{"id":1717,"date":"2014-10-21T04:11:20","date_gmt":"2014-10-21T04:11:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/apvccs\/?post_type=chapter&p=1717"},"modified":"2014-11-07T04:37:41","modified_gmt":"2014-11-07T04:37:41","slug":"glossary-module-2","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-ap1\/chapter\/glossary-module-2\/","title":{"raw":"Glossary: The Chemical Level of Organization","rendered":"Glossary: The Chemical Level of Organization"},"content":{"raw":"
<\/div>\r\n
acid<\/dt>
compound that releases hydrogen ions (H+<\/sup>) in solution<\/dd>
activation energy<\/dt>
amount of energy greater than the energy contained in the reactants, which must be overcome for a reaction to proceed<\/dd>
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)<\/dt>
nucleotide containing ribose and an adenine base that is essential in energy transfer<\/dd>
amino acid<\/dt>
building block of proteins; characterized by an amino and carboxyl functional groups and a variable side-chain<\/dd>
anion<\/dt>
atom with a negative charge<\/dd>
atom<\/dt>
smallest unit of an element that retains the unique properties of that element<\/dd>
atomic number<\/dt>
number of protons in the nucleus of an atom<\/dd>
base<\/dt>
compound that accepts hydrogen ions (H+<\/sup>) in solution<\/dd>
bond<\/dt>
electrical force linking atoms<\/dd>
buffer<\/dt>
solution containing a weak acid or a weak base that opposes wide fluctuations in the pH of body fluids<\/dd>
carbohydrate<\/dt>
class of organic compounds built from sugars, molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1-2-1 ratio<\/dd>
catalyst<\/dt>
substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed in the process<\/dd>
cation<\/dt>
atom with a positive charge<\/dd>
chemical energy<\/dt>
form of energy that is absorbed as chemical bonds form, stored as they are maintained, and released as they are broken<\/dd>
colloid<\/dt>
liquid mixture in which the solute particles consist of clumps of molecules large enough to scatter light<\/dd>
compound<\/dt>
substance composed of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds<\/dd>
concentration<\/dt>
number of particles within a given space<\/dd>
covalent bond<\/dt>
chemical bond in which two atoms share electrons, thereby completing their valence shells<\/dd>
decomposition reaction<\/dt>
type of catabolic reaction in which one or more bonds within a larger molecule are broken, resulting in the release of smaller molecules or atoms<\/dd>
denaturation<\/dt>
change in the structure of a molecule through physical or chemical means<\/dd>
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)<\/dt>
deoxyribose-containing nucleotide that stores genetic information<\/dd>
disaccharide<\/dt>
pair of carbohydrate monomers bonded by dehydration synthesis via a glycosidic bond<\/dd>
disulfide bond<\/dt>
covalent bond formed within a polypeptide between sulfide groups of sulfur-containing amino acids, for example, cysteine<\/dd>
electron shell<\/dt>
area of space a given distance from an atom\u2019s nucleus in which electrons are grouped<\/dd>
electron<\/dt>
subatomic particle having a negative charge and nearly no mass; found orbiting the atom\u2019s nucleus<\/dd>
element<\/dt>
substance that cannot be created or broken down by ordinary chemical means<\/dd>
enzyme<\/dt>
protein or RNA that catalyzes chemical reactions<\/dd>
exchange reaction<\/dt>
type of chemical reaction in which bonds are both formed and broken, resulting in the transfer of components<\/dd>
functional group<\/dt>
group of atoms linked by strong covalent bonds that tends to behave as a distinct unit in chemical reactions with other atoms<\/dd>
hydrogen bond<\/dt>
dipole-dipole bond in which a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom is weakly attracted to a second electronegative atom<\/dd>
inorganic compound<\/dt>
substance that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen<\/dd>
ionic bond<\/dt>
attraction between an anion and a cation<\/dd>
ion<\/dt>
atom with an overall positive or negative charge<\/dd>
isotope<\/dt>
one of the variations of an element in which the number of neutrons differ from each other<\/dd>
kinetic energy<\/dt>
energy that matter possesses because of its motion<\/dd>
lipid<\/dt>
class of nonpolar organic compounds built from hydrocarbons and distinguished by the fact that they are not soluble in water<\/dd>
macromolecule<\/dt>
large molecule formed by covalent bonding<\/dd>
mass number<\/dt>
sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom<\/dd>
matter<\/dt>
physical substance; that which occupies space and has mass<\/dd>
molecule<\/dt>
two or more atoms covalently bonded together<\/dd>
monosaccharide<\/dt>
monomer of carbohydrate; also known as a simple sugar<\/dd>
neutron<\/dt>
heavy subatomic particle having no electrical charge and found in the atom\u2019s nucleus<\/dd>
nucleotide<\/dt>
class of organic compounds composed of one or more phosphate groups, a pentose sugar, and a base<\/dd>
organic compound<\/dt>
substance that contains both carbon and hydrogen<\/dd>
pH<\/dt>
negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion (H+<\/sup>) concentration of a solution<\/dd>
peptide bond<\/dt>
covalent bond formed by dehydration synthesis between two amino acids<\/dd>
periodic table of the elements<\/dt>
arrangement of the elements in a table according to their atomic number; elements having similar properties because of their electron arrangements compose columns in the table, while elements having the same number of valence shells compose rows in the table<\/dd>
phospholipid<\/dt>
a lipid compound in which a phosphate group is combined with a diglyceride<\/dd>
phosphorylation<\/dt>
addition of one or more phosphate groups to an organic compound<\/dd>
polar molecule<\/dt>
molecule with regions that have opposite charges resulting from uneven numbers of electrons in the nuclei of the atoms participating in the covalent bond<\/dd>
polysaccharide<\/dt>
compound consisting of more than two carbohydrate monomers bonded by dehydration synthesis via glycosidic bonds<\/dd>
potential energy<\/dt>
stored energy matter possesses because of the positioning or structure of its components<\/dd>
product<\/dt>
one or more substances produced by a chemical reaction<\/dd>
prostaglandin<\/dt>
lipid compound derived from fatty acid chains and important in regulating several body processes<\/dd>
protein<\/dt>
class of organic compounds that are composed of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds<\/dd>
proton<\/dt>
heavy subatomic particle having a positive charge and found in the atom\u2019s nucleus<\/dd>
purine<\/dt>
nitrogen-containing base with a double ring structure; adenine and guanine<\/dd>
pyrimidine<\/dt>
nitrogen-containing base with a single ring structure; cytosine, thiamine, and uracil<\/dd>
radioactive isotope<\/dt>
unstable, heavy isotope that gives off subatomic particles, or electromagnetic energy, as it decays; also called radioisotopes<\/dd>
reactant<\/dt>
one or more substances that enter into the reaction<\/dd>
ribonucleic acid (RNA)<\/dt>
ribose-containing nucleotide that helps manifest the genetic code as protein<\/dd>
solution<\/dt>
homogeneous liquid mixture in which a solute is dissolved into molecules within a solvent<\/dd>
steroid<\/dt>
(also, sterol) lipid compound composed of four hydrocarbon rings bonded to a variety of other atoms and molecules<\/dd>
substrate<\/dt>
reactant in an enzymatic reaction<\/dd>
suspension<\/dt>
liquid mixture in which particles distributed in the liquid settle out over time<\/dd>
synthesis reaction<\/dt>
type of anabolic reaction in which two or more atoms or molecules bond, resulting in the formation of a larger molecule<\/dd>
triglyceride<\/dt>
lipid compound composed of a glycerol molecule bonded with three fatty acid chains<\/dd>
valence shell<\/dt>
outermost electron shell of an atom<\/dd><\/dl>","rendered":"
<\/div>\n
\n
acid<\/dt>\n
compound that releases hydrogen ions (H+<\/sup>) in solution<\/dd>\n
activation energy<\/dt>\n
amount of energy greater than the energy contained in the reactants, which must be overcome for a reaction to proceed<\/dd>\n
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)<\/dt>\n
nucleotide containing ribose and an adenine base that is essential in energy transfer<\/dd>\n
amino acid<\/dt>\n
building block of proteins; characterized by an amino and carboxyl functional groups and a variable side-chain<\/dd>\n
anion<\/dt>\n
atom with a negative charge<\/dd>\n
atom<\/dt>\n
smallest unit of an element that retains the unique properties of that element<\/dd>\n
atomic number<\/dt>\n
number of protons in the nucleus of an atom<\/dd>\n
base<\/dt>\n
compound that accepts hydrogen ions (H+<\/sup>) in solution<\/dd>\n
bond<\/dt>\n
electrical force linking atoms<\/dd>\n
buffer<\/dt>\n
solution containing a weak acid or a weak base that opposes wide fluctuations in the pH of body fluids<\/dd>\n
carbohydrate<\/dt>\n
class of organic compounds built from sugars, molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1-2-1 ratio<\/dd>\n
catalyst<\/dt>\n
substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed in the process<\/dd>\n
cation<\/dt>\n
atom with a positive charge<\/dd>\n
chemical energy<\/dt>\n
form of energy that is absorbed as chemical bonds form, stored as they are maintained, and released as they are broken<\/dd>\n
colloid<\/dt>\n
liquid mixture in which the solute particles consist of clumps of molecules large enough to scatter light<\/dd>\n
compound<\/dt>\n
substance composed of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds<\/dd>\n
concentration<\/dt>\n
number of particles within a given space<\/dd>\n
covalent bond<\/dt>\n
chemical bond in which two atoms share electrons, thereby completing their valence shells<\/dd>\n
decomposition reaction<\/dt>\n
type of catabolic reaction in which one or more bonds within a larger molecule are broken, resulting in the release of smaller molecules or atoms<\/dd>\n
denaturation<\/dt>\n
change in the structure of a molecule through physical or chemical means<\/dd>\n
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)<\/dt>\n
deoxyribose-containing nucleotide that stores genetic information<\/dd>\n
disaccharide<\/dt>\n
pair of carbohydrate monomers bonded by dehydration synthesis via a glycosidic bond<\/dd>\n
disulfide bond<\/dt>\n
covalent bond formed within a polypeptide between sulfide groups of sulfur-containing amino acids, for example, cysteine<\/dd>\n
electron shell<\/dt>\n
area of space a given distance from an atom\u2019s nucleus in which electrons are grouped<\/dd>\n
electron<\/dt>\n
subatomic particle having a negative charge and nearly no mass; found orbiting the atom\u2019s nucleus<\/dd>\n
element<\/dt>\n
substance that cannot be created or broken down by ordinary chemical means<\/dd>\n
enzyme<\/dt>\n
protein or RNA that catalyzes chemical reactions<\/dd>\n
exchange reaction<\/dt>\n
type of chemical reaction in which bonds are both formed and broken, resulting in the transfer of components<\/dd>\n
functional group<\/dt>\n
group of atoms linked by strong covalent bonds that tends to behave as a distinct unit in chemical reactions with other atoms<\/dd>\n
hydrogen bond<\/dt>\n
dipole-dipole bond in which a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom is weakly attracted to a second electronegative atom<\/dd>\n
inorganic compound<\/dt>\n
substance that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen<\/dd>\n
ionic bond<\/dt>\n
attraction between an anion and a cation<\/dd>\n
ion<\/dt>\n
atom with an overall positive or negative charge<\/dd>\n
isotope<\/dt>\n
one of the variations of an element in which the number of neutrons differ from each other<\/dd>\n
kinetic energy<\/dt>\n
energy that matter possesses because of its motion<\/dd>\n
lipid<\/dt>\n
class of nonpolar organic compounds built from hydrocarbons and distinguished by the fact that they are not soluble in water<\/dd>\n
macromolecule<\/dt>\n
large molecule formed by covalent bonding<\/dd>\n
mass number<\/dt>\n
sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom<\/dd>\n
matter<\/dt>\n
physical substance; that which occupies space and has mass<\/dd>\n
molecule<\/dt>\n
two or more atoms covalently bonded together<\/dd>\n
monosaccharide<\/dt>\n
monomer of carbohydrate; also known as a simple sugar<\/dd>\n
neutron<\/dt>\n
heavy subatomic particle having no electrical charge and found in the atom\u2019s nucleus<\/dd>\n
nucleotide<\/dt>\n
class of organic compounds composed of one or more phosphate groups, a pentose sugar, and a base<\/dd>\n
organic compound<\/dt>\n
substance that contains both carbon and hydrogen<\/dd>\n
pH<\/dt>\n
negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion (H+<\/sup>) concentration of a solution<\/dd>\n
peptide bond<\/dt>\n
covalent bond formed by dehydration synthesis between two amino acids<\/dd>\n
periodic table of the elements<\/dt>\n
arrangement of the elements in a table according to their atomic number; elements having similar properties because of their electron arrangements compose columns in the table, while elements having the same number of valence shells compose rows in the table<\/dd>\n
phospholipid<\/dt>\n
a lipid compound in which a phosphate group is combined with a diglyceride<\/dd>\n
phosphorylation<\/dt>\n
addition of one or more phosphate groups to an organic compound<\/dd>\n
polar molecule<\/dt>\n
molecule with regions that have opposite charges resulting from uneven numbers of electrons in the nuclei of the atoms participating in the covalent bond<\/dd>\n
polysaccharide<\/dt>\n
compound consisting of more than two carbohydrate monomers bonded by dehydration synthesis via glycosidic bonds<\/dd>\n
potential energy<\/dt>\n
stored energy matter possesses because of the positioning or structure of its components<\/dd>\n
product<\/dt>\n
one or more substances produced by a chemical reaction<\/dd>\n
prostaglandin<\/dt>\n
lipid compound derived from fatty acid chains and important in regulating several body processes<\/dd>\n
protein<\/dt>\n
class of organic compounds that are composed of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds<\/dd>\n
proton<\/dt>\n
heavy subatomic particle having a positive charge and found in the atom\u2019s nucleus<\/dd>\n
purine<\/dt>\n
nitrogen-containing base with a double ring structure; adenine and guanine<\/dd>\n
pyrimidine<\/dt>\n
nitrogen-containing base with a single ring structure; cytosine, thiamine, and uracil<\/dd>\n
radioactive isotope<\/dt>\n
unstable, heavy isotope that gives off subatomic particles, or electromagnetic energy, as it decays; also called radioisotopes<\/dd>\n
reactant<\/dt>\n
one or more substances that enter into the reaction<\/dd>\n
ribonucleic acid (RNA)<\/dt>\n
ribose-containing nucleotide that helps manifest the genetic code as protein<\/dd>\n
solution<\/dt>\n
homogeneous liquid mixture in which a solute is dissolved into molecules within a solvent<\/dd>\n
steroid<\/dt>\n
(also, sterol) lipid compound composed of four hydrocarbon rings bonded to a variety of other atoms and molecules<\/dd>\n
substrate<\/dt>\n
reactant in an enzymatic reaction<\/dd>\n
suspension<\/dt>\n
liquid mixture in which particles distributed in the liquid settle out over time<\/dd>\n
synthesis reaction<\/dt>\n
type of anabolic reaction in which two or more atoms or molecules bond, resulting in the formation of a larger molecule<\/dd>\n
triglyceride<\/dt>\n
lipid compound composed of a glycerol molecule bonded with three fatty acid chains<\/dd>\n
valence shell<\/dt>\n
outermost electron shell of an atom<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n\n\t\t\t
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