Albert, E. (2013). Many more women delay childbirth into 40s due to career constraints. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel<\/em>. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.jsonline.com\/news\/health\/many-more-women-delay-childbirth-into-40s-due-to-career-constraints-<\/a> b9971144z1-220272671.html<\/a><\/p>\r\n American Pregnancy Association. (2015). Epidural anesthesia<\/em>. Retrieved from http:\/\/americanpregnancy.org\/labor-and-<\/a> birth\/epidural\/<\/a><\/p>\r\n American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5<\/em>th <\/em>edition (DSM-V)<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n Washington, DC: Author.<\/p>\r\n American Society of Reproductive Medicine. (2015). State infertility insurance laws<\/em>. Retrieved from<\/p>\r\n http:\/\/www.reproductivefacts.org\/insurance.aspx<\/a><\/p>\r\n Berger, K. S. (2005). The developing person through the life span <\/em>(6th ed.). New York: Worth. Berk, L. (2004). Development through the life span <\/em>(3rd ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.<\/p>\r\n Bortolus, R., Parazzini, F., Chatenoud, L., Benzi, G., Bianchi, M. M., & Marini, A. (1999). The epidemiology of multiple births.<\/p>\r\n Human Reproduction Update<\/em>, 5<\/em>, 179-187.<\/p>\r\n Bray, I., Gunnell, D., & Smith, G. D. (2006). Advanced paternal age: How old is too old? Journal<\/em> of<\/em> Epidemiology<\/em> &<\/em> Community <\/em>Health, 60(10), <\/em>851-853. Doi: 10.1136\/jech.2005.045179<\/p>\r\n Brazelton, T. B., & Nugent, J. K. (1995). Neonatal behavioral assessment scale<\/em>. London: Mac Keith Press.<\/p>\r\n Carrell, D. T., Wilcox, A. L., Lowry, L., Peterson, C. M., Jones, K. P., & Erikson, L. (2003). Elevated sperm chromosome aneuploidy and apoptosis in patients with unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss. Obstetrics and Gynecology<\/em>, 101<\/em>(6), 1229-1235.<\/p>\r\n Carroll, J. L. (2007). Sexuality now: Embracing diversity <\/em>(2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson.<\/p>\r\n Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2005). Surgeon\u2019s general\u2019s advisory on alcohol use during pregnancy. <\/em>Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/fasd\/documents\/surgeongenbookmark.pdf<\/a><\/p>\r\n Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014). Pelvic inflammatory disease<\/em>. Retrieved from<\/p>\r\n http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/std\/pid\/stdfact-pid-detailed.htm<\/a><\/p>\r\n Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015a). Birthweight and gestation<\/em>. Retrieved from<\/p>\r\n http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/fastats\/birthweight.htm<\/a><\/p>\r\n Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015b) Genetic Counseling. <\/em>Retrieved from:<\/p>\r\n http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/genetics\/genetic_counseling.html<\/a><\/p>\r\n Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015c). Preterm birth<\/em>. Retrieved from<\/p>\r\n http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/reproductivehealth\/maternalinfanthealth\/pretermbirth.htm<\/a><\/p>\r\n Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015d). Smoking, pregnancy, and babies. <\/em>Retrieved from<\/p>\r\n http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/tobacco\/campaign\/tips\/diseases\/pregnancy.html<\/a><\/p>\r\n Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016a). Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. <\/em>Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/fasd<\/a><\/p>\r\n Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016b). HIV\/AIDS prevention<\/em>. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/basics\/prevention.html<\/a><\/p>\r\n Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016c). HIV transmission<\/em>. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/basics\/transmission.html<\/a><\/p>\r\n Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016d). STDs during pregnancy<\/em>. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/std\/pregnancy\/stdfact-pregnancy.htm<\/a><\/p>\r\n Conners, N.A., Bradley, R.H., Whiteside-Mansell, L., Liu, J.Y., Roberts, T.J., Burgdorf, K., & Herrell, J.M. (2003). Children of mothers with serious substance abuse problems: An accumulation of risks. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 29 <\/em>(4), 743\u2013758.<\/p>\r\n Cordier, S. (2008). Evidence for a role of paternal exposure in developmental toxicity. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, 102, <\/em>176-181.<\/p>\r\n Eisenberg, A., Murkoff, H. E., & Hathaway, S. E. (1996). What to expect when you\u2019re expecting<\/em>. New York: Workman Publishing.<\/p>\r\n Figdor, E., & Kaeser, L. (1998). Concerns mount over punitive approaches to substance abuse among pregnant women. The Guttmacher report on public policy<\/em>. 1(5), 3\u20135.<\/p>\r\n Fraga, M. F., Ballestar, E., Paz, M. F., Ropero, S., Setien, F., Ballestar, M. L., \u2026 Esteller, M. (2005). Epigenetic differences arise during the lifetime of monozygotic twins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (USA), 102<\/em>, 10604-10609. DOI:10.1073\/pnas.0500398102<\/p>\r\n Gottlieb, G. (1998). Normally occurring environmental and behavioral influences on gene activity: From central dogma to probabilistic epigenesis. Psychological Review<\/em>, 105<\/em>, 792-802.<\/p>\r\n Gottlieb, G. (2000). Environmental and behavioral influences on gene activity. Current Directions in Psychological Science<\/em>, 9<\/em>, 93-97.<\/p>\r\n Gottlieb, G. (2002). Individual development and evolution: The genesis of novel behavior<\/em>. New York: Oxford University Press. Gould, J. L., & Keeton, W. T. (1997). Biological science <\/em>(6th ed.). New York: Norton.<\/p>\r\n Gregory, E. (2007). Ready: Why women are embracing the new later motherhood<\/em>. Philadelphia, PA: Basic Books. Hall, D. (2004). Meiotic drive and sex chromosome cycling. Evolution, 58<\/em>(5), 925-931.<\/p>\r\n Health Resources and Services Administration. (2015). HIV screening for pregnant women<\/em>. Retrieved from<\/p>\r\n http:\/\/www.hrsa.gov\/quality\/toolbox\/measures\/hivpregnantwomen\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\r\n Jos, P. H., Marshall, M. F., & Perlmutter, M. (1995). The Charleston policy on cocaine use during pregnancy: A cautionary tale.<\/p>\r\n The Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics, 23<\/em>(2), 120-128.<\/p>\r\n Leve, L. D., Neiderhiser, J. M., Scarmella, L. V., & Reiss, D. (2010). The early growth and development study: Using the prospective adoption design to examine genotype-interplay. Behavior Genetics, 40, <\/em>306-314. DOI: 10.1007\/s10519- 010- 9353-1<\/p>\r\n MacDorman, M., Menacker, F., & Declercq, E. (2010). Trends and Characteristics of Home and Other out of Hospital Births in the United States, 1990-2006 <\/em>(United States, Center for Disease Control). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/nvsr\/nvsr58;nvsr58_11.PDF<\/a><\/p>\r\n Maier, S.E., & West, J.R. (2001). Drinking patterns and alcohol-related birth defects. Alcohol Research & Health, 25<\/em>(3), 168- 174.<\/p>\r\n March of Dimes. (2009). Rh disease<\/em>. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/complications\/rh-disease.aspx<\/a><\/p>\r\n March of Dimes. (2012a). Rubella<\/em> and<\/em> your<\/em> baby<\/em>. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/baby\/rubella-and-your-<\/a> baby.aspx<\/a><\/p>\r\n March of Dimes. (2012b). Stress<\/em> and<\/em> pregnancy<\/em>. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/pregnancy\/stress-and-<\/a> pregnancy.aspx<\/a><\/p>\r\n March of Dimes. (2012c). Teenage pregnancy<\/em>. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/materials\/teenage-pregnancy.pdf<\/a><\/p>\r\n March of Dimes. (2012d). Toxoplasmosis. <\/em>Retrieved from http:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/complications\/toxoplasmosis.aspx<\/a><\/p>\r\n March of Dimes. (2013). Sexually<\/em> transmitted<\/em> diseases.<\/em> Retrieved http:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/complications\/sexually-<\/a> transmitted-diseases.aspx<\/a><\/p>\r\n March of Dimes. (2014). Pesticides and pregnancy. <\/em>Retrieved from<\/p>\r\n http:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/pregnancy\/pesticides-and-pregnancy.aspx<\/a><\/p>\r\n March of Dimes. (2015a). Depression during pregnancy<\/em>. Retrieved from<\/p>\r\n http:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/complications\/depression-during-pregnancy.aspx<\/a><\/p>\r\n March of Dimes. (2015b). Gestational<\/em> diabetes<\/em>. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/complications\/gestational-<\/a> diabetes.aspx<\/a><\/p>\r\n March of Dimes. (2015c). High blood pressure during pregnancy<\/em>. Retrieved from<\/p>\r\n http:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/complications\/high-blood-pressure-during-pregnancy.aspx<\/a><\/p>\r\n March of Dimes. (2015d). Neonatal abstinence syndrome<\/em>. Retrieved from<\/p>\r\n http:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/complications\/neonatal-abstinence-syndrome-(nas).aspx<\/a><\/p>\r\n March of Dimes. (2016a). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. <\/em>Retrieved from<\/p>\r\n http:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/complications\/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders.aspx<\/a><\/p>\r\n March of Dimes. (2016b). Identifying the causes of birth defects<\/em>. Retrieved from<\/p>\r\n http:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/research\/identifying-the-causes-of-birth-defects.aspx<\/a><\/p>\r\n March of Dimes. (2016c). Marijuana and pregnancy. <\/em>Retrieved from http:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/pregnancy\/marijuana.aspx<\/a><\/p>\r\n March of Dimes. (2016d). Pregnancy after age 35. <\/em>Retrieved from http:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/pregnancy-after-age-35.aspx<\/a><\/p>\r\n March of Dimes. (2016e). Prescription medicine during pregnancy<\/em>. Retrieved from<\/p>\r\n http:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/pregnancy\/prescription-medicine-during-pregnancy.aspx<\/a><\/p>\r\n March of Dimes. (2016f). Weight gain during pregnancy<\/em>. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/pregnancy\/weight-<\/a> gain-during-pregnancy.aspx<\/a><\/p>\r\n Martin, J. A., Hamilton, B. E., Osterman, M., Curtin, S. C., & Mathews, T. J. (2015). Births: Final data for 2013. National Vital Statistics Reports, 64<\/em>(1), 1-65.<\/p>\r\n Mayo Clinic. (2014). Labor<\/em> and<\/em> delivery,<\/em> postpartum<\/em> care<\/em>. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/healthy-lifestyle\/labor-<\/a> and-delivery\/ in-depth\/inducing-labor\/art-20047557<\/a><\/p>\r\n Mayo Clinic. (2015). Male<\/em> infertility<\/em>. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/male-<\/a> infertility\/basics\/definition\/con-20033113<\/a><\/p>\r\n Mayo Clinic. (2016). Episiotomy: When it's needed, when it's not. <\/em>Retrieved from http:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/healthy-<\/a> lifestyle\/labor-and-delivery\/in-depth\/episiotomy\/art-20047282<\/a><\/p>\r\n Morgan, M.A., Goldenberg, R.L., & Schulkin, J. (2008) Obstetrician-gynecologists\u2019 practices regarding preterm birth at the limit of viability. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, 21<\/em>, 115-121.<\/p>\r\n National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. (2013). Preeclampsia. <\/em>Retrieved from<\/p>\r\n https:\/\/www.nichd.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/preeclampsia\/conditioninfo\/Pages\/risk.aspx<\/a><\/p>\r\n National Institute of Health (2015). An overview of the human genome project<\/em>. Retrieved from<\/p>\r\n http:\/\/www.genome.gov\/12011238<\/a><\/p>\r\n National Public Radio. (Producer). (2015, November 18). In<\/em> Tennessee,<\/em> giving<\/em> birth<\/em> to<\/em> a<\/em> drug-dependent<\/em> baby<\/em> can<\/em> be<\/em> a<\/em> crime<\/em><\/p>\r\n [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.npr.org\/templates\/transcript.php?storyld=455924258<\/a><\/p>\r\n Nippoldt, T.B. (2015). How does paternal age affect a baby\u2019s health? Mayo Clinic. <\/em>Retrieved from http:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/healthy-lifestyle\/getting-pregnant\/expert-answers\/paternal-age\/faq- 20057873<\/a><\/p>\r\n Plomin, R., DeFries, J. C., Knopik, V. S., & Niederhiser, J. M. (2013). Behavioral Genetics (6<\/em>th <\/em>edition). <\/em>NY: Worth Publishers.<\/p>\r\n Regev, R.H., Lusky, T. Dolfin, I. Litmanovitz, S. Arnon, B. & Reichman. (2003). Excess mortality and morbidity among small- for-gestational-age premature infants: A population based study. Journal of Pediatrics, 143<\/em>, 186-191.<\/p>\r\n Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (1997). Fetal awareness: Review of research and recommendations.<\/em><\/p>\r\n Retrieved from https:\/\/www.rcog.org.uk\/en\/guidelines-research-services\/guidelines\/fetal-awareness---review-of-<\/a> research-and-recommendations-for-practice\/<\/a><\/p>\r\n Stiles, J. & Jernigan, T. L. (2010). The basics of brain development. Neuropsychology Review, 20<\/em>(4), 327-348. doi: 10.1007\/s11065-010-9148-4<\/p>\r\n Streissguth, A.P., Barr, H.M., Kogan, J. & Bookstein, F. L. (1996). Understanding the occurrence of secondary disabilities in clients with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE). Final Report to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), August. <\/em>Seattle: University of Washington, Fetal Alcohol & Drug Unit, Tech. Rep. No. 96-06.<\/p>\r\n Sun, F., Sebastiani, P., Schupf, N., Bae, H., Andersen, S. L., McIntosh, A., Abel, H., Elo, I., & Perls, T. (2015). Extended maternal age at birth of last child and women\u2019s longevity in the Long Life Family Study. Menopause: The Journal of the North American Menopause Society, 22(<\/em>1), 26-31.<\/p>\r\n Tong, V. T., Dietz, P.M., Morrow, B., D'Angelo, D.V., Farr, S.L., Rockhill, K.M., & England, L.J. (2013). Trends in Smoking Before, During, and After Pregnancy \u2014 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, United States, 40 Sites, 2000\u20132010. Surveillance Summaries, <\/em>62(SS06), 1-19. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/preview\/mmwrhtml\/ss6206a1.htm<\/a><\/p>\r\n United States National Library of Medicine. (2014). In vitro fertilization<\/em>. Retrieved from<\/p>\r\n https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/ency\/article\/007279.htm<\/a><\/p>\r\n United States National Library of Medicine. (2015). Fetal development<\/em>. Retrieved from<\/p>\r\n https:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/medlineplus\/ency\/article\/002398.htm<\/a><\/p>\r\n United States National Library of Medicine. (2015). Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. <\/em>Retrieved from https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/ency\/article\/001563.htm<\/a><\/p>\r\n World Health Organization. (2010, September 15). Maternal Deaths Worldwide Drop by a Third, WHO<\/em>. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/news\/releases\/ 2010\/maternal_mortality_20100915\/en\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\r\n Youngentob, S. L., Molina, J. C., Spear, N. E., & Youngentob, L. M. (2007). The effect of gestational ethanol exposure on voluntary ethanol intake in early postnatal and adult rats. Behavioral Neuroscience, 121<\/em>(6), 1306-1315. doi.org\/10.1037\/0735-7044.121.6.1306<\/a><\/p>","rendered":" Albert, E. (2013). Many more women delay childbirth into 40s due to career constraints. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel<\/em>. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.jsonline.com\/news\/health\/many-more-women-delay-childbirth-into-40s-due-to-career-constraints-<\/a> b9971144z1-220272671.html<\/a><\/p>\n American Pregnancy Association. (2015). <\/h3>\n