies<\/td>\r\n[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
              cafes<\/td>\r\n[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\ncaves<\/td>\r\n[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\nboys<\/td>\r\n[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"633087\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"633087\"]\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
              reefs<\/td>\r\nreefs<\/em> is the plural of\u00a0reef<\/em>. -s<\/em> is added. It is an exception to the rule.<\/td>\r\nleaves<\/td>\r\nleaves<\/em> is the plural of\u00a0leaf<\/em>. the\u00a0f<\/em>\u00a0is changed to a\u00a0v<\/em>, and\u00a0-es<\/em>\u00a0is added<\/td>\r\nflies<\/td>\r\nflies\u00a0<\/em>is the plural of\u00a0fly<\/em>.\u00a0the\u00a0y\u00a0<\/em> is changed to an\u00a0i<\/em>, and -es<\/em> is added<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
              cafes<\/td>\r\ncafes<\/em> is the plural of cafe<\/em>. the -s<\/em> is added (note that\u00a0cafe<\/em> is sometimes spelled with an accent mark:\u00a0caf\u00e9<\/em>)<\/td>\r\ncaves<\/td>\r\ncaves<\/em> is the plural of\u00a0cave<\/em>. the -s<\/em> is added<\/td>\r\nboys<\/td>\r\nboys<\/em> is the plural of\u00a0boy<\/em>. -s<\/em> is added because the\u00a0y<\/em> follows a vowel<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

              Irregular Plurals<\/h3>\r\nIrregular plurals<\/strong>, unlike regular plurals,\u00a0don't necessarily follow any particular pattern\u2014instead, they follow a lot of\u00a0different<\/em> patterns. Because of this, irregular plurals require a lot of memorization; you need to remember which nouns belong to which type of pluralization.\u00a0Mastering irregulars\u00a0uses a different region\u00a0of your\u00a0brain than regular pluralization:\u00a0it's an entirely different skill set than regular pluralization. So don't get too frustrated if you can't remember the correct plural. If you're ever in doubt, the dictionary is there for you.\r\n\r\nThe first kind of irregular plural we'll talk about is the no-change<\/strong> or base plural<\/strong>. In these words, the\u00a0singular noun has the exact same form as the plural (sheep<\/em>,\u00a0fish<\/em>,\u00a0deer<\/em>, moose<\/em>). Most no-change plurals are types of animals. The next type of irregular is the mid-word vowel change<\/strong>:\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/VdLOP9teko4\r\n
              Note:<\/strong> The plural for a computer mouse (as opposed to the fuzzy animal) can either be mice<\/em> or mouses<\/em>. Some people prefer\u00a0mouses<\/em> as it creates some differentiation between the two words.<\/div>\r\nAnd last we have\u00a0plural -en<\/em>.<\/strong> In these words -en<\/em> is used as the plural ending instead of -s<\/em> or\u00a0-es<\/em>.\r\n
                \r\n \t
              • child\u00a0\u2192 children<\/li>\r\n \t
              • ox\u00a0\u2192 oxen<\/li>\r\n \t
              • brother\u00a0\u2192 brethren<\/li>\r\n \t
              • sister\u00a0\u2192 sistren<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
                Note:<\/strong>\u00a0Brethren<\/em>\u00a0and sistren<\/em>\u00a0are\u00a0antiquated terms that you're unlikely to run into in your life; however, since these are the only four words in English that use this plural, all four have been included above.<\/div>\r\n
                \r\n

                Practice<\/h3>\r\nLook at each plural word in the table below. Write the singular version of the word and explain which\u00a0rule the\u00a0plural has used in its formation. For example:\r\n
                  \r\n \t
                • oxen<\/em>\u00a0is the plural of ox<\/i>. This is an -en<\/em> noun. To form the plural,\u00a0an\u00a0-en<\/em> was added.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
                  children<\/td>\r\n[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\nmoose<\/td>\r\n[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\nteeth<\/td>\r\n[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                  squid<\/td>\r\n[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\nmen<\/td>\r\n[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\nlice<\/td>\r\n[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"245006\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"245006\"]\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
                  children<\/td>\r\nchildren<\/em>\u00a0is the plural of child<\/em>. This is an -en<\/em> noun. To form the plural, an -ren<\/em> was added.<\/td>\r\nmoose<\/td>\r\nmoose\u00a0<\/em>is the plural of\u00a0moose<\/em>. This is a no-change plural. The singular and plural have the same form.<\/td>\r\nteeth<\/td>\r\nteeth<\/em>\u00a0is the plural of\u00a0tooth<\/em>. This is a mid-word vowel change plural. The\u00a0oo<\/em>\u00a0in tooth\u00a0<\/em>was changed to an\u00a0ee.<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                  squid<\/td>\r\nsquid\u00a0<\/em>is the plural of\u00a0squid<\/em>. This is a no-change plural. The singular and plural have the same form.<\/td>\r\nmen<\/td>\r\nmen<\/em> is the plural of\u00a0man<\/em>. This is a mid-word vowel change plural. The\u00a0a<\/em>\u00a0in man\u00a0<\/em>was changed to an\u00a0e.<\/em><\/td>\r\nlice<\/td>\r\nlice<\/em>\u00a0is the plural of\u00a0louse<\/em>. This is a mid-word vowel change plural. The\u00a0ouse<\/em>\u00a0in louse\u00a0<\/em>was changed to an\u00a0ice. <\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nThe last category of irregular plurals is borrowed words. These words are native to other languages (e.g., Latin, Greek) and have retained the pluralization rules from their original tongue.\r\n

                  Singular -us<\/em>; Plural -i<\/em><\/h4>\r\n
                    \r\n \t
                  • cactus\u00a0\u2192 cacti<\/li>\r\n \t
                  • fungus\u00a0\u2192 fungi<\/li>\r\n \t
                  • syllabus\u00a0\u2192 syllabi<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nIn informal speech, cactuses<\/em>\u00a0and funguses<\/em>\u00a0are acceptable.\u00a0Octopuses<\/em> is preferred to\u00a0octopi<\/em>, but\u00a0octopi<\/em> is an accepted word.\r\n

                    Singular\u00a0-a<\/em>; Plural -ae<\/em><\/h4>\r\n
                      \r\n \t
                    • formula\u00a0\u2192 formulae (sometimes\u00a0formulas<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t
                    • vertebra\u00a0\u2192 vertebrae<\/li>\r\n \t
                    • larva\u00a0\u2192 larvae<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                      Singular -ix<\/em>, -ex<\/em>; Plural -ices<\/em>, -es<\/em><\/h4>\r\n
                        \r\n \t
                      • appendix\u00a0\u2192 appendices (sometimes appendixes<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t
                      • index\u00a0\u2192 indices<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                        Singular -on<\/em>,\u00a0-um<\/em>;\u00a0Plural -a<\/em><\/h4>\r\n
                          \r\n \t
                        • criterion \u2192 criteria<\/li>\r\n \t
                        • bacterium \u2192 bacteria<\/li>\r\n \t
                        • medium\u00a0\u2192 media<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                          Singular -is<\/em>; Plural -es<\/em><\/h4>\r\n
                            \r\n \t
                          • analysis\u00a0\u2192 analyses<\/li>\r\n \t
                          • crisis\u00a0\u2192 crises<\/li>\r\n \t
                          • thesis\u00a0\u2192 theses<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
                            \r\n

                            Practice<\/h3>\r\nLook at each plural word in the table below. Write the singular version of the word and explain which\u00a0rule the\u00a0plural has used in its formation. For example:\r\n
                              \r\n \t
                            • stimuli<\/em>\u00a0is the plural of\u00a0stimulus<\/i>.\u00a0The singular ends with a\u00a0-us<\/em>, so the plural ends with an\u00a0-i<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
                              memoranda<\/td>\r\n[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\nhypotheses<\/td>\r\n[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\nphenomena<\/td>\r\n[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                              parentheses<\/td>\r\n[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\nemphases<\/td>\r\n[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\nnuclei<\/td>\r\n[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                              foci<\/td>\r\n[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\n\u00a0vertebrae<\/td>\r\n[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\n\u00a0appendices<\/td>\r\n[practice-area rows=\"1\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"245005\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"245005\"]\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
                              memoranda<\/td>\r\nmemoranda<\/em> is the plural of memorandum<\/em>. The singular ends with -um<\/em>, so the plural ends with -a<\/em>.<\/td>\r\nhypotheses<\/td>\r\nhypotheses<\/em> is the plural of hypothesis<\/em>. The singular ends with -is<\/em>, so the plural ends with -es<\/em>.<\/td>\r\nphenomena<\/td>\r\nphenomena<\/em> is the plural of phenomenon<\/em>. The singular ends with -on<\/em>, so the plural ends with -a<\/em>.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                              parentheses<\/td>\r\nparentheses<\/em> is the plural of parenthesis<\/em>. The singular ends with -is<\/em>, so the plural ends with -es<\/em>.<\/td>\r\nemphases<\/td>\r\nemphases<\/em> is the plural of emphasis<\/em>. The singular ends with -is<\/em>, so the plural ends with -es<\/em>.<\/td>\r\nnuclei<\/td>\r\nnuclei<\/em> is the plural of nucleus<\/em>. The singular ends with -us<\/em>, so the plural ends with -i<\/em>.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                              foci<\/td>\r\nfoci<\/em>\u00a0is the plural of focus<\/em>. The singular ends with -us<\/em>, so the plural ends with -i<\/em>.\u00a0focuses<\/em> is also an acceptable plural<\/td>\r\n\u00a0vertebrae<\/td>\r\nvertebrae<\/em> is the plural of vertebra<\/em>. The singular ends with -a<\/em>, so the plural ends with -ae<\/em>.<\/td>\r\nappendices<\/td>\r\nappendices<\/em> is the plural of appendix<\/em>. The singular ends with -ix<\/em>, so the plural ends with -ices<\/em>.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"

                              Nouns are a\u00a0diverse group of words, and they are very common in English. Nouns are a category of words defining things<\/strong>\u2014the name of people\u00a0(Dr. Sanders, lawyers), places (Kansas, factory, home), things (scissors, sheet music, book), or ideas (love, truth, beauty, intelligence).<\/p>\n

                              \n

                              Identifying Nouns<\/h3>\n

                              Let’s look at the following examples to get a better idea of how nouns work in sentences. All of the nouns have been bolded in blue:<\/p>\n

                                \n
                              • The one experiment<\/strong><\/span> that has been given the most attention<\/strong><\/span> in the debate<\/strong><\/span> on saccharin<\/strong><\/span> is the 1977 Canadian study<\/strong><\/span> done on rats<\/strong><\/span>.<\/li>\n
                              • The multi-fuel capacity<\/strong><\/span> of the Stirling engine<\/strong><\/span> gives it a versatility not possible in the internal combustion engine<\/strong><\/span>.<\/li>\n
                              • The regenerative cooling cycle<\/strong><\/span> in the engines<\/strong><\/span> of the Space Shuttle<\/strong><\/span> is made up of high pressure hydrogen<\/strong><\/span> that flows in tubes<\/strong><\/span> connecting the nozzle<\/strong><\/span> and the combustion chamber<\/strong><\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n

                                There are a lot of different categories of nouns, but before we get in too deep, let’s talk about pluralization.<\/p>\n

                                Pluralization<\/h2>\n

                                \"IconA plural noun\u00a0indicates that there is more than one of that noun (while a singular noun indicates that there is just one of the noun). Most plural forms are created by simply adding an\u00a0-s<\/em> or –es<\/em> to the end of the singular word.\u00a0For example, there’s one dog<\/strong> (singular), but three dogs<\/strong> (plural). However,\u00a0English has both regular and irregular plural nouns. Regular plurals follow this rule (and other similar rules), but\u00a0irregular plurals are, well, not regular and don’t follow a “standard” rule.<\/p>\n

                                Regular\u00a0Plurals<\/h3>\n

                                Let’s start with regular plurals: regular plural nouns<\/strong> use established\u00a0patterns to\u00a0indicate there is more than one of a thing. As was\u00a0mentioned earlier, we add the plural suffix –s<\/em> to most words (cats<\/em>,\u00a0bears<\/em>,\u00a0zebras<\/em>).\u00a0However, after sounds s<\/em>, z<\/em>, sh<\/em>, ch<\/em>, and j<\/em>, we add the plural suffix –es <\/em>(classes<\/em>,\u00a0sashes<\/em>,\u00a0foxes<\/em>). Some words that end in\u00a0z<\/em> also double their ending\u00a0consonant, like\u00a0quizzes<\/em>.<\/p>\n

                                We also add the plural suffix –es<\/em> to most words that end in o<\/em>\u00a0(potatoes<\/em>, heroes<\/em>, mosquitoes<\/em>). However, when the words have a foreign origin (e.g.,Latin, Greek, Spanish), we \u00a0just add the plural suffix –s<\/em>\u00a0(tacos<\/em>, avocados<\/em>, maestros<\/em>).<\/p>\n

                                \n

                                Practice<\/h3>\n

                                Look at each plural word in the table below. Write the singular version of the word and explain which\u00a0rule the\u00a0plural has used in its formation. For example:<\/p>\n

                                  \n
                                • vultures<\/em> is the plural of\u00a0vulture<\/em>.\u00a0Despite\u00a0vultures<\/em> ending in –es,\u00a0<\/em>you simply add an –s<\/em> to form the plural, as the\u00a0e<\/em> is a part of the singular word.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                                  trees<\/td>\n