{"id":326,"date":"2016-08-09T19:39:15","date_gmt":"2016-08-09T19:39:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-social-psychology\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=326"},"modified":"2021-11-02T12:55:32","modified_gmt":"2021-11-02T12:55:32","slug":"chapter-learning-objectives-5","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-jefferson-socialpsychology\/chapter\/chapter-learning-objectives-5\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter Learning Objectives","rendered":"Chapter Learning Objectives"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h3>LEARNING OBJECTIVES<\/h3>\r\n1. Understanding Altruism: Self and Other Concerns\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Understand the differences between altruism and helping, and explain how social psychologists try to differentiate the two.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Review the roles of reciprocity and social exchange in helping.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe the evolutionary factors that influence helping.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Summarize how the perceptions of rewards and costs influence helping.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Outline the social norms that influence helping.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n2. The Role of Affect: Moods and Emotions\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Summarize the effects of positive and negative moods on helping.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Explain how the affective states of guilt, empathy, and personal distress influence helping.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n3.\u00a0How the Social Context Influences Helping\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Review Bibb Latan\u00e9 and John Darley\u2019s model of helping behavior and indicate the social psychological variables that influence each stage.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n4.\u00a0Other Determinants of Helping\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Review the person, gender, and cultural variables that relate to altruism.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Explain how the reactions of the person being helped may influence the benefits of helping.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Outline the ways that we might be able to increase helping.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<h3>BRAD PITT HELPING IN NEW ORLEANS<\/h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div id=\"attachment_2921\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\">\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/socialpsychology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/21\/2014\/10\/88756b90bfe3fc92e91cdf4f185117a4.jpg\"><img class=\"size-medium wp-image-2921\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/socialpsychology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/21\/2014\/10\/88756b90bfe3fc92e91cdf4f185117a4-230x300.jpg\" sizes=\"(max-width: 230px) 100vw, 230px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/socialpsychology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/21\/2014\/10\/88756b90bfe3fc92e91cdf4f185117a4-230x300.jpg 230w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/socialpsychology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/21\/2014\/10\/88756b90bfe3fc92e91cdf4f185117a4-65x84.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/socialpsychology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/21\/2014\/10\/88756b90bfe3fc92e91cdf4f185117a4-225x292.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/socialpsychology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/21\/2014\/10\/88756b90bfe3fc92e91cdf4f185117a4-350x455.jpg 350w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/socialpsychology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/21\/2014\/10\/88756b90bfe3fc92e91cdf4f185117a4.jpg 419w\" alt=\"Figure 8.1 Brad Pitt. Source: http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Brad_Pitt_at_Incirlik2.jpg\" width=\"230\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a>\r\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 8.1 Brad Pitt. Source: http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Brad_Pitt_at_Incirlik2.jpg<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nThe film actor Brad Pitt has been personally involved in helping rebuild the U.S. city of New Orleans after it was devastated by Hurricane Katrina in 2005. As one who has always been interested in architecture, Pitt created a rebuilding project and donated $5 million of his own money to get it started. With the help of some architectural firms, he produced a wide variety of ecologically friendly homes and flood-proof designs. The website <a href=\"http:\/\/makeitright.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/makeitright.org<\/a> asks businesses, religious groups, and individuals to provide grants and donations for house projects.\r\n\r\nPitt says the primary goal of his work is to replace homes, although many officials and politicians wonder whether it is a good idea to rebuild these houses in area that is likely to be flooded again.\r\n\r\nTo publicize his cause, Pitt had 150 huge pink Monopoly-shaped houses built around New Orleans. The pink blocks, which he described as a work of art, emphasize the needs of the area\u00a0and his ideas for redesign.\r\n\r\nPitt said at the time that rebuilding the areas hit by the hurricane\u00a0was a bigger priority than his movie career, a project he was going to see through to the end.\r\n\r\nSource: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/world\/2007\/dec\/04\/film.usa\">http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/world\/2007\/dec\/04\/film.usa<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nIn the fall of 2005,\u00a0Hurricane Katrina hit the southern coast of the United States. The hurricane created billions of dollars in damage, destroyed a good part of the city of New Orleans and other southern towns, and caused the dislocation of thousands of people. The hurricane made news across the world, and the disaster was not ignored. Hundreds of thousands of people made financial contributions to help rebuild the cities and repair the lives that were devastated by the storm. During the first few months after the storm, thousands more people came from across the country, and even from around the world, to help clean up the mess and repair the damage that the storm had caused. Many of these volunteers had been to New Orleans, and some had families and friends there. Others came simply because they had heard about the disaster and wanted to help the people who were so profoundly affected by it.\r\n\r\nWhen you hear about this type of behavior, you may wonder about its meaning for human nature. Why would people sacrifice so much of themselves for others who cannot help them in return? Is helping part of the normal human experience, or are these acts unusual, unexpected, and rare? Who is most likely to help, who are we most likely to help, and under what social circumstances do we help or not help? And what biological, personal, social, and cultural factors influence helping?\r\n\r\nOn the other hand, perhaps you are skeptical about altruism. You may have noticed the many cases in which people seem oblivious to the needs of others. We allow tens of millions of people around the world\u00a0to live in poverty, we do little to help those\u00a0who are homeless, and often we seem to be more concerned with ourselves that we are with others. You might wonder whether people ever perform behaviors that are not designed\u2014at least in some way\u2014to benefit themselves. Perhaps at least some of the Katrina volunteers, and even Brad Pitt himself, were really helping\u2014at least in part\u2014for themselves. The money and time that they volunteered might have been motivated by the desire to avoid being seen as selfish, or by the fear of feeling guilty if they did not help. Perhaps our seemingly altruistic behaviors are actually motivated not by the desire to increase another\u2019s welfare but by the desire to enhance the self.\r\n\r\nHuman nature has created a general tendency for people to enjoy the company of others and to trust, care for, and respect other people. This idea leads us to expect that we will, in most cases, be helpful and cooperative, and perhaps even altruistic. In support of this idea, the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/volunteer.ca\/content\/canada-survey-giving-volunteering-and-participating\" target=\"_blank\">2010 Canada Survey of Giving, Volunteering, and Participating<\/a>\u00a0found that\u00a047 percent of Canadians (including 58 percent of Canadian youth) volunteer their time to help others. This adds up to roughly\u00a02.1 billion total volunteer hours every year!\u00a0Similar results were found in the United States, where a survey given by an established coalition that studies and encourages volunteering (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.independentsector.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.independentsector.org<\/a>)\u00a0found that\u00a0over 83 million American adults reported that they helped others by volunteering and did so an average of 3.6 hours per week. The survey estimated that the value of the volunteer time that was given was over $239 billion.\r\n\r\nTaken together it seems that many people are helpful to others. Indeed, although few of us are likely to have the opportunity to engage in an act of helpful heroism, we are all likely to have the opportunity to help somebody sometime, and it is likely that\u2014if the costs are not too great\u2014we will do so.\r\n\r\nIf you are thinking like a social psychologist, you will realize that whether we help or don\u2019t help is not likely to be determined completely by random factors. Rather, these decisions are influenced by the underlying human motivations of protecting the self and reaching out to others. Some of our altruistic behavior is part of our genetic endowment\u2014we help because we are human beings, and human beings (as are many other species) are helpful.\u00a0 In other cases, our helping is more selfish, designed to make ourselves feel better or even to gain rewards such as praise, status, or money. Although we may not completely understand the characteristics of altruism and we cannot always predict who will or will not help others, social psychologists nevertheless have learned a great deal about these determinants.\r\n\r\nBecause we spend so much time in the presence of others, we have the opportunity to react to them in either positive or negative ways. To some people we are friendly, caring, and helpful; to others we are wary, unfriendly, or even mean and aggressive. The goal of <a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/socialpsychology\/part\/chapter-9\/\">\u201cHelping and Altruism\u201d<\/a> and \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/socialpsychology\/part\/chapter-10-aggression\/\">Aggression\u201d<\/a> is to understand when and why people engage in either prosocial or antisocial behaviors. Let\u2019s begin by focusing on the positive side of the equation\u2014what makes us help others. \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/socialpsychology\/part\/chapter-10-aggression\/\">Aggression\u201d<\/a> will discuss the flip side\u2014the causes of human aggression.","rendered":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3>LEARNING OBJECTIVES<\/h3>\n<p>1. Understanding Altruism: Self and Other Concerns<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Understand the differences between altruism and helping, and explain how social psychologists try to differentiate the two.<\/li>\n<li>Review the roles of reciprocity and social exchange in helping.<\/li>\n<li>Describe the evolutionary factors that influence helping.<\/li>\n<li>Summarize how the perceptions of rewards and costs influence helping.<\/li>\n<li>Outline the social norms that influence helping.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2. The Role of Affect: Moods and Emotions<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Summarize the effects of positive and negative moods on helping.<\/li>\n<li>Explain how the affective states of guilt, empathy, and personal distress influence helping.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>3.\u00a0How the Social Context Influences Helping<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Review Bibb Latan\u00e9 and John Darley\u2019s model of helping behavior and indicate the social psychological variables that influence each stage.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>4.\u00a0Other Determinants of Helping<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Review the person, gender, and cultural variables that relate to altruism.<\/li>\n<li>Explain how the reactions of the person being helped may influence the benefits of helping.<\/li>\n<li>Outline the ways that we might be able to increase helping.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h3>BRAD PITT HELPING IN NEW ORLEANS<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2921\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\">\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/socialpsychology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/21\/2014\/10\/88756b90bfe3fc92e91cdf4f185117a4.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2921\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/socialpsychology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/21\/2014\/10\/88756b90bfe3fc92e91cdf4f185117a4-230x300.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 230px) 100vw, 230px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/socialpsychology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/21\/2014\/10\/88756b90bfe3fc92e91cdf4f185117a4-230x300.jpg 230w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/socialpsychology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/21\/2014\/10\/88756b90bfe3fc92e91cdf4f185117a4-65x84.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/socialpsychology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/21\/2014\/10\/88756b90bfe3fc92e91cdf4f185117a4-225x292.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/socialpsychology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/21\/2014\/10\/88756b90bfe3fc92e91cdf4f185117a4-350x455.jpg 350w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/socialpsychology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/21\/2014\/10\/88756b90bfe3fc92e91cdf4f185117a4.jpg 419w\" alt=\"Figure 8.1 Brad Pitt. Source: http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Brad_Pitt_at_Incirlik2.jpg\" width=\"230\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 8.1 Brad Pitt. Source: http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Brad_Pitt_at_Incirlik2.jpg<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The film actor Brad Pitt has been personally involved in helping rebuild the U.S. city of New Orleans after it was devastated by Hurricane Katrina in 2005. As one who has always been interested in architecture, Pitt created a rebuilding project and donated $5 million of his own money to get it started. With the help of some architectural firms, he produced a wide variety of ecologically friendly homes and flood-proof designs. The website <a href=\"http:\/\/makeitright.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/makeitright.org<\/a> asks businesses, religious groups, and individuals to provide grants and donations for house projects.<\/p>\n<p>Pitt says the primary goal of his work is to replace homes, although many officials and politicians wonder whether it is a good idea to rebuild these houses in area that is likely to be flooded again.<\/p>\n<p>To publicize his cause, Pitt had 150 huge pink Monopoly-shaped houses built around New Orleans. The pink blocks, which he described as a work of art, emphasize the needs of the area\u00a0and his ideas for redesign.<\/p>\n<p>Pitt said at the time that rebuilding the areas hit by the hurricane\u00a0was a bigger priority than his movie career, a project he was going to see through to the end.<\/p>\n<p>Source: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/world\/2007\/dec\/04\/film.usa\">http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/world\/2007\/dec\/04\/film.usa<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>In the fall of 2005,\u00a0Hurricane Katrina hit the southern coast of the United States. The hurricane created billions of dollars in damage, destroyed a good part of the city of New Orleans and other southern towns, and caused the dislocation of thousands of people. The hurricane made news across the world, and the disaster was not ignored. Hundreds of thousands of people made financial contributions to help rebuild the cities and repair the lives that were devastated by the storm. During the first few months after the storm, thousands more people came from across the country, and even from around the world, to help clean up the mess and repair the damage that the storm had caused. Many of these volunteers had been to New Orleans, and some had families and friends there. Others came simply because they had heard about the disaster and wanted to help the people who were so profoundly affected by it.<\/p>\n<p>When you hear about this type of behavior, you may wonder about its meaning for human nature. Why would people sacrifice so much of themselves for others who cannot help them in return? Is helping part of the normal human experience, or are these acts unusual, unexpected, and rare? Who is most likely to help, who are we most likely to help, and under what social circumstances do we help or not help? And what biological, personal, social, and cultural factors influence helping?<\/p>\n<p>On the other hand, perhaps you are skeptical about altruism. You may have noticed the many cases in which people seem oblivious to the needs of others. We allow tens of millions of people around the world\u00a0to live in poverty, we do little to help those\u00a0who are homeless, and often we seem to be more concerned with ourselves that we are with others. You might wonder whether people ever perform behaviors that are not designed\u2014at least in some way\u2014to benefit themselves. Perhaps at least some of the Katrina volunteers, and even Brad Pitt himself, were really helping\u2014at least in part\u2014for themselves. The money and time that they volunteered might have been motivated by the desire to avoid being seen as selfish, or by the fear of feeling guilty if they did not help. Perhaps our seemingly altruistic behaviors are actually motivated not by the desire to increase another\u2019s welfare but by the desire to enhance the self.<\/p>\n<p>Human nature has created a general tendency for people to enjoy the company of others and to trust, care for, and respect other people. This idea leads us to expect that we will, in most cases, be helpful and cooperative, and perhaps even altruistic. In support of this idea, the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/volunteer.ca\/content\/canada-survey-giving-volunteering-and-participating\" target=\"_blank\">2010 Canada Survey of Giving, Volunteering, and Participating<\/a>\u00a0found that\u00a047 percent of Canadians (including 58 percent of Canadian youth) volunteer their time to help others. This adds up to roughly\u00a02.1 billion total volunteer hours every year!\u00a0Similar results were found in the United States, where a survey given by an established coalition that studies and encourages volunteering (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.independentsector.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.independentsector.org<\/a>)\u00a0found that\u00a0over 83 million American adults reported that they helped others by volunteering and did so an average of 3.6 hours per week. The survey estimated that the value of the volunteer time that was given was over $239 billion.<\/p>\n<p>Taken together it seems that many people are helpful to others. Indeed, although few of us are likely to have the opportunity to engage in an act of helpful heroism, we are all likely to have the opportunity to help somebody sometime, and it is likely that\u2014if the costs are not too great\u2014we will do so.<\/p>\n<p>If you are thinking like a social psychologist, you will realize that whether we help or don\u2019t help is not likely to be determined completely by random factors. Rather, these decisions are influenced by the underlying human motivations of protecting the self and reaching out to others. Some of our altruistic behavior is part of our genetic endowment\u2014we help because we are human beings, and human beings (as are many other species) are helpful.\u00a0 In other cases, our helping is more selfish, designed to make ourselves feel better or even to gain rewards such as praise, status, or money. Although we may not completely understand the characteristics of altruism and we cannot always predict who will or will not help others, social psychologists nevertheless have learned a great deal about these determinants.<\/p>\n<p>Because we spend so much time in the presence of others, we have the opportunity to react to them in either positive or negative ways. To some people we are friendly, caring, and helpful; to others we are wary, unfriendly, or even mean and aggressive. The goal of <a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/socialpsychology\/part\/chapter-9\/\">\u201cHelping and Altruism\u201d<\/a> and \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/socialpsychology\/part\/chapter-10-aggression\/\">Aggression\u201d<\/a> is to understand when and why people engage in either prosocial or antisocial behaviors. Let\u2019s begin by focusing on the positive side of the equation\u2014what makes us help others. \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/socialpsychology\/part\/chapter-10-aggression\/\">Aggression\u201d<\/a> will discuss the flip side\u2014the causes of human aggression.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-326\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Principles of Social Psychology - 1st International Edition. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Rajiv Jhangiani, Hammond Tarry, and Charles Stangor. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: BC Campus OpenEd. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/open.bccampus.ca\/find-open-textbooks\/?uuid=66c0cf64-c485-442c-8183-de75151f13f5&#038;contributor=&#038;keyword=&#038;subject=\">https:\/\/open.bccampus.ca\/find-open-textbooks\/?uuid=66c0cf64-c485-442c-8183-de75151f13f5&#038;contributor=&#038;keyword=&#038;subject=<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":26,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Principles of Social Psychology - 1st International Edition\",\"author\":\"Rajiv Jhangiani, Hammond Tarry, and Charles Stangor\",\"organization\":\"BC Campus OpenEd\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/open.bccampus.ca\/find-open-textbooks\/?uuid=66c0cf64-c485-442c-8183-de75151f13f5&contributor=&keyword=&subject=\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-326","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":150,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-jefferson-socialpsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/326","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-jefferson-socialpsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-jefferson-socialpsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-jefferson-socialpsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/26"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-jefferson-socialpsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/326\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":329,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-jefferson-socialpsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/326\/revisions\/329"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-jefferson-socialpsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/150"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-jefferson-socialpsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/326\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-jefferson-socialpsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=326"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-jefferson-socialpsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=326"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-jefferson-socialpsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=326"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-jefferson-socialpsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=326"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}