{"id":350,"date":"2016-05-19T21:10:06","date_gmt":"2016-05-19T21:10:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level2-english\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=350"},"modified":"2016-11-08T00:34:09","modified_gmt":"2016-11-08T00:34:09","slug":"text-parallel-structure","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-introtocollegecomp\/chapter\/text-parallel-structure\/","title":{"raw":"Parallel Structure","rendered":"Parallel Structure"},"content":{"raw":"What exactly is parallel structure? It's simply the practice of using the same structures or forms multiple times: making sure the parts are parallel to each other.\u00a0Parallel structure can be applied to a single sentence, a paragraph, or even multiple paragraphs. Compare the two following sentences:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Yara\u00a0loves running,\u00a0to swim, and biking.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Yara\u00a0loves running, swimming, and biking.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<img class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-1600\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/106\/2016\/07\/20213610\/2423144088_cb47aa7b45_z-300x195.jpg\" alt=\"Black and white photo of six power line cables on reels\" width=\"300\" height=\"195\" \/>Was the second sentence\u00a0easier to comprehend than the first? The second sentence uses parallelism\u2014all three verbs are gerunds, whereas in the first sentence two are gerunds and one is an infinitive. While the first sentence is technically correct, it's easy to trip up over the mismatching items.\u00a0The application of parallelism improves writing style and readability, and it makes sentences easier to process.\r\n\r\nCompare the following examples:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Lacking parallelism: \"She likes cooking, jogging, and <i>to read<\/i>.\"\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Parallel: \"She likes cooking, jogging, and reading.\"<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Parallel: \"She likes to cook, jog, and read.\"<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Lacking parallelism: \"He likes to swim and <i>running<\/i>.\"\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Parallel: \"He likes to swim and to run.\"<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Parallel: \"He likes swimming and running.\"<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nOnce again, the examples above\u00a0combine\u00a0gerunds and infinitives. To make them parallel, the sentences should\u00a0be rewritten with just\u00a0gerunds or just\u00a0infinitives.\u00a0Note that the first nonparallel example, while inelegantly worded, is grammatically correct: \"cooking,\" \"jogging,\" and \"to read\" are all grammatically valid conclusions to \"She likes.\"\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Lacking parallelism: \"The dog ran across the yard, jumped over the fence, and <b>down the alley sprinted<\/b>.\"<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Grammatical but not employing parallelism: \"The dog ran across the yard and jumped over the fence, and <strong>down the alley he sprinted<\/strong>.\"<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Parallel: \"The dog ran across the yard, jumped over the fence, and <b>sprinted down the alley<\/b>.\"<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThe nonparallel example above is <i>not<\/i> grammatically correct: \"down the alley sprinted\" is not a grammatically valid conclusion to \"The dog.\" The second\u00a0example, which does not attempt to employ parallelism in its conclusion, is grammatically valid; \"down the alley he sprinted\" is an entirely separate clause.\r\n\r\nParallelism can also apply to names. If you're writing a research paper that includes\u00a0references to several different authors, you should\u00a0be consistent in your references. For example, if\u00a0you talk about Jane Goodall and Henry Harlow, you should say \"Goodall and Harlow,\" not \"Jane and Harlow\" or \"Goodall and Henry.\"\r\n\r\nYou can also apply parallelism\u00a0across a passage:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Manuel painted eight paintings in the last week.\u00a0Jennifer sculpted five statues in the last month. Zama\u00a0wrote\u00a0fifteen\u00a0songs in the last two months.<\/p>\r\nEach of the sentences in the preceding paragraph has the same structure: Name +\u00a0<em>-ed<\/em> verb + number of things +\u00a0<em>in the<\/em>\u00a0past time period. When using parallelism across multiple sentences, be sure that you're using it well. If you aren't careful, you can stray into being repetitive. Unfortunately,\u00a0really the only way to test this is by\u00a0re-reading the passage and seeing if it \"feels right.\" While this test doesn't have any rules to it, it can often help.\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\nRead the following passage. Correct any errors in parallelism that you find. Remember, non-parallel things are typically grammatically correct, but making things parallel\u00a0will improve your writing style. Type your correct answer in the text frame below:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">\"The Bone Wars\"\u00a0refers to\u00a0a period of intense fossil speculation and discovery in\u00a0American history (1872\u20131892). The wars were marked by a heated rivalry between Edward Drinker Cope and Othniel Charles Marsh.\u00a0At one time, Edward\u00a0and Marsh were amicable: they even named species after each other.\u00a0Over time, however, their relationship soured, likely due in part to their strong personalities. Cope was known to be pugnacious and possessed a quick temper. Marsh was slower, more methodical, and introverted. Eventually, each of the two paleontologists would resort to\u00a0underhanded methods to try to out-compete the other in the field, resorting to bribery, theft, and destroying\u00a0bones.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">By the end of the Bone Wars, both Cope and Marsh were financially and socially ruined by their attempts to disgrace each other, but their contributions to science and the field of paleontology were massive.\u00a0Several of Cope's and Marsh's discoveries are the most well-known of dinosaurs: Triceratops, Allosaurus, Diplodocus, and Stegosaurus. Their cumulative discoveries defined the then-emerging field of paleontology. Before Cope's and Marsh's discoveries, there were only nine named species of dinosaur in North America.\u00a0Judging by pure numbers, Marsh \"won\" the Bone Wars: Cope discovered a total of 56 new dinosaur species, but Marsh had found\u00a080.<\/p>\r\n[practice-area rows=\"4\"][\/practice-area]\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"255101\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"255101\"]Here are the sentences that have issues with parallelism, as well as suggestions for their revision.\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>At one time, <strong>Edward<\/strong>\u00a0and <strong>Marsh<\/strong> were amicable: they even named species after each other.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>In this sentence, there is both a first name and a last name used to identify different people. Unless one person commonly goes by their last name while the other goes by their first, you should use\u00a0first or last names; not a mix of the two: \"Cope and Marsh were. . . \"<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Cope was known <strong>to be pugnacious<\/strong> and <strong>possessed<\/strong> a quick temper.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\"Was known to be\" and \"possessed\" are both past-tense verbs, but one is a perfect tense (known) while the other isn't. To make the sentence more parallel, you would change it to something like \"Cope was known to be pugnacious and to possess a quick temper\" or \"Cope was pugnacious and possessed a quick temper.\"<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Marsh was <strong>slower<\/strong>, <strong>more methodical<\/strong>, and <strong>introverted<\/strong>.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The first to adjectives are comparatives, while\u00a0<em>introverted<\/em> is not. A more parallel version of the sentence would read: \"Marsh was slower, more methodical, and more introverted.\"<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Eventually, each of the two paleontologists would resort to\u00a0underhanded methods to try to out-compete the other in the field, resorting to <strong>bribery<\/strong>, <strong>theft<\/strong>, and <strong>destroying<\/strong>\u00a0bones.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>Bribery<\/em> and\u00a0<em>theft<\/em> are both nouns, while\u00a0<em>destroying<\/em> is a gerund.\u00a0Changing\u00a0<em>destroying<\/em> to a noun will make the sentence more parallel: \"bribery, theft, and the destruction of bones.\"<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Judging by pure numbers, Marsh \"won\" the Bone Wars: Cope <strong>discovered<\/strong> a total of 56 new dinosaur species, but Marsh <strong>had found<\/strong>\u00a080.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Saying \"Marsh discovered 80\" instead of using\u00a0<em>had found<\/em>\u00a0is a better fit for parallel structure.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Rhetoric and Parallelism<\/h3>\r\nParallelism can also involve\u00a0repeated words\u00a0or\u00a0repeated phrases. These uses are part of \"rhetoric\" (a field that focuses on persuading readers)\u00a0Here are a few examples of repetition:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\"<strong>The inherent vice<\/strong> of capitalism is the unequal sharing of blessings; <strong>the inherent virtue<\/strong> of socialism is the equal sharing of miseries.\" \u2014Winston Churchill<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\"Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall <strong>pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe<\/strong> to assure the survival and the success of liberty.\" \u2014John F. Kennedy<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\"And that government <strong>of the people, by the people, for the people<\/strong>, shall not perish from the earth.\" \u2014Abraham Lincoln, <em>Gettysburg Address<\/em><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nWhen used this way, parallelism makes your writing or speaking much stronger.\u00a0These repeated phrases seem to bind the work together and make it more powerful\u2014and more inspiring.\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<p>What exactly is parallel structure? It&#8217;s simply the practice of using the same structures or forms multiple times: making sure the parts are parallel to each other.\u00a0Parallel structure can be applied to a single sentence, a paragraph, or even multiple paragraphs. Compare the two following sentences:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Yara\u00a0loves running,\u00a0to swim, and biking.<\/li>\n<li>Yara\u00a0loves running, swimming, and biking.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-1600\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/106\/2016\/07\/20213610\/2423144088_cb47aa7b45_z-300x195.jpg\" alt=\"Black and white photo of six power line cables on reels\" width=\"300\" height=\"195\" \/>Was the second sentence\u00a0easier to comprehend than the first? The second sentence uses parallelism\u2014all three verbs are gerunds, whereas in the first sentence two are gerunds and one is an infinitive. While the first sentence is technically correct, it&#8217;s easy to trip up over the mismatching items.\u00a0The application of parallelism improves writing style and readability, and it makes sentences easier to process.<\/p>\n<p>Compare the following examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Lacking parallelism: &#8220;She likes cooking, jogging, and <i>to read<\/i>.&#8221;\n<ul>\n<li>Parallel: &#8220;She likes cooking, jogging, and reading.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>Parallel: &#8220;She likes to cook, jog, and read.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Lacking parallelism: &#8220;He likes to swim and <i>running<\/i>.&#8221;\n<ul>\n<li>Parallel: &#8220;He likes to swim and to run.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>Parallel: &#8220;He likes swimming and running.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Once again, the examples above\u00a0combine\u00a0gerunds and infinitives. To make them parallel, the sentences should\u00a0be rewritten with just\u00a0gerunds or just\u00a0infinitives.\u00a0Note that the first nonparallel example, while inelegantly worded, is grammatically correct: &#8220;cooking,&#8221; &#8220;jogging,&#8221; and &#8220;to read&#8221; are all grammatically valid conclusions to &#8220;She likes.&#8221;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Lacking parallelism: &#8220;The dog ran across the yard, jumped over the fence, and <b>down the alley sprinted<\/b>.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>Grammatical but not employing parallelism: &#8220;The dog ran across the yard and jumped over the fence, and <strong>down the alley he sprinted<\/strong>.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>Parallel: &#8220;The dog ran across the yard, jumped over the fence, and <b>sprinted down the alley<\/b>.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The nonparallel example above is <i>not<\/i> grammatically correct: &#8220;down the alley sprinted&#8221; is not a grammatically valid conclusion to &#8220;The dog.&#8221; The second\u00a0example, which does not attempt to employ parallelism in its conclusion, is grammatically valid; &#8220;down the alley he sprinted&#8221; is an entirely separate clause.<\/p>\n<p>Parallelism can also apply to names. If you&#8217;re writing a research paper that includes\u00a0references to several different authors, you should\u00a0be consistent in your references. For example, if\u00a0you talk about Jane Goodall and Henry Harlow, you should say &#8220;Goodall and Harlow,&#8221; not &#8220;Jane and Harlow&#8221; or &#8220;Goodall and Henry.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>You can also apply parallelism\u00a0across a passage:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Manuel painted eight paintings in the last week.\u00a0Jennifer sculpted five statues in the last month. Zama\u00a0wrote\u00a0fifteen\u00a0songs in the last two months.<\/p>\n<p>Each of the sentences in the preceding paragraph has the same structure: Name +\u00a0<em>-ed<\/em> verb + number of things +\u00a0<em>in the<\/em>\u00a0past time period. When using parallelism across multiple sentences, be sure that you&#8217;re using it well. If you aren&#8217;t careful, you can stray into being repetitive. Unfortunately,\u00a0really the only way to test this is by\u00a0re-reading the passage and seeing if it &#8220;feels right.&#8221; While this test doesn&#8217;t have any rules to it, it can often help.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p>Read the following passage. Correct any errors in parallelism that you find. Remember, non-parallel things are typically grammatically correct, but making things parallel\u00a0will improve your writing style. Type your correct answer in the text frame below:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">&#8220;The Bone Wars&#8221;\u00a0refers to\u00a0a period of intense fossil speculation and discovery in\u00a0American history (1872\u20131892). The wars were marked by a heated rivalry between Edward Drinker Cope and Othniel Charles Marsh.\u00a0At one time, Edward\u00a0and Marsh were amicable: they even named species after each other.\u00a0Over time, however, their relationship soured, likely due in part to their strong personalities. Cope was known to be pugnacious and possessed a quick temper. Marsh was slower, more methodical, and introverted. Eventually, each of the two paleontologists would resort to\u00a0underhanded methods to try to out-compete the other in the field, resorting to bribery, theft, and destroying\u00a0bones.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">By the end of the Bone Wars, both Cope and Marsh were financially and socially ruined by their attempts to disgrace each other, but their contributions to science and the field of paleontology were massive.\u00a0Several of Cope&#8217;s and Marsh&#8217;s discoveries are the most well-known of dinosaurs: Triceratops, Allosaurus, Diplodocus, and Stegosaurus. Their cumulative discoveries defined the then-emerging field of paleontology. Before Cope&#8217;s and Marsh&#8217;s discoveries, there were only nine named species of dinosaur in North America.\u00a0Judging by pure numbers, Marsh &#8220;won&#8221; the Bone Wars: Cope discovered a total of 56 new dinosaur species, but Marsh had found\u00a080.<\/p>\n<p><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"4\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q255101\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q255101\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Here are the sentences that have issues with parallelism, as well as suggestions for their revision.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>At one time, <strong>Edward<\/strong>\u00a0and <strong>Marsh<\/strong> were amicable: they even named species after each other.\n<ul>\n<li>In this sentence, there is both a first name and a last name used to identify different people. Unless one person commonly goes by their last name while the other goes by their first, you should use\u00a0first or last names; not a mix of the two: &#8220;Cope and Marsh were. . . &#8220;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Cope was known <strong>to be pugnacious<\/strong> and <strong>possessed<\/strong> a quick temper.\n<ul>\n<li>&#8220;Was known to be&#8221; and &#8220;possessed&#8221; are both past-tense verbs, but one is a perfect tense (known) while the other isn&#8217;t. To make the sentence more parallel, you would change it to something like &#8220;Cope was known to be pugnacious and to possess a quick temper&#8221; or &#8220;Cope was pugnacious and possessed a quick temper.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Marsh was <strong>slower<\/strong>, <strong>more methodical<\/strong>, and <strong>introverted<\/strong>.\n<ul>\n<li>The first to adjectives are comparatives, while\u00a0<em>introverted<\/em> is not. A more parallel version of the sentence would read: &#8220;Marsh was slower, more methodical, and more introverted.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Eventually, each of the two paleontologists would resort to\u00a0underhanded methods to try to out-compete the other in the field, resorting to <strong>bribery<\/strong>, <strong>theft<\/strong>, and <strong>destroying<\/strong>\u00a0bones.\n<ul>\n<li><em>Bribery<\/em> and\u00a0<em>theft<\/em> are both nouns, while\u00a0<em>destroying<\/em> is a gerund.\u00a0Changing\u00a0<em>destroying<\/em> to a noun will make the sentence more parallel: &#8220;bribery, theft, and the destruction of bones.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Judging by pure numbers, Marsh &#8220;won&#8221; the Bone Wars: Cope <strong>discovered<\/strong> a total of 56 new dinosaur species, but Marsh <strong>had found<\/strong>\u00a080.\n<ul>\n<li>Saying &#8220;Marsh discovered 80&#8221; instead of using\u00a0<em>had found<\/em>\u00a0is a better fit for parallel structure.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Rhetoric and Parallelism<\/h3>\n<p>Parallelism can also involve\u00a0repeated words\u00a0or\u00a0repeated phrases. These uses are part of &#8220;rhetoric&#8221; (a field that focuses on persuading readers)\u00a0Here are a few examples of repetition:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>&#8220;<strong>The inherent vice<\/strong> of capitalism is the unequal sharing of blessings; <strong>the inherent virtue<\/strong> of socialism is the equal sharing of miseries.&#8221; \u2014Winston Churchill<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall <strong>pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe<\/strong> to assure the survival and the success of liberty.&#8221; \u2014John F. Kennedy<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;And that government <strong>of the people, by the people, for the people<\/strong>, shall not perish from the earth.&#8221; \u2014Abraham Lincoln, <em>Gettysburg Address<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>When used this way, parallelism makes your writing or speaking much stronger.\u00a0These repeated phrases seem to bind the work together and make it more powerful\u2014and more inspiring.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-350\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Text: Parallel Structure. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Examples of Parallelism. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parallelism_(grammar)\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parallelism_(grammar)<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Modification of Bone Wars (errors added). <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bone_Wars\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bone_Wars<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Image of power lines. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Beshef. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/4G8fjm\">https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/4G8fjm<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":17,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Examples of Parallelism\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parallelism_(grammar)\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Text: Parallel Structure\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Lumen 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