{"id":1981,"date":"2014-10-27T16:34:43","date_gmt":"2014-10-27T16:34:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/apvccs\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=1981"},"modified":"2016-10-20T15:39:36","modified_gmt":"2016-10-20T15:39:36","slug":"overview-of-muscle-tissues","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-ap1\/chapter\/overview-of-muscle-tissues\/","title":{"raw":"Types of Muscle Tissues","rendered":"Types of Muscle Tissues"},"content":{"raw":"<div>\r\n<h1><img style=\"font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em;\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2014\/07\/19181554\/1000_Tennis_Player.jpg\" alt=\"This photograph shows a man playing tennis.\" width=\"600\" \/><\/h1>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"m46450\">\r\n<div id=\"m46450-fig-ch10_00_01\" title=\"Figure\u00a010.1.\u00a0Tennis Player\"><address><strong>Figure\u00a010.1.\u00a0Tennis Player<\/strong><\/address><address>Athletes rely on toned skeletal muscles to supply the force required for movement. (credit: Emmanuel Huybrechts\/flickr)<\/address><address>\u00a0<\/address><\/div>\r\n<h3>Introduction<\/h3>\r\n<div id=\"m46450-eip-275\">\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Explain the organization of muscle tissue<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe the function and structure of skeletal, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Explain how muscles work with tendons to move the body<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe how muscles contract and relax<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Define the process of muscle metabolism<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Explain how the nervous system controls muscle tension<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Relate the connections between exercise and muscle performance<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Explain the development and regeneration of muscle tissue<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nWhen most people think of muscles, they think of the muscles that are visible just under the skin, particularly of the limbs. These are skeletal muscles, so-named because most of them move the skeleton. But there are two other types of muscle in the body, with distinctly different jobs. Cardiac muscle, found in the heart, is concerned with pumping blood through the circulatory system. Smooth muscle is concerned with various involuntary movements, such as having one\u2019s hair stand on end when cold or frightened, or moving food through the digestive system. This chapter will examine the structure and function of these three types of muscles.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div title=\"10.1.\u00a0Overview of Muscle Tissues\" xml:lang=\"en\">\r\n<div>\r\n<div>\r\n<h2 id=\"m46473\">Overview of Muscle Tissues<\/h2>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<div>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe the different types of muscle<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Explain contractibility and extensibility<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nMuscle is one of the four primary tissue types of the body, and the body contains three types of muscle tissue: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle (Figure\u00a010.2). All three muscle tissues have some properties in common; they all exhibit a quality called\u00a0<strong><em>excitability<\/em><\/strong><a id=\"id695823\"><\/a>\u00a0as their plasma membranes can change their electrical states (from polarized to depolarized) and send an electrical wave called an action potential along the entire length of the membrane. While the nervous system can influence the excitability of cardiac and smooth muscle to some degree, skeletal muscle completely depends on signaling from the nervous system to work properly. On the other hand, both cardiac muscle and smooth muscle can respond to other stimuli, such as hormones and local stimuli.\r\n<div id=\"m46473-fig-ch10_01_01\" title=\"Figure\u00a010.2.\u00a0The Three Types of Muscle Tissue\">\r\n<div>\r\n<div><img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2014\/07\/19181556\/414_Skeletal_Smooth_Cardiac1.jpg\" alt=\"This figure show the micrographs of skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle cells.\" width=\"320\" \/><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<address><strong>Figure\u00a010.2.\u00a0The Three Types of Muscle Tissue<\/strong><\/address><address>The body contains three types of muscle tissue: (a) skeletal muscle, (b) smooth muscle, and (c) cardiac muscle. From top, LM \u00d7 1600, LM \u00d7 1600, LM \u00d7 1600. (Micrographs provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School \u00a9 2012)<\/address><address>\u00a0<\/address><\/div>\r\nThe muscles all begin the actual process of contracting (shortening) when a protein called actin is pulled by a protein called myosin. This occurs in striated muscle (skeletal and cardiac) after specific binding sites on the actin have been exposed in response to the interaction between calcium ions (Ca<sup>++<\/sup>) and proteins (troponin and tropomyosin) that \u201cshield\u201d the actin-binding sites. Ca<sup>++<\/sup>\u00a0also is required for the contraction of smooth muscle, although its role is different: here Ca<sup>++<\/sup>\u00a0activates enzymes, which in turn activate myosin heads. All muscles require adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to continue the process of contracting, and they all relax when the Ca<sup>++<\/sup>\u00a0is removed and the actin-binding sites are re-shielded.\r\n\r\nA muscle can return to its original length when relaxed due to a quality of muscle tissue called\u00a0<strong><em>elasticity<\/em><\/strong><a id=\"id695907\"><\/a>. It can recoil back to its original length due to elastic fibers. Muscle tissue also has the quality of\u00a0<strong><em>extensibility<\/em><\/strong><a id=\"id695922\"><\/a>; it can stretch or extend.\u00a0<strong><em>Contractility<\/em><\/strong><a id=\"id695935\"><\/a>\u00a0allows muscle tissue to pull on its attachment points and shorten with force.\r\n\r\nDifferences among the three muscle types include the microscopic organization of their contractile proteins\u2014actin and myosin. The actin and myosin proteins are arranged very regularly in the cytoplasm of individual muscle cells (referred to as fibers) in both skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle, which creates a pattern, or stripes, called striations. The striations are visible with a light microscope under high magnification (see\u00a0Figure\u00a010.2).\u00a0<strong><em>Skeletal muscle<\/em><\/strong><a id=\"id695973\"><\/a>\u00a0fibers are multinucleated structures that compose the skeletal muscle.\u00a0<em>Cardiac muscle<\/em><a id=\"id695988\"><\/a>\u00a0fibers each have one to two nuclei and are physically and electrically connected to each other so that the entire heart contracts as one unit (called a syncytium).\r\n\r\nBecause the actin and myosin are not arranged in such regular fashion in\u00a0<strong><em>smooth muscle<\/em><\/strong><a id=\"id696009\"><\/a>, the cytoplasm of a smooth muscle fiber (which has only a single nucleus) has a uniform, nonstriated appearance (resulting in the name smooth muscle). However, the less organized appearance of smooth muscle should not be interpreted as less efficient. Smooth muscle in the walls of arteries is a critical component that regulates blood pressure necessary to push blood through the circulatory system; and smooth muscle in the skin, visceral organs, and internal passageways is essential for moving all materials through the body.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div title=\"10.2.\u00a0Skeletal Muscle\" xml:lang=\"en\"><\/div>","rendered":"<div>\n<h1><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em;\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2014\/07\/19181554\/1000_Tennis_Player.jpg\" alt=\"This photograph shows a man playing tennis.\" width=\"600\" \/><\/h1>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"m46450\">\n<div id=\"m46450-fig-ch10_00_01\" title=\"Figure\u00a010.1.\u00a0Tennis Player\">\n<address><strong>Figure\u00a010.1.\u00a0Tennis Player<\/strong><\/address>\n<address>Athletes rely on toned skeletal muscles to supply the force required for movement. (credit: Emmanuel Huybrechts\/flickr)<\/address>\n<address>\u00a0<\/address>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Introduction<\/h3>\n<div id=\"m46450-eip-275\">\n<div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Explain the organization of muscle tissue<\/li>\n<li>Describe the function and structure of skeletal, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle<\/li>\n<li>Explain how muscles work with tendons to move the body<\/li>\n<li>Describe how muscles contract and relax<\/li>\n<li>Define the process of muscle metabolism<\/li>\n<li>Explain how the nervous system controls muscle tension<\/li>\n<li>Relate the connections between exercise and muscle performance<\/li>\n<li>Explain the development and regeneration of muscle tissue<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>When most people think of muscles, they think of the muscles that are visible just under the skin, particularly of the limbs. These are skeletal muscles, so-named because most of them move the skeleton. But there are two other types of muscle in the body, with distinctly different jobs. Cardiac muscle, found in the heart, is concerned with pumping blood through the circulatory system. Smooth muscle is concerned with various involuntary movements, such as having one\u2019s hair stand on end when cold or frightened, or moving food through the digestive system. This chapter will examine the structure and function of these three types of muscles.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div title=\"10.1.\u00a0Overview of Muscle Tissues\" xml:lang=\"en\">\n<div>\n<div>\n<h2 id=\"m46473\">Overview of Muscle Tissues<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<div>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe the different types of muscle<\/li>\n<li>Explain contractibility and extensibility<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Muscle is one of the four primary tissue types of the body, and the body contains three types of muscle tissue: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle (Figure\u00a010.2). All three muscle tissues have some properties in common; they all exhibit a quality called\u00a0<strong><em>excitability<\/em><\/strong><a id=\"id695823\"><\/a>\u00a0as their plasma membranes can change their electrical states (from polarized to depolarized) and send an electrical wave called an action potential along the entire length of the membrane. While the nervous system can influence the excitability of cardiac and smooth muscle to some degree, skeletal muscle completely depends on signaling from the nervous system to work properly. On the other hand, both cardiac muscle and smooth muscle can respond to other stimuli, such as hormones and local stimuli.<\/p>\n<div id=\"m46473-fig-ch10_01_01\" title=\"Figure\u00a010.2.\u00a0The Three Types of Muscle Tissue\">\n<div>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2014\/07\/19181556\/414_Skeletal_Smooth_Cardiac1.jpg\" alt=\"This figure show the micrographs of skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle cells.\" width=\"320\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<address><strong>Figure\u00a010.2.\u00a0The Three Types of Muscle Tissue<\/strong><\/address>\n<address>The body contains three types of muscle tissue: (a) skeletal muscle, (b) smooth muscle, and (c) cardiac muscle. From top, LM \u00d7 1600, LM \u00d7 1600, LM \u00d7 1600. (Micrographs provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School \u00a9 2012)<\/address>\n<address>\u00a0<\/address>\n<\/div>\n<p>The muscles all begin the actual process of contracting (shortening) when a protein called actin is pulled by a protein called myosin. This occurs in striated muscle (skeletal and cardiac) after specific binding sites on the actin have been exposed in response to the interaction between calcium ions (Ca<sup>++<\/sup>) and proteins (troponin and tropomyosin) that \u201cshield\u201d the actin-binding sites. Ca<sup>++<\/sup>\u00a0also is required for the contraction of smooth muscle, although its role is different: here Ca<sup>++<\/sup>\u00a0activates enzymes, which in turn activate myosin heads. All muscles require adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to continue the process of contracting, and they all relax when the Ca<sup>++<\/sup>\u00a0is removed and the actin-binding sites are re-shielded.<\/p>\n<p>A muscle can return to its original length when relaxed due to a quality of muscle tissue called\u00a0<strong><em>elasticity<\/em><\/strong><a id=\"id695907\"><\/a>. It can recoil back to its original length due to elastic fibers. Muscle tissue also has the quality of\u00a0<strong><em>extensibility<\/em><\/strong><a id=\"id695922\"><\/a>; it can stretch or extend.\u00a0<strong><em>Contractility<\/em><\/strong><a id=\"id695935\"><\/a>\u00a0allows muscle tissue to pull on its attachment points and shorten with force.<\/p>\n<p>Differences among the three muscle types include the microscopic organization of their contractile proteins\u2014actin and myosin. The actin and myosin proteins are arranged very regularly in the cytoplasm of individual muscle cells (referred to as fibers) in both skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle, which creates a pattern, or stripes, called striations. The striations are visible with a light microscope under high magnification (see\u00a0Figure\u00a010.2).\u00a0<strong><em>Skeletal muscle<\/em><\/strong><a id=\"id695973\"><\/a>\u00a0fibers are multinucleated structures that compose the skeletal muscle.\u00a0<em>Cardiac muscle<\/em><a id=\"id695988\"><\/a>\u00a0fibers each have one to two nuclei and are physically and electrically connected to each other so that the entire heart contracts as one unit (called a syncytium).<\/p>\n<p>Because the actin and myosin are not arranged in such regular fashion in\u00a0<strong><em>smooth muscle<\/em><\/strong><a id=\"id696009\"><\/a>, the cytoplasm of a smooth muscle fiber (which has only a single nucleus) has a uniform, nonstriated appearance (resulting in the name smooth muscle). However, the less organized appearance of smooth muscle should not be interpreted as less efficient. Smooth muscle in the walls of arteries is a critical component that regulates blood pressure necessary to push blood through the circulatory system; and smooth muscle in the skin, visceral organs, and internal passageways is essential for moving all materials through the body.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div title=\"10.2.\u00a0Skeletal Muscle\" xml:lang=\"en\"><\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-1981\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Chapter 10. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: OpenStax College. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Rice University. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/14fb4ad7-39a1-4eee-ab6e-3ef2482e3e22@7.1@7.1.\">http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/14fb4ad7-39a1-4eee-ab6e-3ef2482e3e22@7.1@7.1.<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: Anatomy &amp; Physiology. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/content\/col11496\/latest\/. <\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":74,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Chapter 10\",\"author\":\"OpenStax College\",\"organization\":\"Rice University\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/14fb4ad7-39a1-4eee-ab6e-3ef2482e3e22@7.1@7.1.\",\"project\":\"Anatomy & Physiology\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/content\/col11496\/latest\/. \"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-1981","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":1978,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-ap1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1981","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-ap1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-ap1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-ap1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/74"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-ap1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1981\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3080,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-ap1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1981\/revisions\/3080"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-ap1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/1978"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-ap1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1981\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-ap1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1981"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-ap1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1981"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-ap1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1981"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-ap1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1981"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}