{"id":214,"date":"2016-03-24T14:27:30","date_gmt":"2016-03-24T14:27:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level1-english\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=214"},"modified":"2016-08-18T22:55:51","modified_gmt":"2016-08-18T22:55:51","slug":"outcome-finding-sources","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-college-composition\/chapter\/outcome-finding-sources\/","title":{"raw":"Finding Sources","rendered":"Finding Sources"},"content":{"raw":"<h2>Introduction<\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>identify preliminary research strategies (developing a research plan, basic online searching, using Google)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>identify intermediate research strategies (advanced online searches, finding scholarly sources and primary and secondary sources, librarian consultation)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>identify advanced search strategies (advanced library searches, library databases, keyword and field searches)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nThere are lots of reasons to include research in an academic essay.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><img class=\"alignright wp-image-1057\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/04\/21144914\/2739621207_a7c9a4c6fa_z-200x300.jpg\" alt=\"Young man in yellow shirt looking down with wide eyes at a book he's holding, which is glowing\" width=\"163\" height=\"245\" \/>Reading what others have written about a topic clearly helps you become better-informed about it<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Sharing what you've learned about the topic in your essay demonstrates your knowledge<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Quoting or paraphrasing experts in the field establishes your own credibility as an author on the topic<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Responding to what's already been said on a topic, by including your unique perspective, allows your essay to enter the broader conversation, and shape how others feel about the issue<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nAnd, the biggest motivation of all: it's a requirement for an assignment (because your instructor wants you to do all of those things above).\r\n\r\nWe've learned that\u00a0the writing process is a series of flexible steps that help you break a large project into smaller, bite-size pieces. \u00a0Research is also a <strong>process<\/strong>. It's not something that can be accomplished well in one single step, but rather done in stages, with time for reflection and analysis in between.\r\n\r\nThe first part of that process is simply knowing where to look, and that's what we'll explore in the following pages.\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h2>Preliminary Research Strategies<\/h2>\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2907 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/07\/27200215\/Research-process-graphic-final.jpg\" alt=\"Gears showing the research process: define the topic, narrow the topic, gather background information, create a research question, find and evaluate sources, cite sources, and write the paper.\" width=\"4816\" height=\"2281\" \/>\r\n\r\nThe first step towards writing a research paper is pretty obvious: find sources. Not everything that you find will be good, and those that are good are not always easily found. \u00a0Having an idea of what you're looking for--what will most help you develop your essay and enforce your thesis--will help guide your process.\r\n<h3>Example of a Research Process<\/h3>\r\nA good research process should go through these steps:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Decide on the topic.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Narrow the topic in order to narrow search parameters.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Create a question that your research will address.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Generate sub-questions from your main question.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Determine what kind of sources are best for your argument.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Create a bibliography as you gather and reference sources.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nEach of these is described in greater detail below.\r\n<div class=\"atom__components__figure\" data-global-id=\"gid:\/\/boundless\/Image\/6850\">\r\n<div class=\"atom__components__figure__cont\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"230\"]<img class=\"atom__components__figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/candimgs\/8eLoZU\/1948893840-be91d66969.jpeg\" alt=\"Black and white photo of a stack of books and textbooks.\" width=\"230\" height=\"153\" \/> Books, books, books ...Do not start research haphazardly\u2014come up with a plan first.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Pre-Research<\/h3>\r\nA research plan should begin after you can clearly identify the focus of your argument. First, inform yourself about the basics of your topic (Wikipedia and general online searches are great starting points). Be sure you've read all\u00a0the assigned texts and carefully read the prompt as you gather preliminary information. \u00a0This stage is sometimes called <strong>pre-research<\/strong>.\r\n\r\nA broad online search will yield thousands of sources, which no one could be expected to read through. To make it easier on yourself, the next step is to narrow your focus. Think about what kind of position or stance you can take on the topic. What about it strikes you as most interesting? Refer back to the prewriting stage of the writing process, which will come in handy here.\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Preliminary Search Tips<\/h3>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>It is okay to start with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wikipedia.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> as a reference, but do not use it as an official source. Look at the links and references at the bottom of the page for more ideas.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Use \u201cCtrl+F\u201d to find certain words within a webpage in order to jump to the sections of the article that interest you.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Use <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/advanced_search\" target=\"_blank\">Google Advanced Search<\/a>\u00a0to be more specific in your search. You can also use\u00a0tricks to be more specific within the main <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Google Search Engine<\/a>:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Use quotation marks to narrow your search from just tanks in WWII to \u201cTanks in WWII\u201d or \u201cTanks\u201d in \u201cWWII\u201d.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Find specific types of websites by adding \u201csite:.gov\u201d or \u201csite:.edu\u201d or \u201csite:.org\u201d. You can also search for specific file types like \"filetype:.pdf\".<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Click on \"Search Tools\" under the search bar in Google and select \"Any time\" to see a list of options for time periods to help limit your search. You can find information just in the past month or year, or even for a custom range.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_654\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"620\"]<img class=\"wp-image-654\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/04\/07130135\/Screen-Shot-2016-04-07-at-8.50.08-AM.png\" alt=\"Google Search Tips screenshot showing the location of Search Tools below the google search bar (with the option to choose a timeframe below that) and advanced search in the right hand side of the screen under the settings option.\" width=\"620\" height=\"166\" \/> Use features already available through Google Search like Search Tools and Advanced Search to narrow and refine your results.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nAs you narrow your focus, create a list of questions that you'll need to answer in order to write a good essay on the topic. \u00a0The research process will help you answer these questions.\r\n\r\nAnother part of your research plan should include the type of sources you want to gather. Keep track of these sources in a bibliography and jot down notes about the book, article, or document and how it will be useful to your essay. This will save you a lot of time later in the essay process--you'll thank yourself!\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h2>Level Up Your Google Game<\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>10 Google Quick Tips<\/h3>\r\nWe all know how to Google...but we may not be getting as much out of it as we'd like. The following video walks through ten easy tips for getting you closer to what you're looking for.\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/R0DQfwc72PM\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Getting More Out of Google<\/h2>\r\nFor a visual representation of additional online search tips, click the image below.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_234\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"585\"]<a href=\"http:\/\/www.hackcollege.com\/blog\/2011\/11\/23\/infographic-get-more-out-of-google.html\" target=\"_blank\"><img class=\"wp-image-234\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/03\/26033338\/6707250233_7d2c683af8_o.jpg\" alt=\"Infographic on how to get more out of google. It explains search tips mentioned previously, such as using quotation marks to narrow a search, using keyboard shortcuts like ctrl+F to search, zooming in, using google to define words, as a calculator, and a unit converter.\" width=\"585\" height=\"414\" \/><\/a> Click on this Infographic to open it and learn tricks for getting more out of Google.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h2>Intermediate Search Strategies<\/h2>\r\n<h3>\"Popular\" vs. \"Scholarly\" Sources<\/h3>\r\nResearch-based writing assignments in college will often require that you use <strong>scholarly sources<\/strong> in the essay.\u00a0Different from the types of articles found in newspapers or general-interest magazines, scholarly sources\u00a0have a few distinguishing characteristics.\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<th>Popular Source<\/th>\r\n<th>Scholarly Source<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Intended Audience<\/td>\r\n<td>Broad: readers are not expected to\u00a0know much about the topic already<\/td>\r\n<td>Narrow: readers are expected to be familiar with the topic before-hand<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Author<\/td>\r\n<td>Journalist: may have a broad area of specialization (war correspondent, media critic)<\/td>\r\n<td>Subject Matter Expert: often has a degree in the subject and\/or extensive experience on the topic<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Research<\/td>\r\n<td>Includes quotes from interviews. No bibliography.<\/td>\r\n<td>Includes summaries, paraphrases, and quotations from previous writing done on the subject. Footnotes and citations. Ends with bibliography.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Publication Standards<\/td>\r\n<td>Article is reviewed by editor and proofreader<\/td>\r\n<td>Article has gone through a peer-review process, where experts on the field have given input before publication<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h3>Where to Find Scholarly Sources<\/h3>\r\n<img class=\"wp-image-2920 size-medium alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/07\/30031137\/Doing-research-graphic-find-300x271.jpg\" alt=\"Find sources: begin with background research, narrow the search terms, look for scholarly information, search libraries and databases.\" width=\"300\" height=\"271\" \/>\r\n\r\nThe first step in finding scholarly\u00a0resources is to look in the right place. Sites like Google, Yahoo, and Wikipedia may be good for popular\u00a0sources, but if you want something you can cite in a scholarly paper, you need to find it from a scholarly database.\r\n\r\nTwo common scholarly databases are\u00a0Academic Search Premier and ProQuest, though many others are also available that focus on specific topics.\u00a0Your school library pays to subscribe to these databases, to make them available for you to use as a student.\r\n\r\nYou have another incredible resource at your fingertips: your college's librarians! For help locating resources, you will find that librarians are extremely knowledgeable and may help you uncover sources you would never have found on your own\u2014maybe your school has a microfilm collection, an extensive genealogy database, or access to another library's catalog. You will not know unless you utilize the valuable skills available to you, so be sure to find out how to get in touch with a research librarian for support!\r\n<h3>Primary and Secondary Sources<\/h3>\r\nA primary source is an original document. Primary sources can come in many different forms. In an English paper, a primary source might be the poem, play, or novel you are studying. In a history paper, it may be a historical document such as a letter, a journal, a map, the transcription of a news broadcast, or the original results of a study conducted during the time period under review. If you conduct your own field research, such as surveys, interviews, or experiments, your results would also be considered a primary source. Primary sources are valuable because they provide the researcher with the information closest to the time period or topic at hand. They also allow the writer to conduct an original analysis of the source and to draw new conclusions.\r\n\r\nSecondary sources, by contrast, are books and articles that analyze primary sources. They are valuable because they provide other scholars' perspectives on primary sources. You can also analyze them to see if you agree with their conclusions or not.\r\n\r\nMost college essays will use a combination of primary and secondary sources.\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h2>Google Scholar<\/h2>\r\nAn increasingly popular article database is <a href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Google Scholar<\/a>. It looks like a regular Google search, and it aims\u00a0to include the vast majority of scholarly resources available. While it has some limitations (like not including a list of which journals they include), it\u2019s a very useful tool if you want to cast a wide net.\r\n\r\nHere are three tips for using Google Scholar effectively:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><strong>Add your topic field (economics, psychology, French, etc.) as one of your keywords<\/strong>. If you just put in \u201ccrime,\u201d for example, Google Scholar will return all sorts of stuff from sociology, psychology, geography, and history. If your paper is on crime in French literature, your best sources may be buried under thousands of papers from other disciplines. A set of search terms like \u201ccrime French literature modern\u201d will get you to relevant sources much faster.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Don\u2019t ever pay for an article<\/strong>. When you click on links to articles in Google Scholar, you may end up on a publisher\u2019s site that tells you that you can download the article for $20 or $30. Don\u2019t do it! You probably have access to virtually all the published academic literature through your library resources. Write down the key information (authors\u2019 names, title, journal title, volume, issue number, year, page numbers) and go find the article through your library website. If you don\u2019t have immediate full-text access, you may be able to get it through inter-library loan.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Use the \u201ccited by\u201d feature<\/strong>. If you get one great hit on Google Scholar, you can quickly see a list of other papers that cited it. For example, the search terms \u201ccrime economics\u201d yielded this hit for a 1988 paper that appeared in a journal called <em>Kyklos<\/em>:<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<div id=\"_idContainer022\" class=\"Picture\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 487px;\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"477\"]<img class=\"_idGenObjectAttribute-1\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.opensuny.org\/writing-in-college-from-competence-to-excellence\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2016\/01\/Fig_4.1.png\" alt=\"A screen capture of the Google scholar search results for \u201ccrime economics\u201d, showing that it yielded the article &quot;The economics of crime deterrence: a survey of theory and evidence&quot;\" width=\"477\" height=\"85\" \/> Google Scholar search results.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Using Google Scholar<\/h3>\r\nWatch this video to get a better idea of how to utilize Google Scholar for finding articles. While this video shows specifics for setting up an account with Eastern Michigan University, the same principles apply to other colleges and universities. Ask your librarian if you have more questions.\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/oqnjhjISHFk\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h2>Advanced Search Strategies<\/h2>\r\nAs we learned earlier, the strongest articles to support your academic writing projects will come from scholarly sources. \u00a0Finding exactly what you need becomes specialized at this point, and requires a new set of searching strategies beyond even Google Scholar.\r\n\r\nFor this kind of research, you'll want to utilize library databases, as this video explains.\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/phUqd8nlO5Q\r\n\r\nMany journals are sponsored by academic associations. Most of your professors belong to some big, general one (such as the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mla.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Modern Language Association<\/a>, the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.apa.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">American Psychological Association<\/a>, or the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.aps.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">American Physical Society<\/a>) and one or more smaller ones organized around particular areas of interest and expertise (such as the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.food-culture.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Association for the Study of Food and Society<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.iasc-isi.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">International Association for Statistical Computing<\/a>).<img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2023\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/03184407\/Screen-Shot-2016-06-03-at-2.19.59-PM.png\" alt=\"Text bubbles showing that Databases contain scholarly articles, contain citation information needed for bibliographies, contain abstracts of articles, and can be called periodical indexes or article indexes.\" width=\"501\" height=\"243\" \/>\r\n<h3>Finding\u00a0articles in databases<\/h3>\r\nYour campus library invests a lot of time and care into making sure you have access to the sources you need for your writing projects.\u00a0Many libraries have online research guides that point you to the best databases for the specific discipline and, perhaps, the specific course. Librarians are eager to help you succeed with your research\u2014it\u2019s their job and they love it!\u2014so don\u2019t be shy about asking.\r\n\r\nThe following video demonstrates how to search within a library database. While the examples are specific to Northern Virginia Community College, the\u00a0same general search tips apply to nearly all academic databases. On your school's library homepage, you should be able to find a general search button and an alphabetized list of databases. Get familiar with your own school's library homepage to identify the general search features, find\u00a0databases, and practice searching for specific articles.\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/phUqd8nlO5Q\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h2>How to Search in a Database<\/h2>\r\nScholarly databases like the ones your library subscribes to work differently\u00a0than search engines like Google and Yahoo because they offer sophisticated tools and techniques for searching that can improve your results.\r\n\r\nDatabases may look different but they can all be used in similar ways. Most databases can be searched using <strong>keywords\u00a0<\/strong>or <strong>fields<\/strong>. In a keyword search, you want to search for the main concepts or synonyms of your keywords. A field is a specific part of a record in a database. Common fields that can be searched are author, title, subject, or abstract.\u00a0If you already know the author of a specific article, entering their \"Last Name, First Name\" in the author field will pull more relevant records than a keyword search. This will ensure all results are articles written by the author and not articles about that author or with that author\u2019s name. For example, a\u00a0keyword search for \"Albert Einstein\" will search anywhere in the record for Albert Einstein and reveal 12, 719 results. Instead, a field search for Author: \"Einstein, Albert\" will show 54 results, all written by Albert Einstein.\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Learn More<\/h3>\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.lib.uci.edu\/sites\/tutorials\/BeginResearch\/public\/demo\/Fields\/Fields.html\">This short video<\/a> demonstrates how to perform\u00a0a title search within the popular EBSCO database, <em>Academic Search Complete<\/em>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice: Keyword Search<\/h3>\r\n1. Identify the keywords in the following research question:\u00a0\"How does repeated pesticide use in agriculture impact soil and groundwater pollution?\"\r\n\r\n[practice-area rows=\"2\"][\/practice-area]\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"626732\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"626732\"]Pesticide, agriculture, soil, groundwater,\u00a0pollution. You want to focus on the main idea and can ignore common words that don't have any meaning. [\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n2. When you search, it's helpful to think of synonyms for your keywords to examine various results.\u00a0What synonyms can you think of for the keywords\u00a0identified in the question above?\r\n\r\n[practice-area rows=\"2\"][\/practice-area]\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"333998\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"333998\"]<strong>Pesticide<\/strong>: agrochemicals, pest management, weed management, diazinan, malathion. <strong>Agriculture<\/strong>: farming, food crops, specific types of crops. <strong>Soil<\/strong>: earth, clay, organic components. <strong>Groundwater<\/strong>: watershed, water resources, water table, aquatics, rivers, lakes. <strong>Pollution<\/strong>: environmental impact, degradation, exposure, acid rain\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nSometimes you already have a citation (maybe you found it on Google Scholar or saw it linked through another source), but want to find the article. Everything you need to locate your article is already found in the citation.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2019\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"633\"]<img class=\"wp-image-2019\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/03184230\/Screen-Shot-2016-06-03-at-2.41.02-PM.png\" alt=\"An article citation beginning with the title &quot;Effect of cattle age, forage level, and corn processing on diet, digestion, and feedlot performance.&quot; Next the authors are listed: Gorocica-Buenfil, M.A.; Loerch, S.C. Then comes the title of the journal: Journal of Animal Science. The date of publication: March 2005. And lastly, the volume and issue number (Vol. 81 Issue 3) and page numbers (705-714).\" width=\"633\" height=\"243\" \/> CC-BY-NC-SA image from <a href=\"http:\/\/www.lib.uci.edu\/sites\/tutorials\/BeginResearch\/public\/articles_8.html\">UCI Libraries Begin Research Online Workshop Tutorial<\/a>.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nMany databases, including the library catalog, offer tools to help you narrow or expand your search. Take advantage of these.\u00a0The most common tools are\u00a0Boolean searching and truncation.\r\n<h3>Boolean Searching<\/h3>\r\nBoolean searching allows you to use AND, OR, and NOT to combine your search terms.\u00a0Here are some examples:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><strong style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">\"Endangered Species\" AND \"Global Warming\"<\/strong><span style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">\u00a0When you combine search terms with AND, you'll get results in which BOTH terms are present. Using AND limits the number of results because all search terms must appear in your results.<\/span>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2020\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"181\"]<img class=\"wp-image-2020 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/03184305\/Screen-Shot-2016-06-03-at-2.15.38-PM.png\" alt=\"Two overlapping circles, indicating the area where the search containing AND overlaps.\" width=\"181\" height=\"97\" \/> \"Endangered Species\" AND \"Global Warming\" will narrow your search results to where the two concepts overlap.[\/caption]<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\"Arizona Prisons\" OR \"Rhode Island Prisons\"<\/strong>\u00a0When you use OR, you'll get results with EITHER search term. Using OR increases the number of results because either search term can appear in your results.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2021\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"208\"]<img class=\"wp-image-2021 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/03184322\/Screen-Shot-2016-06-03-at-2.16.04-PM.png\" alt=\"Search results showing two distinct circles, representing double the amount of search results.\" width=\"208\" height=\"95\" \/> \"Arizona Prisons\" OR \"Rhode Island Prisons\" will increase your search results.[\/caption]<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\"Miami Dolphins\" NOT \"Football\"\u00a0<\/strong>When you use NOT, you'll get results that exclude a search term. Using NOT limits the number of results.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2022\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"111\"]<img class=\"wp-image-2022 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/03184347\/Screen-Shot-2016-06-03-at-2.17.35-PM.png\" alt=\"Image of a big green circle with a white circle inside of it, representing the removal of some search results.\" width=\"111\" height=\"98\" \/> \"Miami Dolphins\" NOT \"Football\" removes the white circle (football) from the green search results (Miami Dolphins).[\/caption]\r\n<h3>Truncation<\/h3>\r\nTruncation allows you to search different forms of the same word at the same time.\u00a0Use the root of a word and add an asterisk (*) as a substitute for the word's ending.\u00a0It\u00a0can save time and increase your search to include related words. For example, a search\u00a0\u00a0for \"Psycho*\" would pull results on\u00a0psychology, psychological, psychologist, psychosis, and psychoanalyst.\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h2>Self-Check<\/h2>\r\nhttps:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/1266","rendered":"<h2>Introduction<\/h2>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>identify preliminary research strategies (developing a research plan, basic online searching, using Google)<\/li>\n<li>identify intermediate research strategies (advanced online searches, finding scholarly sources and primary and secondary sources, librarian consultation)<\/li>\n<li>identify advanced search strategies (advanced library searches, library databases, keyword and field searches)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>There are lots of reasons to include research in an academic essay.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1057\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/04\/21144914\/2739621207_a7c9a4c6fa_z-200x300.jpg\" alt=\"Young man in yellow shirt looking down with wide eyes at a book he's holding, which is glowing\" width=\"163\" height=\"245\" \/>Reading what others have written about a topic clearly helps you become better-informed about it<\/li>\n<li>Sharing what you&#8217;ve learned about the topic in your essay demonstrates your knowledge<\/li>\n<li>Quoting or paraphrasing experts in the field establishes your own credibility as an author on the topic<\/li>\n<li>Responding to what&#8217;s already been said on a topic, by including your unique perspective, allows your essay to enter the broader conversation, and shape how others feel about the issue<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>And, the biggest motivation of all: it&#8217;s a requirement for an assignment (because your instructor wants you to do all of those things above).<\/p>\n<p>We&#8217;ve learned that\u00a0the writing process is a series of flexible steps that help you break a large project into smaller, bite-size pieces. \u00a0Research is also a <strong>process<\/strong>. It&#8217;s not something that can be accomplished well in one single step, but rather done in stages, with time for reflection and analysis in between.<\/p>\n<p>The first part of that process is simply knowing where to look, and that&#8217;s what we&#8217;ll explore in the following pages.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Preliminary Research Strategies<\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2907 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/07\/27200215\/Research-process-graphic-final.jpg\" alt=\"Gears showing the research process: define the topic, narrow the topic, gather background information, create a research question, find and evaluate sources, cite sources, and write the paper.\" width=\"4816\" height=\"2281\" \/><\/p>\n<p>The first step towards writing a research paper is pretty obvious: find sources. Not everything that you find will be good, and those that are good are not always easily found. \u00a0Having an idea of what you&#8217;re looking for&#8211;what will most help you develop your essay and enforce your thesis&#8211;will help guide your process.<\/p>\n<h3>Example of a Research Process<\/h3>\n<p>A good research process should go through these steps:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Decide on the topic.<\/li>\n<li>Narrow the topic in order to narrow search parameters.<\/li>\n<li>Create a question that your research will address.<\/li>\n<li>Generate sub-questions from your main question.<\/li>\n<li>Determine what kind of sources are best for your argument.<\/li>\n<li>Create a bibliography as you gather and reference sources.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Each of these is described in greater detail below.<\/p>\n<div class=\"atom__components__figure\" data-global-id=\"gid:\/\/boundless\/Image\/6850\">\n<div class=\"atom__components__figure__cont\">\n<div style=\"width: 240px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"atom__components__figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/candimgs\/8eLoZU\/1948893840-be91d66969.jpeg\" alt=\"Black and white photo of a stack of books and textbooks.\" width=\"230\" height=\"153\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Books, books, books &#8230;Do not start research haphazardly\u2014come up with a plan first.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Pre-Research<\/h3>\n<p>A research plan should begin after you can clearly identify the focus of your argument. First, inform yourself about the basics of your topic (Wikipedia and general online searches are great starting points). Be sure you&#8217;ve read all\u00a0the assigned texts and carefully read the prompt as you gather preliminary information. \u00a0This stage is sometimes called <strong>pre-research<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>A broad online search will yield thousands of sources, which no one could be expected to read through. To make it easier on yourself, the next step is to narrow your focus. Think about what kind of position or stance you can take on the topic. What about it strikes you as most interesting? Refer back to the prewriting stage of the writing process, which will come in handy here.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Preliminary Search Tips<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>It is okay to start with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wikipedia.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> as a reference, but do not use it as an official source. Look at the links and references at the bottom of the page for more ideas.<\/li>\n<li>Use \u201cCtrl+F\u201d to find certain words within a webpage in order to jump to the sections of the article that interest you.<\/li>\n<li>Use <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/advanced_search\" target=\"_blank\">Google Advanced Search<\/a>\u00a0to be more specific in your search. You can also use\u00a0tricks to be more specific within the main <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Google Search Engine<\/a>:\n<ol>\n<li>Use quotation marks to narrow your search from just tanks in WWII to \u201cTanks in WWII\u201d or \u201cTanks\u201d in \u201cWWII\u201d.<\/li>\n<li>Find specific types of websites by adding \u201csite:.gov\u201d or \u201csite:.edu\u201d or \u201csite:.org\u201d. You can also search for specific file types like &#8220;filetype:.pdf&#8221;.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>Click on &#8220;Search Tools&#8221; under the search bar in Google and select &#8220;Any time&#8221; to see a list of options for time periods to help limit your search. You can find information just in the past month or year, or even for a custom range.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div id=\"attachment_654\" style=\"width: 630px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-654\" class=\"wp-image-654\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/04\/07130135\/Screen-Shot-2016-04-07-at-8.50.08-AM.png\" alt=\"Google Search Tips screenshot showing the location of Search Tools below the google search bar (with the option to choose a timeframe below that) and advanced search in the right hand side of the screen under the settings option.\" width=\"620\" height=\"166\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-654\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Use features already available through Google Search like Search Tools and Advanced Search to narrow and refine your results.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>As you narrow your focus, create a list of questions that you&#8217;ll need to answer in order to write a good essay on the topic. \u00a0The research process will help you answer these questions.<\/p>\n<p>Another part of your research plan should include the type of sources you want to gather. Keep track of these sources in a bibliography and jot down notes about the book, article, or document and how it will be useful to your essay. This will save you a lot of time later in the essay process&#8211;you&#8217;ll thank yourself!<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Level Up Your Google Game<\/h2>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>10 Google Quick Tips<\/h3>\n<p>We all know how to Google&#8230;but we may not be getting as much out of it as we&#8217;d like. The following video walks through ten easy tips for getting you closer to what you&#8217;re looking for.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"How To Google Like A Pro! Top 10 Google Search Tips &amp; Tricks 2020\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/R0DQfwc72PM?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Getting More Out of Google<\/h2>\n<p>For a visual representation of additional online search tips, click the image below.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_234\" style=\"width: 595px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.hackcollege.com\/blog\/2011\/11\/23\/infographic-get-more-out-of-google.html\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-234\" class=\"wp-image-234\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/03\/26033338\/6707250233_7d2c683af8_o.jpg\" alt=\"Infographic on how to get more out of google. It explains search tips mentioned previously, such as using quotation marks to narrow a search, using keyboard shortcuts like ctrl+F to search, zooming in, using google to define words, as a calculator, and a unit converter.\" width=\"585\" height=\"414\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-234\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click on this Infographic to open it and learn tricks for getting more out of Google.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Intermediate Search Strategies<\/h2>\n<h3>&#8220;Popular&#8221; vs. &#8220;Scholarly&#8221; Sources<\/h3>\n<p>Research-based writing assignments in college will often require that you use <strong>scholarly sources<\/strong> in the essay.\u00a0Different from the types of articles found in newspapers or general-interest magazines, scholarly sources\u00a0have a few distinguishing characteristics.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<th>Popular Source<\/th>\n<th>Scholarly Source<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Intended Audience<\/td>\n<td>Broad: readers are not expected to\u00a0know much about the topic already<\/td>\n<td>Narrow: readers are expected to be familiar with the topic before-hand<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Author<\/td>\n<td>Journalist: may have a broad area of specialization (war correspondent, media critic)<\/td>\n<td>Subject Matter Expert: often has a degree in the subject and\/or extensive experience on the topic<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Research<\/td>\n<td>Includes quotes from interviews. No bibliography.<\/td>\n<td>Includes summaries, paraphrases, and quotations from previous writing done on the subject. Footnotes and citations. Ends with bibliography.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Publication Standards<\/td>\n<td>Article is reviewed by editor and proofreader<\/td>\n<td>Article has gone through a peer-review process, where experts on the field have given input before publication<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>Where to Find Scholarly Sources<\/h3>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2920 size-medium alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/07\/30031137\/Doing-research-graphic-find-300x271.jpg\" alt=\"Find sources: begin with background research, narrow the search terms, look for scholarly information, search libraries and databases.\" width=\"300\" height=\"271\" \/><\/p>\n<p>The first step in finding scholarly\u00a0resources is to look in the right place. Sites like Google, Yahoo, and Wikipedia may be good for popular\u00a0sources, but if you want something you can cite in a scholarly paper, you need to find it from a scholarly database.<\/p>\n<p>Two common scholarly databases are\u00a0Academic Search Premier and ProQuest, though many others are also available that focus on specific topics.\u00a0Your school library pays to subscribe to these databases, to make them available for you to use as a student.<\/p>\n<p>You have another incredible resource at your fingertips: your college&#8217;s librarians! For help locating resources, you will find that librarians are extremely knowledgeable and may help you uncover sources you would never have found on your own\u2014maybe your school has a microfilm collection, an extensive genealogy database, or access to another library&#8217;s catalog. You will not know unless you utilize the valuable skills available to you, so be sure to find out how to get in touch with a research librarian for support!<\/p>\n<h3>Primary and Secondary Sources<\/h3>\n<p>A primary source is an original document. Primary sources can come in many different forms. In an English paper, a primary source might be the poem, play, or novel you are studying. In a history paper, it may be a historical document such as a letter, a journal, a map, the transcription of a news broadcast, or the original results of a study conducted during the time period under review. If you conduct your own field research, such as surveys, interviews, or experiments, your results would also be considered a primary source. Primary sources are valuable because they provide the researcher with the information closest to the time period or topic at hand. They also allow the writer to conduct an original analysis of the source and to draw new conclusions.<\/p>\n<p>Secondary sources, by contrast, are books and articles that analyze primary sources. They are valuable because they provide other scholars&#8217; perspectives on primary sources. You can also analyze them to see if you agree with their conclusions or not.<\/p>\n<p>Most college essays will use a combination of primary and secondary sources.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Google Scholar<\/h2>\n<p>An increasingly popular article database is <a href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Google Scholar<\/a>. It looks like a regular Google search, and it aims\u00a0to include the vast majority of scholarly resources available. While it has some limitations (like not including a list of which journals they include), it\u2019s a very useful tool if you want to cast a wide net.<\/p>\n<p>Here are three tips for using Google Scholar effectively:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Add your topic field (economics, psychology, French, etc.) as one of your keywords<\/strong>. If you just put in \u201ccrime,\u201d for example, Google Scholar will return all sorts of stuff from sociology, psychology, geography, and history. If your paper is on crime in French literature, your best sources may be buried under thousands of papers from other disciplines. A set of search terms like \u201ccrime French literature modern\u201d will get you to relevant sources much faster.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Don\u2019t ever pay for an article<\/strong>. When you click on links to articles in Google Scholar, you may end up on a publisher\u2019s site that tells you that you can download the article for $20 or $30. Don\u2019t do it! You probably have access to virtually all the published academic literature through your library resources. Write down the key information (authors\u2019 names, title, journal title, volume, issue number, year, page numbers) and go find the article through your library website. If you don\u2019t have immediate full-text access, you may be able to get it through inter-library loan.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Use the \u201ccited by\u201d feature<\/strong>. If you get one great hit on Google Scholar, you can quickly see a list of other papers that cited it. For example, the search terms \u201ccrime economics\u201d yielded this hit for a 1988 paper that appeared in a journal called <em>Kyklos<\/em>:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div id=\"_idContainer022\" class=\"Picture\">\n<div class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 487px;\">\n<div style=\"width: 487px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"_idGenObjectAttribute-1\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.opensuny.org\/writing-in-college-from-competence-to-excellence\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2016\/01\/Fig_4.1.png\" alt=\"A screen capture of the Google scholar search results for \u201ccrime economics\u201d, showing that it yielded the article &quot;The economics of crime deterrence: a survey of theory and evidence&quot;\" width=\"477\" height=\"85\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Google Scholar search results.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Using Google Scholar<\/h3>\n<p>Watch this video to get a better idea of how to utilize Google Scholar for finding articles. While this video shows specifics for setting up an account with Eastern Michigan University, the same principles apply to other colleges and universities. Ask your librarian if you have more questions.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-2\" title=\"Using Google Scholar\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/oqnjhjISHFk?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Advanced Search Strategies<\/h2>\n<p>As we learned earlier, the strongest articles to support your academic writing projects will come from scholarly sources. \u00a0Finding exactly what you need becomes specialized at this point, and requires a new set of searching strategies beyond even Google Scholar.<\/p>\n<p>For this kind of research, you&#8217;ll want to utilize library databases, as this video explains.<br \/>\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-3\" title=\"Library Search\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/phUqd8nlO5Q?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Many journals are sponsored by academic associations. Most of your professors belong to some big, general one (such as the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mla.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Modern Language Association<\/a>, the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.apa.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">American Psychological Association<\/a>, or the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.aps.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">American Physical Society<\/a>) and one or more smaller ones organized around particular areas of interest and expertise (such as the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.food-culture.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Association for the Study of Food and Society<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.iasc-isi.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">International Association for Statistical Computing<\/a>).<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2023\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/03184407\/Screen-Shot-2016-06-03-at-2.19.59-PM.png\" alt=\"Text bubbles showing that Databases contain scholarly articles, contain citation information needed for bibliographies, contain abstracts of articles, and can be called periodical indexes or article indexes.\" width=\"501\" height=\"243\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>Finding\u00a0articles in databases<\/h3>\n<p>Your campus library invests a lot of time and care into making sure you have access to the sources you need for your writing projects.\u00a0Many libraries have online research guides that point you to the best databases for the specific discipline and, perhaps, the specific course. Librarians are eager to help you succeed with your research\u2014it\u2019s their job and they love it!\u2014so don\u2019t be shy about asking.<\/p>\n<p>The following video demonstrates how to search within a library database. While the examples are specific to Northern Virginia Community College, the\u00a0same general search tips apply to nearly all academic databases. On your school&#8217;s library homepage, you should be able to find a general search button and an alphabetized list of databases. Get familiar with your own school&#8217;s library homepage to identify the general search features, find\u00a0databases, and practice searching for specific articles.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-4\" title=\"Library Search\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/phUqd8nlO5Q?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>How to Search in a Database<\/h2>\n<p>Scholarly databases like the ones your library subscribes to work differently\u00a0than search engines like Google and Yahoo because they offer sophisticated tools and techniques for searching that can improve your results.<\/p>\n<p>Databases may look different but they can all be used in similar ways. Most databases can be searched using <strong>keywords\u00a0<\/strong>or <strong>fields<\/strong>. In a keyword search, you want to search for the main concepts or synonyms of your keywords. A field is a specific part of a record in a database. Common fields that can be searched are author, title, subject, or abstract.\u00a0If you already know the author of a specific article, entering their &#8220;Last Name, First Name&#8221; in the author field will pull more relevant records than a keyword search. This will ensure all results are articles written by the author and not articles about that author or with that author\u2019s name. For example, a\u00a0keyword search for &#8220;Albert Einstein&#8221; will search anywhere in the record for Albert Einstein and reveal 12, 719 results. Instead, a field search for Author: &#8220;Einstein, Albert&#8221; will show 54 results, all written by Albert Einstein.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Learn More<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.lib.uci.edu\/sites\/tutorials\/BeginResearch\/public\/demo\/Fields\/Fields.html\">This short video<\/a> demonstrates how to perform\u00a0a title search within the popular EBSCO database, <em>Academic Search Complete<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice: Keyword Search<\/h3>\n<p>1. Identify the keywords in the following research question:\u00a0&#8220;How does repeated pesticide use in agriculture impact soil and groundwater pollution?&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"2\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q626732\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q626732\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Pesticide, agriculture, soil, groundwater,\u00a0pollution. You want to focus on the main idea and can ignore common words that don&#8217;t have any meaning. <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>2. When you search, it&#8217;s helpful to think of synonyms for your keywords to examine various results.\u00a0What synonyms can you think of for the keywords\u00a0identified in the question above?<\/p>\n<p><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"2\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q333998\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q333998\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\"><strong>Pesticide<\/strong>: agrochemicals, pest management, weed management, diazinan, malathion. <strong>Agriculture<\/strong>: farming, food crops, specific types of crops. <strong>Soil<\/strong>: earth, clay, organic components. <strong>Groundwater<\/strong>: watershed, water resources, water table, aquatics, rivers, lakes. <strong>Pollution<\/strong>: environmental impact, degradation, exposure, acid rain\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Sometimes you already have a citation (maybe you found it on Google Scholar or saw it linked through another source), but want to find the article. Everything you need to locate your article is already found in the citation.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2019\" style=\"width: 643px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2019\" class=\"wp-image-2019\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/03184230\/Screen-Shot-2016-06-03-at-2.41.02-PM.png\" alt=\"An article citation beginning with the title &quot;Effect of cattle age, forage level, and corn processing on diet, digestion, and feedlot performance.&quot; Next the authors are listed: Gorocica-Buenfil, M.A.; Loerch, S.C. Then comes the title of the journal: Journal of Animal Science. The date of publication: March 2005. And lastly, the volume and issue number (Vol. 81 Issue 3) and page numbers (705-714).\" width=\"633\" height=\"243\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-2019\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">CC-BY-NC-SA image from <a href=\"http:\/\/www.lib.uci.edu\/sites\/tutorials\/BeginResearch\/public\/articles_8.html\">UCI Libraries Begin Research Online Workshop Tutorial<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Many databases, including the library catalog, offer tools to help you narrow or expand your search. Take advantage of these.\u00a0The most common tools are\u00a0Boolean searching and truncation.<\/p>\n<h3>Boolean Searching<\/h3>\n<p>Boolean searching allows you to use AND, OR, and NOT to combine your search terms.\u00a0Here are some examples:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">&#8220;Endangered Species&#8221; AND &#8220;Global Warming&#8221;<\/strong><span style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">\u00a0When you combine search terms with AND, you&#8217;ll get results in which BOTH terms are present. Using AND limits the number of results because all search terms must appear in your results.<\/span>\n<div id=\"attachment_2020\" style=\"width: 191px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2020\" class=\"wp-image-2020 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/03184305\/Screen-Shot-2016-06-03-at-2.15.38-PM.png\" alt=\"Two overlapping circles, indicating the area where the search containing AND overlaps.\" width=\"181\" height=\"97\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-2020\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">&#8220;Endangered Species&#8221; AND &#8220;Global Warming&#8221; will narrow your search results to where the two concepts overlap.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>&#8220;Arizona Prisons&#8221; OR &#8220;Rhode Island Prisons&#8221;<\/strong>\u00a0When you use OR, you&#8217;ll get results with EITHER search term. Using OR increases the number of results because either search term can appear in your results.\n<div id=\"attachment_2021\" style=\"width: 218px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2021\" class=\"wp-image-2021 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/03184322\/Screen-Shot-2016-06-03-at-2.16.04-PM.png\" alt=\"Search results showing two distinct circles, representing double the amount of search results.\" width=\"208\" height=\"95\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-2021\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">&#8220;Arizona Prisons&#8221; OR &#8220;Rhode Island Prisons&#8221; will increase your search results.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>&#8220;Miami Dolphins&#8221; NOT &#8220;Football&#8221;\u00a0<\/strong>When you use NOT, you&#8217;ll get results that exclude a search term. Using NOT limits the number of results.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div id=\"attachment_2022\" style=\"width: 121px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2022\" class=\"wp-image-2022 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/03184347\/Screen-Shot-2016-06-03-at-2.17.35-PM.png\" alt=\"Image of a big green circle with a white circle inside of it, representing the removal of some search results.\" width=\"111\" height=\"98\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-2022\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">&#8220;Miami Dolphins&#8221; NOT &#8220;Football&#8221; removes the white circle (football) from the green search results (Miami Dolphins).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Truncation<\/h3>\n<p>Truncation allows you to search different forms of the same word at the same time.\u00a0Use the root of a word and add an asterisk (*) as a substitute for the word&#8217;s ending.\u00a0It\u00a0can save time and increase your search to include related words. For example, a search\u00a0\u00a0for &#8220;Psycho*&#8221; would pull results on\u00a0psychology, psychological, psychologist, psychosis, and psychoanalyst.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Self-Check<\/h2>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"lumen_assessment_1266\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/load?assessment_id=1266&#38;embed=1&#38;external_user_id=&#38;external_context_id=&#38;iframe_resize_id=lumen_assessment_1266\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:400px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-214\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Outcome: Finding Sources. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>The Research Process graphic. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Kim Louie for Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Revision and Adaptation of Sources in Their Natural Habitats. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Self-Check. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Image of man with book. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: pedro veneroso. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/5b6gWp\">https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/5b6gWp<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC: Attribution-NonCommercial<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Organizing Your Research Plan. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Boundless. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.boundless.com\/writing\/textbooks\/boundless-writing-textbook\/the-research-process-2\/organizing-your-research-plan-262\/organizing-your-research-plan-51-1304\/\">https:\/\/www.boundless.com\/writing\/textbooks\/boundless-writing-textbook\/the-research-process-2\/organizing-your-research-plan-262\/organizing-your-research-plan-51-1304\/<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: Boundless Writing. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Revision and Adaptation of Organizing Your Research Plan. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Get More Out of Google. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: HackCollege. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.hackcollege.com\/blog\/2011\/11\/23\/infographic-get-more-out-of-google.html\">http:\/\/www.hackcollege.com\/blog\/2011\/11\/23\/infographic-get-more-out-of-google.html<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-ND: Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives <\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Choosing Search Terms for Sources. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Boundless. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.boundless.com\/writing\/textbooks\/boundless-writing-textbook\/the-research-process-2\/finding-your-sources-263\/choosing-search-terms-for-sources-53-540\/\">https:\/\/www.boundless.com\/writing\/textbooks\/boundless-writing-textbook\/the-research-process-2\/finding-your-sources-263\/choosing-search-terms-for-sources-53-540\/<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: Boundless Writing. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Image of finding sources. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Kim Louie for Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Secondary Sources in Their Natural Habitats. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Amy Guptill. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The College at Brockport, SUNY. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.opensuny.org\/writing-in-college-from-competence-to-excellence\/chapter\/4\/\">http:\/\/pressbooks.opensuny.org\/writing-in-college-from-competence-to-excellence\/chapter\/4\/<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: Writing In College. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>ELI-Searching Library Databases. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: NOVALibraries. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/KwVdyCTus1s\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/KwVdyCTus1s<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Begin Research Tutorial. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: UCI Libraries. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: University of California, Irvine. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.lib.uci.edu\/sites\/all\/tutorials\/BeginResearch\/public\/articles_3.html\">http:\/\/www.lib.uci.edu\/sites\/all\/tutorials\/BeginResearch\/public\/articles_3.html<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Bowman Library Research Skills Tutorial, Boolean search images. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Menlo College. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.menlo.edu\/library\/research\/tutorial\/#module3\">http:\/\/www.menlo.edu\/library\/research\/tutorial\/#module3<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>How To Google Like A Pro! Top 10 Google Search Tips &amp; Tricks. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Epic Tutorials for iPhone, iPad, and iOS. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/R0DQfwc72PM\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/R0DQfwc72PM<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>All Rights Reserved<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><li>Using Google Scholar. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: EMU Library. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/oqnjhjISHFk\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/oqnjhjISHFk<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>All Rights Reserved<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><li>HBLL FAQ: Why should I use a library database instead of the internet?. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: iLearningServices. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/phUqd8nlO5Q\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/phUqd8nlO5Q<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>All Rights Reserved<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><li>Library Search. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: iLearningServices. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/phUqd8nlO5Q\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/phUqd8nlO5Q<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>All Rights Reserved<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":29,"menu_order":2,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Image of man with book\",\"author\":\"pedro veneroso\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/5b6gWp\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Outcome: Finding Sources\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Organizing Your Research Plan\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Boundless\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.boundless.com\/writing\/textbooks\/boundless-writing-textbook\/the-research-process-2\/organizing-your-research-plan-262\/organizing-your-research-plan-51-1304\/\",\"project\":\"Boundless Writing\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Revision and Adaptation of Organizing Your Research Plan\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"The Research Process graphic\",\"author\":\"Kim Louie for Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"How To Google Like A Pro! 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