{"id":108,"date":"2014-10-20T05:03:14","date_gmt":"2014-10-20T05:03:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/apvccs\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=108"},"modified":"2014-11-07T03:38:35","modified_gmt":"2014-11-07T03:38:35","slug":"the-chemical-level-of-organization","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-ap1\/chapter\/the-chemical-level-of-organization\/","title":{"raw":"The Chemical Level of Organization","rendered":"The Chemical Level of Organization"},"content":{"raw":"<div id=\"id514590\" class=\"chapter\" title=\"Chapter\u00a02.\u00a0The Chemical Level of Organization\">\r\n<div class=\"titlepage\">\r\n<h1 class=\"title\"><img style=\"font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em;\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/198\/2014\/10\/20082415\/200_DNA_Double_Helix-02.jpg\" alt=\"This figure shows a double helix.\" width=\"500\" \/><\/h1>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"m45996\" class=\"introduction\">\r\n<div id=\"m45996-fig-ch02_00_01\" class=\"figure splash\" title=\"Figure\u00a02.1.\u00a0Human DNA\"><address class=\"title\"><strong><span class=\"cnx-gentext-figure cnx-gentext-autogenerated\">Figure\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"cnx-gentext-figure cnx-gentext-n\">2.1<\/span><span class=\"cnx-gentext-figure cnx-gentext-autogenerated\">.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"cnx-gentext-figure cnx-gentext-t\">Human DNA<\/span><\/strong><\/address><address class=\"title\">Human DNA is described as a double helix that resembles a molecular spiral staircase. In humans the DNA is organized into 46 chromosomes.<\/address><address class=\"caption\">\u00a0<\/address><\/div>\r\n<h2 class=\"title\">Introduction<\/h2>\r\n<div id=\"m45996-eip-142\" class=\"note chapter-objectives\">\r\n<div class=\"body\">\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"itemizedlist\">\r\n<ul class=\"itemizedlist\">\r\n\t<li class=\"listitem\">Describe the fundamental composition of matter<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"listitem\">Identify the three subatomic particles<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"listitem\">Identify the four most abundant elements in the body<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"listitem\">Explain the relationship between an atom\u2019s number of electrons and its relative stability<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"listitem\">Distinguish between ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and hydrogen bonds<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"listitem\">Explain how energy is invested, stored, and released via chemical reactions, particularly those reactions that are critical to life<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"listitem\">Explain the importance of the inorganic compounds that contribute to life, such as water, salts, acids, and bases<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"listitem\">Compare and contrast the four important classes of organic (carbon-based) compounds\u2014proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids\u2014according to their composition and functional importance to human life<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<span id=\"m45996-fs-id2033651\"> <\/span>The smallest, most fundamental material components of the human body are basic chemical elements. In fact, chemicals called nucleotide bases are the foundation of the genetic code with the instructions on how to build and maintain the human body from conception through old age. There are about three billion of these base pairs in human DNA.\r\n\r\n<span id=\"m45996-fs-id1478322\"> <\/span>Human chemistry includes organic molecules (carbon-based) and biochemicals (those produced by the body). Human chemistry also includes elements. In fact, life cannot exist without many of the elements that are part of the earth. All of the elements that contribute to chemical reactions, to the transformation of energy, and to electrical activity and muscle contraction\u2014elements that include phosphorus, carbon, sodium, and calcium, to name a few\u2014originated in stars.\r\n\r\n<span id=\"m45996-fs-id1406290\"> <\/span>These elements, in turn, can form both the inorganic and organic chemical compounds important to life, including, for example, water, glucose, and proteins. This chapter begins by examining elements and how the structures of atoms, the basic units of matter, determine the characteristics of elements by the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in the atoms. The chapter then builds the framework of life from there.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"section module\" title=\"2.1.\u00a0Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter\"><\/div>\r\n<div id=\"id528875\" class=\"glossary\" title=\"Glossary\">\r\n<div class=\"titlepage\">\r\n<h2 class=\"title\"><span class=\"cnx-gentext-glossary cnx-gentext-autogenerated\"><span class=\"cnx-gentext-glossary cnx-gentext-t\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div id=\"id514590\" class=\"chapter\" title=\"Chapter\u00a02.\u00a0The Chemical Level of Organization\">\n<div class=\"titlepage\">\n<h1 class=\"title\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em;\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/198\/2014\/10\/20082415\/200_DNA_Double_Helix-02.jpg\" alt=\"This figure shows a double helix.\" width=\"500\" \/><\/h1>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"m45996\" class=\"introduction\">\n<div id=\"m45996-fig-ch02_00_01\" class=\"figure splash\" title=\"Figure\u00a02.1.\u00a0Human DNA\">\n<address class=\"title\"><strong><span class=\"cnx-gentext-figure cnx-gentext-autogenerated\">Figure\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"cnx-gentext-figure cnx-gentext-n\">2.1<\/span><span class=\"cnx-gentext-figure cnx-gentext-autogenerated\">.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"cnx-gentext-figure cnx-gentext-t\">Human DNA<\/span><\/strong><\/address>\n<address class=\"title\">Human DNA is described as a double helix that resembles a molecular spiral staircase. In humans the DNA is organized into 46 chromosomes.<\/address>\n<address class=\"caption\">\u00a0<\/address>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"title\">Introduction<\/h2>\n<div id=\"m45996-eip-142\" class=\"note chapter-objectives\">\n<div class=\"body\">\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<div class=\"itemizedlist\">\n<ul class=\"itemizedlist\">\n<li class=\"listitem\">Describe the fundamental composition of matter<\/li>\n<li class=\"listitem\">Identify the three subatomic particles<\/li>\n<li class=\"listitem\">Identify the four most abundant elements in the body<\/li>\n<li class=\"listitem\">Explain the relationship between an atom\u2019s number of electrons and its relative stability<\/li>\n<li class=\"listitem\">Distinguish between ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and hydrogen bonds<\/li>\n<li class=\"listitem\">Explain how energy is invested, stored, and released via chemical reactions, particularly those reactions that are critical to life<\/li>\n<li class=\"listitem\">Explain the importance of the inorganic compounds that contribute to life, such as water, salts, acids, and bases<\/li>\n<li class=\"listitem\">Compare and contrast the four important classes of organic (carbon-based) compounds\u2014proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids\u2014according to their composition and functional importance to human life<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><span id=\"m45996-fs-id2033651\"> <\/span>The smallest, most fundamental material components of the human body are basic chemical elements. In fact, chemicals called nucleotide bases are the foundation of the genetic code with the instructions on how to build and maintain the human body from conception through old age. There are about three billion of these base pairs in human DNA.<\/p>\n<p><span id=\"m45996-fs-id1478322\"> <\/span>Human chemistry includes organic molecules (carbon-based) and biochemicals (those produced by the body). Human chemistry also includes elements. In fact, life cannot exist without many of the elements that are part of the earth. All of the elements that contribute to chemical reactions, to the transformation of energy, and to electrical activity and muscle contraction\u2014elements that include phosphorus, carbon, sodium, and calcium, to name a few\u2014originated in stars.<\/p>\n<p><span id=\"m45996-fs-id1406290\"> <\/span>These elements, in turn, can form both the inorganic and organic chemical compounds important to life, including, for example, water, glucose, and proteins. This chapter begins by examining elements and how the structures of atoms, the basic units of matter, determine the characteristics of elements by the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in the atoms. The chapter then builds the framework of life from there.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section module\" title=\"2.1.\u00a0Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter\"><\/div>\n<div id=\"id528875\" class=\"glossary\" title=\"Glossary\">\n<div class=\"titlepage\">\n<h2 class=\"title\"><span class=\"cnx-gentext-glossary cnx-gentext-autogenerated\"><span class=\"cnx-gentext-glossary cnx-gentext-t\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-108\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Chapter 2. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: OpenStax College. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Rice University. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/14fb4ad7-39a1-4eee-ab6e-3ef2482e3e22@7.1@7.1.\">http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/14fb4ad7-39a1-4eee-ab6e-3ef2482e3e22@7.1@7.1.<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: Anatomy &amp; Physiology. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: This content is available for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/content\/col11496\/1.6<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":74,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Chapter 2\",\"author\":\"OpenStax College\",\"organization\":\"Rice University\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/14fb4ad7-39a1-4eee-ab6e-3ef2482e3e22@7.1@7.1.\",\"project\":\"Anatomy & Physiology\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"This content is available for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/content\/col11496\/1.6\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-108","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":1635,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-ap1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/108","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-ap1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-ap1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-ap1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/74"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-ap1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/108\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2260,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-ap1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/108\/revisions\/2260"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-ap1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/1635"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-ap1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/108\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-ap1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=108"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-ap1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=108"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-ap1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=108"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-ap1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=108"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}