{"id":60,"date":"2015-05-29T22:36:32","date_gmt":"2015-05-29T22:36:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/englishcomp2kscopexmaster\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=60"},"modified":"2015-05-29T22:37:38","modified_gmt":"2015-05-29T22:37:38","slug":"apa-in-text-citations","status":"web-only","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-jeffersoncc-englishcomp2kscopexmaster\/chapter\/apa-in-text-citations\/","title":{"raw":"APA in-text citations","rendered":"APA in-text citations"},"content":{"raw":"<h2>How should a parenthetical in-text citation be formatted?<a href=\"http:\/\/writingcommons.org\/%20http:\/eta.health.usf.edu\/publichealth\/APApresentation\/player.html\">\r\n<\/a><\/h2>\r\nAn essential component of a research paper, in-text citations are a way of acknowledging the ideas of the author(s) of a particular work.\r\n\r\nEach source that appears as an in-text citation should have a corresponding detailed entry in the References list at the end of the paper. Including the required elements in every citation allows other researchers to easily track the references used in a paper and locate those resources themselves.\r\n\r\nThere are three pieces of information that should be included in a citation after quoting another writer\u2019s work: the author\u2019s last name, the year of publication, and the page number(s) of the quoted material, all of which are separated by commas. The page number should follow a lower-case letter <em>'p'<\/em> and a period.\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Basic structure: (Author, Year of Publication, p. 142)\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Example<\/strong>: (Kutner, 2003, p. 451) [1]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nIf the quoted material was taken from more than one page, use two lower-case letter '<em>p' <\/em>s.\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Basic structure: (Author, Year, of Publication, pp. 194-196)\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Example<\/strong>: (Kutner, 2003, pp. 451-452) [1]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4>How should multiple authors of a single source be cited?<\/h4>\r\nThere are a few guidelines to follow when citing multiple authors for a single source. Separate the names of the source\u2019s authors by using commas. Depending on the location and instance of the citation, an ampersand(&amp;), the word <em>and<\/em>, or the term <em>et al<\/em>. may also need to be used.\r\n<h4>When should an ampersand be used?<\/h4>\r\nAmpersands (&amp;) should only be used in parenthetical in-text citations. An ampersand separates the last and second to last author of a cited work.\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Example:<\/strong> Research has demonstrated that \u201csynesthesia appears quite stable over time, and synesthetes are typically surprised to discover that other people do not share their experiences\u201d (Niccolai, Jennes, Stoerig, &amp; Van Leeuwen, 2012, p. 81). [1]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4>When should the word <em>and<\/em> be used?<\/h4>\r\nThe word and should only be used in a sentence or paragraph; do not use it in a parenthetical in-text citation. The last and second to last author of a cited work are separated by the word <em>and<\/em>.\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Example:<\/strong> Niccolai, Jennes, Stoerig, and Van Leeuwen (2012) observed that \u201csynesthesia appears quite stable over time, and synesthetes are typically surprised to discover that other people do not share their experiences\u201d (p. 81). [1]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4>When should the term <em>et al<\/em>. be used?<\/h4>\r\nWhen citing a single work with many authors, you may need to substitute some of the authors\u2019 names with the term <em>et al<\/em>.\u00a0 The term <em>et al<\/em>. should not be italicized in your paper, and a period should be placed after the word <em>al<\/em> as it is an abbreviated term. Follow these guidelines regarding the usage of <em>et al<\/em>.:\r\n<h4><strong>Use <em>et al<\/em>.:<\/strong><\/h4>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The first time and every time you cite a source with at least six authors.\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Example:<\/strong> The in-text citation of <em>Zoonoses: Infectious diseases transmissible from animals to humans<\/em>, a book authored by Krauss, Weber, Appel, Enders, Isenberg, Schiefer, Slenczka, von Graevenitz, and Zahner, would appear as follows: [2]\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>(Krauss et al., 2003, p. 91)<\/li>\r\n\t<li>As Krauss et al. (2003) observed, \u2026<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Every following time (after the first instance) that you cite a source with at least three authors.\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Example:\u00a0<\/strong>Citing the article \u201cModality and variability of synesthetic experience\u201d by Niccolai, Jennes, Stoerig, &amp; Van Leeuwen would appear as follows: [1]\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The first instance: (Niccolai, Jennes, Stoerig, &amp; Van Leeuwen, 2012, p. 81)<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Every following instance: (Niccolai et al., 2012)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4><strong>Avoid using <em>et al<\/em>.:<\/strong><\/h4>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The first time you cite a source with up to five authors.\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Instead, list all of the authors at their first mentioning.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li>To cite a work that only has two authors.\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Instead, always list the two authors\u2019 names in every citation (separated by either an ampersand or the word and, depending on the location)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4>For more information about referencing sources in APA, see also:<\/h4>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/writingcommons.org\/open-text\/writing-processes\/format\/apa-format\/672-formatting-the-references-list-apa\" target=\"_blank\">Formatting the References Page (APA)<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/writingcommons.org\/open-text\/writing-processes\/format\/apa-format\/1138-references-page-template-apa\" target=\"_blank\">References Page Template (APA)<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n[1] Niccolai, V., Jennes, J., Stoerig, P., &amp; Van Leeuwen, T. M. (2012). Modality and variability of synesthetic experience. <em>The American Journal of Psychology<\/em>, 125(1), 81-94. Retrieved from JSTOR database at <a href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/\">http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/<\/a>\r\n\r\n[2] Krauss, H., Weber, A., Appel, M., Enders, B., Isenberg, H. D., Schiefer, H. G., . . . Zahner, H. (2003). <em>Zoonoses: Infectious diseases transmissible from animals to humans<\/em>. Washington, DC: ASM Press","rendered":"<h2>How should a parenthetical in-text citation be formatted?<a href=\"http:\/\/writingcommons.org\/%20http:\/eta.health.usf.edu\/publichealth\/APApresentation\/player.html\"><br \/>\n<\/a><\/h2>\n<p>An essential component of a research paper, in-text citations are a way of acknowledging the ideas of the author(s) of a particular work.<\/p>\n<p>Each source that appears as an in-text citation should have a corresponding detailed entry in the References list at the end of the paper. Including the required elements in every citation allows other researchers to easily track the references used in a paper and locate those resources themselves.<\/p>\n<p>There are three pieces of information that should be included in a citation after quoting another writer\u2019s work: the author\u2019s last name, the year of publication, and the page number(s) of the quoted material, all of which are separated by commas. The page number should follow a lower-case letter <em>&#8216;p&#8217;<\/em> and a period.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Basic structure: (Author, Year of Publication, p. 142)\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Example<\/strong>: (Kutner, 2003, p. 451) [1]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If the quoted material was taken from more than one page, use two lower-case letter &#8216;<em>p&#8217; <\/em>s.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Basic structure: (Author, Year, of Publication, pp. 194-196)\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Example<\/strong>: (Kutner, 2003, pp. 451-452) [1]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>How should multiple authors of a single source be cited?<\/h4>\n<p>There are a few guidelines to follow when citing multiple authors for a single source. Separate the names of the source\u2019s authors by using commas. Depending on the location and instance of the citation, an ampersand(&amp;), the word <em>and<\/em>, or the term <em>et al<\/em>. may also need to be used.<\/p>\n<h4>When should an ampersand be used?<\/h4>\n<p>Ampersands (&amp;) should only be used in parenthetical in-text citations. An ampersand separates the last and second to last author of a cited work.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Example:<\/strong> Research has demonstrated that \u201csynesthesia appears quite stable over time, and synesthetes are typically surprised to discover that other people do not share their experiences\u201d (Niccolai, Jennes, Stoerig, &amp; Van Leeuwen, 2012, p. 81). [1]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>When should the word <em>and<\/em> be used?<\/h4>\n<p>The word and should only be used in a sentence or paragraph; do not use it in a parenthetical in-text citation. The last and second to last author of a cited work are separated by the word <em>and<\/em>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Example:<\/strong> Niccolai, Jennes, Stoerig, and Van Leeuwen (2012) observed that \u201csynesthesia appears quite stable over time, and synesthetes are typically surprised to discover that other people do not share their experiences\u201d (p. 81). [1]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>When should the term <em>et al<\/em>. be used?<\/h4>\n<p>When citing a single work with many authors, you may need to substitute some of the authors\u2019 names with the term <em>et al<\/em>.\u00a0 The term <em>et al<\/em>. should not be italicized in your paper, and a period should be placed after the word <em>al<\/em> as it is an abbreviated term. Follow these guidelines regarding the usage of <em>et al<\/em>.:<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Use <em>et al<\/em>.:<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>The first time and every time you cite a source with at least six authors.\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Example:<\/strong> The in-text citation of <em>Zoonoses: Infectious diseases transmissible from animals to humans<\/em>, a book authored by Krauss, Weber, Appel, Enders, Isenberg, Schiefer, Slenczka, von Graevenitz, and Zahner, would appear as follows: [2]\n<ul>\n<li>(Krauss et al., 2003, p. 91)<\/li>\n<li>As Krauss et al. (2003) observed, \u2026<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Every following time (after the first instance) that you cite a source with at least three authors.\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Example:\u00a0<\/strong>Citing the article \u201cModality and variability of synesthetic experience\u201d by Niccolai, Jennes, Stoerig, &amp; Van Leeuwen would appear as follows: [1]\n<ul>\n<li>The first instance: (Niccolai, Jennes, Stoerig, &amp; Van Leeuwen, 2012, p. 81)<\/li>\n<li>Every following instance: (Niccolai et al., 2012)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><strong>Avoid using <em>et al<\/em>.:<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>The first time you cite a source with up to five authors.\n<ul>\n<li>Instead, list all of the authors at their first mentioning.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>To cite a work that only has two authors.\n<ul>\n<li>Instead, always list the two authors\u2019 names in every citation (separated by either an ampersand or the word and, depending on the location)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>For more information about referencing sources in APA, see also:<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/writingcommons.org\/open-text\/writing-processes\/format\/apa-format\/672-formatting-the-references-list-apa\" target=\"_blank\">Formatting the References Page (APA)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/writingcommons.org\/open-text\/writing-processes\/format\/apa-format\/1138-references-page-template-apa\" target=\"_blank\">References Page Template (APA)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p>[1] Niccolai, V., Jennes, J., Stoerig, P., &amp; Van Leeuwen, T. M. (2012). Modality and variability of synesthetic experience. <em>The American Journal of Psychology<\/em>, 125(1), 81-94. Retrieved from JSTOR database at <a href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/\">http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[2] Krauss, H., Weber, A., Appel, M., Enders, B., Isenberg, H. D., Schiefer, H. G., . . . Zahner, H. (2003). <em>Zoonoses: Infectious diseases transmissible from animals to humans<\/em>. Washington, DC: ASM Press<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-60\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Formatting In-text Citations (APA). <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: WritingCommons. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/writingcommons.org\/open-text\/writing-processes\/format\/apa-format\/673-formatting-in-text-reference-citations-apa\">http:\/\/writingcommons.org\/open-text\/writing-processes\/format\/apa-format\/673-formatting-in-text-reference-citations-apa<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-ND: Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives <\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":277,"menu_order":9,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Formatting In-text Citations (APA)\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"WritingCommons\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/writingcommons.org\/open-text\/writing-processes\/format\/apa-format\/673-formatting-in-text-reference-citations-apa\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-nd\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-60","chapter","type-chapter","status-web-only","hentry"],"part":147,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-jeffersoncc-englishcomp2kscopexmaster\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/60","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-jeffersoncc-englishcomp2kscopexmaster\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-jeffersoncc-englishcomp2kscopexmaster\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-jeffersoncc-englishcomp2kscopexmaster\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/277"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-jeffersoncc-englishcomp2kscopexmaster\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/60\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":304,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-jeffersoncc-englishcomp2kscopexmaster\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/60\/revisions\/304"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-jeffersoncc-englishcomp2kscopexmaster\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/147"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-jeffersoncc-englishcomp2kscopexmaster\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/60\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-jeffersoncc-englishcomp2kscopexmaster\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=60"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-jeffersoncc-englishcomp2kscopexmaster\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=60"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-jeffersoncc-englishcomp2kscopexmaster\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=60"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-jeffersoncc-englishcomp2kscopexmaster\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=60"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}