{"id":404,"date":"2016-03-31T17:58:19","date_gmt":"2016-03-31T17:58:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level1-english\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=404"},"modified":"2017-01-05T19:23:52","modified_gmt":"2017-01-05T19:23:52","slug":"outcome-drafting","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-college-composition\/chapter\/outcome-drafting\/","title":{"raw":"Drafting","rendered":"Drafting"},"content":{"raw":"<h2>Introduction<\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"p1\">identify strategies for drafting from an outline<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p1\">identify considerations unique to early drafts<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p1\">identify the value of multiple drafts<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nWe're ready to dive into the process of writing, proper.\r\n\r\nAs we do, consider these observations from Dr. Pat Thomson, from the School of Education at The University of Nottingham.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><img class=\"alignright wp-image-2487\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/07\/06154756\/Draft.png\" alt=\"Graphic titled Draft. Bullet list: first, working, final. All is in a blue circle bordered by gray arrows.\" width=\"369\" height=\"350\" \/>There is a strong temptation to <span class=\"s2\">send things off too early<\/span>. Finishing a first draft usually feels like a win \u2013 even a triumph. You didn\u2019t know that it was going to be possible to write that much and here it is \u2013 all your words in one place. You rush to get it to your professor and then wait impatiently for the response. And when it comes, it suggests major revisions\u2026 Corrections beyond editing? This is a disaster. I am hopeless. The thesis\/paper is doomed. I will never finish. The professor\u00a0is an unfeeling monster. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Not true. All it takes is revision, some of which could have been done in the first place if we hadn\u2019t felt so darned elated that we\u2019d actually produced a text.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">But on the other hand\u2026some people are feel deeply\u00a0that their writing isn\u2019t going to be good enough, now in the first draft, and probably ever. All of the <span class=\"s2\">research on writer\u2019s block<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"s1\">suggests that people who aim for perfection the first time round are likely to seriously inhibit their writing.\u00a0They agonize over phrases, work on a first sentence until they can\u2019t face it any more, take weeks to get a few pages written to their impossibly high expectations. We often see this kind of person characterized in movies \u2013 the unsuccessful writer who begins confidently on a first sentence but some hours later is surrounded by crumpled-up papers and sits despondently, staring sadly at a blank screen. Academic writers do this too.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Part of the problem seems to be that in conversations about academic writing we don\u2019t talk enough about the inevitability of the crappy first draft and the importance of revising. We don\u2019t suggest that it takes more than one go to reach the levels of polished prose that we admire. But really \u2013 let me reiterate \u2013 it doesn\u2019t happen straight away. If we just read finished articles and never see work in progress \u2013 and how many of us actually do get to see the work of experienced writers along the way \u2013 then we have no idea how much revising good academic writers actually do.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"p1\">Using an Outline to Write a Paper<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The main difference between outlining a reading and outlining your own paper is the source of the ideas. \u00a0When you outline something someone else wrote, you are trying to represent their ideas and structure. \u00a0When outlining your own paper, you will need to focus on your own ideas and\u00a0how best to organize them. \u00a0Depending on the type of writing assignment, you might want to incorporate concepts and quotations from various other sources, but your interpretation of those ideas is still the most important element. Creating an outline based on the principles outlined above can help you to put your ideas in a logical order, so your paper will have a stronger, more effective argument.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Step 1: Figure out your main points and create the headings for your outline<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Once you have come up with some ideas for your paper, you will need to organize those ideas. \u00a0The first step is to decide what your main points will be. \u00a0Use those main ideas as the headings for your outline. \u00a0Remember to start with your introduction as the first heading, add headings for\u00a0each main idea in your argument, and finish with a conclusion.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">For example, an outline for a five-paragraph essay on why I love my dog might have the following headings:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span class=\"s1\">I.\u00a0INTRODUCTION<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span class=\"s1\">II. BODY PARAGRAPH 1: My Dog is\u00a0a Good Companion<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span class=\"s1\">III.\u00a0BODY PARAGRAPH 2:\u00a0My Dog is Well-Behaved<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span class=\"s1\">IV.\u00a0BODY PARAGRAPH 3: My Dog is Cute<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span class=\"s1\">V. CONCLUSION<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Since the topic is why I love my dog, each of the body paragraphs will present\u00a0one reason why I love my dog. \u00a0Always make sure your main ideas directly relate to your topic!<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">You can order your\u00a0main ideas\u00a0based on either the strength of your argument (i.e. put your most convincing point first) or on some other clear organizing principle. \u00a0A narrative on how you became a student at this college\u00a0would most likely follow\u00a0a chronological approach, for example. \u00a0Don\u2019t worry if you are not completely satisfied with the ordering;\u00a0you can always change it later. \u00a0This is particularly easy if you are creating your outline in a word-processing program on a computer: you can drag the items into different positions to test out different orderings and see which makes the most sense.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Step 2: Add your supporting ideas<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The next step is to fill in supporting ideas for each of your main ideas. \u00a0Give any necessary explanations, descriptions, evidence, or examples to convince the reader that you are making a good point. \u00a0If you are using quotes, add\u00a0those here. \u00a0Remember to include the appropriate citation based on whichever format your teacher requires; having that information in your outline will speed things up when you write your paper (since you won\u2019t have to go hunting for\u00a0the bibliographic information) and make it easier to avoid plagiarism.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">To continue the example above, a writer\u00a0might fill in part II of the outline as follows:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span class=\"s1\">II. Body Paragraph 1: My Dog is a Good Companion<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"padding-left: 60px\"><span class=\"s1\">A. My dog is\u00a0fun<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"padding-left: 90px\"><span class=\"s1\">1. My dog likes to play<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"padding-left: 90px\"><span class=\"s1\">2. My dog likes to go on walks<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"padding-left: 60px\"><span class=\"s1\">B. My dog is\u00a0friendly<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"padding-left: 90px\"><span class=\"s1\">1. My dog likes to\u00a0cuddle<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"padding-left: 90px\"><span class=\"s1\">2. My dog likes people<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">This section is focused on the idea that \"I love my dog because he is a good companion.\" \u00a0The two first-level subheadings are general reasons why he is a good companion: he is fun (A) and he is friendly (B). \u00a0Each of those ideas is then further explained through\u00a0examples: \u00a0My dog is fun because he like to play and go on walks. \u00a0I know my dog is friendly since he enjoys cuddling and like people. \u00a0Even more detail could be added by including specific games my dog likes to play, behaviors that tell me he like to go on walks, and so. \u00a0The more detail you add, the easier it will be to write you paper later on!<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">In terms of how to organize your subheadings, again\u00a0try to present these supporting ideas in a logical order. \u00a0Group similar ideas together, move from general concepts to more specific examples or explanations, and make sure each supporting idea\u00a0directly relates to the heading or subheading under which it falls.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">When you have finished adding supporting ideas, read through the outline to see if there is anywhere you think your argument has holes or could be further fleshed out. \u00a0Make sure that your ideas are in the most logical order. \u00a0Don\u2019t be afraid to test out different orderings to see what makes the most sense!<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Step 3: Turn your headings and subheadings into complete sentences<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Once you\u00a0have added as much detail as possible and your\u00a0outline is complete, save it as a new file on your computer (or type it into the computer). \u00a0If your main and supporting ideas in the outline are not already in sentence form, turn each item into one or more complete sentences. This will help you\u00a0to see more clearly\u00a0idea where to divide up your paragraphs. \u00a0When\u00a0writing\u00a0a\u00a0short to medium length paper, each heading (or main idea) will typically correspond to one paragraph. \u00a0For longer papers, each heading may be a section and your first (or even second) level of subheading will eventually become your paragraphs. \u00a0See how many sentences fall under each heading to get a rough idea of what correspondence makes the most sense for your paper.<\/span><span class=\"s1\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Step 4: Construct your paragraphs<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Next, start at the beginning of your outline and go through point by point. \u00a0Delete the outline formatting (indentations and letter\/numeral designations) and start to put your sentences together into paragraphs. \u00a0You may need to add transition phrases or even extra sentences to make sure your prose flows naturally. \u00a0You might also find that even though your ideas seemed to make sense in the outline, you need to add still more details here or change the order of your ideas for everything to fully make sense. \u00a0You may even find that you have too many ideas or that some ideas are not really all that relevant and need to be cut. \u00a0That is perfectly normal. \u00a0The outline is a plan to help you get organized, but you always have the flexibility to change it to fit the needs of your assignment.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Remember to start a new paragraph whenever you introduce a new idea (or when a paragraph has gotten very long and the reader needs a break). \u00a0Again, you will probably want to add transition phrases or sentences to connect each paragraph to what came before and to help the reader follow your argument.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Once you have finished turning your outline into paragraphs, you should have a decent first draft of your paper. \u00a0Now you just need to proofread and revise (and repeat) until you are ready to turn in your assignment!<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"p1\">\u00a0Crappy First Drafts<\/h2>\r\nEssay assignments are such high-stakes tasks, that we feel a lot of pressure to do serious work, and perform well, at every stage of the writing process. Sure, prewriting can be kind of fun, and outlining can get us excited about the possibilities a project can hold.\r\n\r\nAt the time of starting to write a first draft, however, the pressure starts to mount. Sometimes we can feel locked into the need to get everything perfect, that it can be paralyzing.\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">The thing to remember is that EVERY first draft is crappy. \u00a0Everyone's.<\/p>\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-628 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/04\/06225627\/6952472683_4344119915_z.jpg\" alt=\"Trash can with wadded up paper in and around it\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" \/>\r\n\r\nConsider this blog post by Melissa Ward:\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">\"The first draft of anything is shit.\" \u2014Ernest Hemingway<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">I should be able to stop here, leaving you with Hemingway's sage and true statement, and go work onto something else, maybe my own shitty first draft of a blog post. But I won't because I know most of you refuse to accept this truth.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">No, instead you think if you beat your head against your desk hard enough and long enough, you will craft some 24k golden prose, words so sweet and deftly written that you'll bring tears to the eyes of babes.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Well you won't. So stop it.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Still don't believe me? Are you saying, \"Melissa, how do you know how well I write?\" To this, I say, that doesn't matter. If you can't learn to write a shitty first draft, getting whatever it is out of your system, then you're never going to have the energy to keep writing. You're not going to learn how to take risks, because you'll never let yourself write anything less than perfect on the first go.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">FREAKING STOP IT. Write some garbage. Let it spew forth, and once you've finally emptied that stinking pustule, take a step away and come back later. Put on some gloves and dig through the pile you emptied out on those pages, and you'll begin to find some gems. Use them to write a good second draft, and then repeat until you have an excellent final draft.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">If you don't believe me, then see what Anne Lamott has to say about it. Lamott's <a href=\"http:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Bird-Some-Instructions-Writing-Life\/dp\/0385480016\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"s2\"><i>Bird by Bird: Some Instructions on Writing and Life<\/i><\/span><\/a> has a chapter titled \"Shitty First Drafts.\"\u00a0The book was required reading when I took my short fiction workshop in college, and it's a great book for all writers.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The shitty first draft isn't about encouraging bad writing ... it's about encouraging writing AT ALL. You'll never write a page if you keep stopping yourself within the first sentence or two and rewriting. Free yourself and learn to love the shitty first draft.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The crappy first draft can be very liberating. \u00a0If it doesn't have to be good, then we feel a lot more freedom to get started and get it over with.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Trust in the process. \u00a0Write crap. \u00a0Plenty of time later to refine it.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"p1\">Time Management for College Writers<\/h2>\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2104\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/10173832\/4861422330_4425393d62_b-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"4861422330_4425393d62_b\" width=\"499\" height=\"333\" \/>\r\n<blockquote>Your only goal during the first draft is to get things down on the page so that you can start rewriting.\u00a0 The first draft has no other value.\u00a0 Regardless of how many faults it has, the first draft accomplishes its entire purpose merely by coming into existence. \u00a0\u2014 Richard K. Neumann, <em>Legal Reasoning and Legal Writing<\/em><\/blockquote>\r\nBudgeting the time it takes to create an essay is really\u00a0important, but it's not usually explicitly\u00a0discussed\u00a0in classrooms.\u00a0Consider the following advice as you map out your time between the date you're given a\u00a0writing assignment and the date it's due.\r\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Writing<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s2\"><b>Plan on 20 minutes, minimum, per typed page.<\/b><\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s2\"><b>Start writing your rough draft as soon as you can.<\/b>\u00a0 <\/span><span class=\"s2\">Once you have those first words on paper, the rest is much easier.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s2\"><b>Find your best time of day and write then.<\/b>\u00a0 <\/span><span class=\"s2\">Never put off writing until you are tired or sleepy.\u00a0 Tired writing is almost always bad writing. \u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p2\"><strong><span class=\"s2\">For short essays, a<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"s2\"><b>llow an absolute minimum of 10 minutes per paragraph. <\/b>\"Short\" means fewer than 3\u00a0pages of typed text.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"s2\">Thus, for a four-paragraph essay allow at least 40 minutes for the first draft. \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s2\"><strong>For longer essays,<\/strong>\u00a0<b>allow an absolute minimum of one hour to produce every three typed pages of rough draft.<\/b>\u00a0<\/span>You don't have to write it all at one sitting, but budget enough total time to complete a rough draft without feeling any time pressure.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s2\"><b>Once your rough draft is done, leave it until the next day (at least!) before revising it.<\/b> <\/span><span class=\"s2\">This way you'll be able to look at it with \u201cfresh eyes\u201d and recognize\u00a0room for improvement.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2 class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s6\"><b>Rewriting<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\r\nYou and your classmates may assume that the first draft is the most important part of writing. \u00a0Actually, the first draft is the LEAST important part. \u00a0The analysis and reflection you do in the process of revision and proofreading are much more valuable contributions toward\u00a0a strong final product.\r\n\r\n<img class=\"wp-image-2102 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/10171830\/15389633048_051b87162a_o-130x300.jpg\" alt=\"15389633048_051b87162a_o\" width=\"200\" height=\"462\" \/>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"s2\"><b>Allow at least the same amount of time for revision and proofreading as you did for writing\u00a0the rough draft.<\/b> <\/span><span class=\"s2\">The more important the writing project, the more time will be needed in revising and proofreading. \u00a0This means that a very important three-page, typed paper would\u00a0require a total of at least two to three hours to complete in final form.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"p5\"><strong><span class=\"s2\">R<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"s2\"><b>evise first.<\/b>\u00a0 <\/span><span class=\"s2\">Allow enough time before your final deadline to rewrite nine-tenths of your paper (or to start over with some components, if necessary).<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p2\"><strong><span class=\"s2\">L<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"s11\"><b>eave enough time to read the text out loud<\/b><\/span><span class=\"s2\">\u00a0<strong>or to have someone else read it out loud to you.<\/strong> <\/span><span class=\"s2\">This is one of the most important things you can do to as a scholar to ensure the quality of your text. \u00a0Your ears will detect\u00a0elements that are out of place more readily than your eyes will see them.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p7\"><span class=\"s2\"><b>If your mother language is not English, or if you have more than average difficulty\u00a0with spelling, punctuation, or grammar,\u00a0consult a tutor.<\/b>\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"s2\">While you don't want anyone else to rewrite your paper, a native speaker of English can\u00a0offer advice and coaching on\u00a0wording things most effectively.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p7\"><strong><span class=\"s2\">P<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"s2\"><b>roofread last.<\/b> <\/span><span class=\"s2\">The time necessary for this process depends on the length of the paper. The best method for this is to print out the paper, proofread it in hard copy (or, even better, have someone else correct it), make the necessary corrections on the computer text, and only then print out the final version.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p7\"><strong><span class=\"s2\">Save<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"s2\"><b>\u00a0your final copy in several ways. <\/b>\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"s2\">Back it up on your computer files, through a cloud storage, on a flash drive, and\/or in your school's electronic class platform. You never know when the unexpected will happen. \u00a0Almost every student experiences a major electronic data loss at some point, and it can be devastating.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p7\"><span class=\"s2\"><b>Keep secure, permanent electronic and paper files of <\/b><\/span><span class=\"s9\"><b>all<\/b><\/span><span class=\"s2\"><b> papers you write in college.<\/b> <\/span><span class=\"s2\">You never know when you may need to consult\u00a0them again.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h2>Self-Check<\/h2>\r\nhttps:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/1263","rendered":"<h2>Introduction<\/h2>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p1\">identify strategies for drafting from an outline<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\">identify considerations unique to early drafts<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\">identify the value of multiple drafts<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>We&#8217;re ready to dive into the process of writing, proper.<\/p>\n<p>As we do, consider these observations from Dr. Pat Thomson, from the School of Education at The University of Nottingham.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-2487\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/07\/06154756\/Draft.png\" alt=\"Graphic titled Draft. Bullet list: first, working, final. All is in a blue circle bordered by gray arrows.\" width=\"369\" height=\"350\" \/>There is a strong temptation to <span class=\"s2\">send things off too early<\/span>. Finishing a first draft usually feels like a win \u2013 even a triumph. You didn\u2019t know that it was going to be possible to write that much and here it is \u2013 all your words in one place. You rush to get it to your professor and then wait impatiently for the response. And when it comes, it suggests major revisions\u2026 Corrections beyond editing? This is a disaster. I am hopeless. The thesis\/paper is doomed. I will never finish. The professor\u00a0is an unfeeling monster. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Not true. All it takes is revision, some of which could have been done in the first place if we hadn\u2019t felt so darned elated that we\u2019d actually produced a text.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">But on the other hand\u2026some people are feel deeply\u00a0that their writing isn\u2019t going to be good enough, now in the first draft, and probably ever. All of the <span class=\"s2\">research on writer\u2019s block<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"s1\">suggests that people who aim for perfection the first time round are likely to seriously inhibit their writing.\u00a0They agonize over phrases, work on a first sentence until they can\u2019t face it any more, take weeks to get a few pages written to their impossibly high expectations. We often see this kind of person characterized in movies \u2013 the unsuccessful writer who begins confidently on a first sentence but some hours later is surrounded by crumpled-up papers and sits despondently, staring sadly at a blank screen. Academic writers do this too.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Part of the problem seems to be that in conversations about academic writing we don\u2019t talk enough about the inevitability of the crappy first draft and the importance of revising. We don\u2019t suggest that it takes more than one go to reach the levels of polished prose that we admire. But really \u2013 let me reiterate \u2013 it doesn\u2019t happen straight away. If we just read finished articles and never see work in progress \u2013 and how many of us actually do get to see the work of experienced writers along the way \u2013 then we have no idea how much revising good academic writers actually do.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 class=\"p1\">Using an Outline to Write a Paper<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The main difference between outlining a reading and outlining your own paper is the source of the ideas. \u00a0When you outline something someone else wrote, you are trying to represent their ideas and structure. \u00a0When outlining your own paper, you will need to focus on your own ideas and\u00a0how best to organize them. \u00a0Depending on the type of writing assignment, you might want to incorporate concepts and quotations from various other sources, but your interpretation of those ideas is still the most important element. Creating an outline based on the principles outlined above can help you to put your ideas in a logical order, so your paper will have a stronger, more effective argument.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Step 1: Figure out your main points and create the headings for your outline<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Once you have come up with some ideas for your paper, you will need to organize those ideas. \u00a0The first step is to decide what your main points will be. \u00a0Use those main ideas as the headings for your outline. \u00a0Remember to start with your introduction as the first heading, add headings for\u00a0each main idea in your argument, and finish with a conclusion.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">For example, an outline for a five-paragraph essay on why I love my dog might have the following headings:<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span class=\"s1\">I.\u00a0INTRODUCTION<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span class=\"s1\">II. BODY PARAGRAPH 1: My Dog is\u00a0a Good Companion<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span class=\"s1\">III.\u00a0BODY PARAGRAPH 2:\u00a0My Dog is Well-Behaved<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span class=\"s1\">IV.\u00a0BODY PARAGRAPH 3: My Dog is Cute<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span class=\"s1\">V. CONCLUSION<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Since the topic is why I love my dog, each of the body paragraphs will present\u00a0one reason why I love my dog. \u00a0Always make sure your main ideas directly relate to your topic!<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">You can order your\u00a0main ideas\u00a0based on either the strength of your argument (i.e. put your most convincing point first) or on some other clear organizing principle. \u00a0A narrative on how you became a student at this college\u00a0would most likely follow\u00a0a chronological approach, for example. \u00a0Don\u2019t worry if you are not completely satisfied with the ordering;\u00a0you can always change it later. \u00a0This is particularly easy if you are creating your outline in a word-processing program on a computer: you can drag the items into different positions to test out different orderings and see which makes the most sense.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Step 2: Add your supporting ideas<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The next step is to fill in supporting ideas for each of your main ideas. \u00a0Give any necessary explanations, descriptions, evidence, or examples to convince the reader that you are making a good point. \u00a0If you are using quotes, add\u00a0those here. \u00a0Remember to include the appropriate citation based on whichever format your teacher requires; having that information in your outline will speed things up when you write your paper (since you won\u2019t have to go hunting for\u00a0the bibliographic information) and make it easier to avoid plagiarism.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">To continue the example above, a writer\u00a0might fill in part II of the outline as follows:<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><span class=\"s1\">II. Body Paragraph 1: My Dog is a Good Companion<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"padding-left: 60px\"><span class=\"s1\">A. My dog is\u00a0fun<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"padding-left: 90px\"><span class=\"s1\">1. My dog likes to play<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"padding-left: 90px\"><span class=\"s1\">2. My dog likes to go on walks<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"padding-left: 60px\"><span class=\"s1\">B. My dog is\u00a0friendly<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"padding-left: 90px\"><span class=\"s1\">1. My dog likes to\u00a0cuddle<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"padding-left: 90px\"><span class=\"s1\">2. My dog likes people<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">This section is focused on the idea that &#8220;I love my dog because he is a good companion.&#8221; \u00a0The two first-level subheadings are general reasons why he is a good companion: he is fun (A) and he is friendly (B). \u00a0Each of those ideas is then further explained through\u00a0examples: \u00a0My dog is fun because he like to play and go on walks. \u00a0I know my dog is friendly since he enjoys cuddling and like people. \u00a0Even more detail could be added by including specific games my dog likes to play, behaviors that tell me he like to go on walks, and so. \u00a0The more detail you add, the easier it will be to write you paper later on!<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">In terms of how to organize your subheadings, again\u00a0try to present these supporting ideas in a logical order. \u00a0Group similar ideas together, move from general concepts to more specific examples or explanations, and make sure each supporting idea\u00a0directly relates to the heading or subheading under which it falls.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">When you have finished adding supporting ideas, read through the outline to see if there is anywhere you think your argument has holes or could be further fleshed out. \u00a0Make sure that your ideas are in the most logical order. \u00a0Don\u2019t be afraid to test out different orderings to see what makes the most sense!<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Step 3: Turn your headings and subheadings into complete sentences<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Once you\u00a0have added as much detail as possible and your\u00a0outline is complete, save it as a new file on your computer (or type it into the computer). \u00a0If your main and supporting ideas in the outline are not already in sentence form, turn each item into one or more complete sentences. This will help you\u00a0to see more clearly\u00a0idea where to divide up your paragraphs. \u00a0When\u00a0writing\u00a0a\u00a0short to medium length paper, each heading (or main idea) will typically correspond to one paragraph. \u00a0For longer papers, each heading may be a section and your first (or even second) level of subheading will eventually become your paragraphs. \u00a0See how many sentences fall under each heading to get a rough idea of what correspondence makes the most sense for your paper.<\/span><span class=\"s1\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Step 4: Construct your paragraphs<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Next, start at the beginning of your outline and go through point by point. \u00a0Delete the outline formatting (indentations and letter\/numeral designations) and start to put your sentences together into paragraphs. \u00a0You may need to add transition phrases or even extra sentences to make sure your prose flows naturally. \u00a0You might also find that even though your ideas seemed to make sense in the outline, you need to add still more details here or change the order of your ideas for everything to fully make sense. \u00a0You may even find that you have too many ideas or that some ideas are not really all that relevant and need to be cut. \u00a0That is perfectly normal. \u00a0The outline is a plan to help you get organized, but you always have the flexibility to change it to fit the needs of your assignment.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Remember to start a new paragraph whenever you introduce a new idea (or when a paragraph has gotten very long and the reader needs a break). \u00a0Again, you will probably want to add transition phrases or sentences to connect each paragraph to what came before and to help the reader follow your argument.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Once you have finished turning your outline into paragraphs, you should have a decent first draft of your paper. \u00a0Now you just need to proofread and revise (and repeat) until you are ready to turn in your assignment!<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 class=\"p1\">\u00a0Crappy First Drafts<\/h2>\n<p>Essay assignments are such high-stakes tasks, that we feel a lot of pressure to do serious work, and perform well, at every stage of the writing process. Sure, prewriting can be kind of fun, and outlining can get us excited about the possibilities a project can hold.<\/p>\n<p>At the time of starting to write a first draft, however, the pressure starts to mount. Sometimes we can feel locked into the need to get everything perfect, that it can be paralyzing.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">The thing to remember is that EVERY first draft is crappy. \u00a0Everyone&#8217;s.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-628 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/04\/06225627\/6952472683_4344119915_z.jpg\" alt=\"Trash can with wadded up paper in and around it\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Consider this blog post by Melissa Ward:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">&#8220;The first draft of anything is shit.&#8221; \u2014Ernest Hemingway<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">I should be able to stop here, leaving you with Hemingway&#8217;s sage and true statement, and go work onto something else, maybe my own shitty first draft of a blog post. But I won&#8217;t because I know most of you refuse to accept this truth.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">No, instead you think if you beat your head against your desk hard enough and long enough, you will craft some 24k golden prose, words so sweet and deftly written that you&#8217;ll bring tears to the eyes of babes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Well you won&#8217;t. So stop it.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Still don&#8217;t believe me? Are you saying, &#8220;Melissa, how do you know how well I write?&#8221; To this, I say, that doesn&#8217;t matter. If you can&#8217;t learn to write a shitty first draft, getting whatever it is out of your system, then you&#8217;re never going to have the energy to keep writing. You&#8217;re not going to learn how to take risks, because you&#8217;ll never let yourself write anything less than perfect on the first go.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">FREAKING STOP IT. Write some garbage. Let it spew forth, and once you&#8217;ve finally emptied that stinking pustule, take a step away and come back later. Put on some gloves and dig through the pile you emptied out on those pages, and you&#8217;ll begin to find some gems. Use them to write a good second draft, and then repeat until you have an excellent final draft.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">If you don&#8217;t believe me, then see what Anne Lamott has to say about it. Lamott&#8217;s <a href=\"http:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Bird-Some-Instructions-Writing-Life\/dp\/0385480016\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"s2\"><i>Bird by Bird: Some Instructions on Writing and Life<\/i><\/span><\/a> has a chapter titled &#8220;Shitty First Drafts.&#8221;\u00a0The book was required reading when I took my short fiction workshop in college, and it&#8217;s a great book for all writers.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The shitty first draft isn&#8217;t about encouraging bad writing &#8230; it&#8217;s about encouraging writing AT ALL. You&#8217;ll never write a page if you keep stopping yourself within the first sentence or two and rewriting. Free yourself and learn to love the shitty first draft.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"p1\">The crappy first draft can be very liberating. \u00a0If it doesn&#8217;t have to be good, then we feel a lot more freedom to get started and get it over with.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Trust in the process. \u00a0Write crap. \u00a0Plenty of time later to refine it.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 class=\"p1\">Time Management for College Writers<\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2104\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/10173832\/4861422330_4425393d62_b-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"4861422330_4425393d62_b\" width=\"499\" height=\"333\" \/><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Your only goal during the first draft is to get things down on the page so that you can start rewriting.\u00a0 The first draft has no other value.\u00a0 Regardless of how many faults it has, the first draft accomplishes its entire purpose merely by coming into existence. \u00a0\u2014 Richard K. Neumann, <em>Legal Reasoning and Legal Writing<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Budgeting the time it takes to create an essay is really\u00a0important, but it&#8217;s not usually explicitly\u00a0discussed\u00a0in classrooms.\u00a0Consider the following advice as you map out your time between the date you&#8217;re given a\u00a0writing assignment and the date it&#8217;s due.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Writing<\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s2\"><b>Plan on 20 minutes, minimum, per typed page.<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s2\"><b>Start writing your rough draft as soon as you can.<\/b>\u00a0 <\/span><span class=\"s2\">Once you have those first words on paper, the rest is much easier.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s2\"><b>Find your best time of day and write then.<\/b>\u00a0 <\/span><span class=\"s2\">Never put off writing until you are tired or sleepy.\u00a0 Tired writing is almost always bad writing. \u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p2\"><strong><span class=\"s2\">For short essays, a<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"s2\"><b>llow an absolute minimum of 10 minutes per paragraph. <\/b>&#8220;Short&#8221; means fewer than 3\u00a0pages of typed text.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"s2\">Thus, for a four-paragraph essay allow at least 40 minutes for the first draft. \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s2\"><strong>For longer essays,<\/strong>\u00a0<b>allow an absolute minimum of one hour to produce every three typed pages of rough draft.<\/b>\u00a0<\/span>You don&#8217;t have to write it all at one sitting, but budget enough total time to complete a rough draft without feeling any time pressure.<\/li>\n<li class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s2\"><b>Once your rough draft is done, leave it until the next day (at least!) before revising it.<\/b> <\/span><span class=\"s2\">This way you&#8217;ll be able to look at it with \u201cfresh eyes\u201d and recognize\u00a0room for improvement.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s6\"><b>Rewriting<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>You and your classmates may assume that the first draft is the most important part of writing. \u00a0Actually, the first draft is the LEAST important part. \u00a0The analysis and reflection you do in the process of revision and proofreading are much more valuable contributions toward\u00a0a strong final product.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2102 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/10171830\/15389633048_051b87162a_o-130x300.jpg\" alt=\"15389633048_051b87162a_o\" width=\"200\" height=\"462\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"s2\"><b>Allow at least the same amount of time for revision and proofreading as you did for writing\u00a0the rough draft.<\/b> <\/span><span class=\"s2\">The more important the writing project, the more time will be needed in revising and proofreading. \u00a0This means that a very important three-page, typed paper would\u00a0require a total of at least two to three hours to complete in final form.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p5\"><strong><span class=\"s2\">R<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"s2\"><b>evise first.<\/b>\u00a0 <\/span><span class=\"s2\">Allow enough time before your final deadline to rewrite nine-tenths of your paper (or to start over with some components, if necessary).<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p2\"><strong><span class=\"s2\">L<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"s11\"><b>eave enough time to read the text out loud<\/b><\/span><span class=\"s2\">\u00a0<strong>or to have someone else read it out loud to you.<\/strong> <\/span><span class=\"s2\">This is one of the most important things you can do to as a scholar to ensure the quality of your text. \u00a0Your ears will detect\u00a0elements that are out of place more readily than your eyes will see them.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p7\"><span class=\"s2\"><b>If your mother language is not English, or if you have more than average difficulty\u00a0with spelling, punctuation, or grammar,\u00a0consult a tutor.<\/b>\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"s2\">While you don&#8217;t want anyone else to rewrite your paper, a native speaker of English can\u00a0offer advice and coaching on\u00a0wording things most effectively.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p7\"><strong><span class=\"s2\">P<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"s2\"><b>roofread last.<\/b> <\/span><span class=\"s2\">The time necessary for this process depends on the length of the paper. The best method for this is to print out the paper, proofread it in hard copy (or, even better, have someone else correct it), make the necessary corrections on the computer text, and only then print out the final version.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p7\"><strong><span class=\"s2\">Save<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"s2\"><b>\u00a0your final copy in several ways. <\/b>\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"s2\">Back it up on your computer files, through a cloud storage, on a flash drive, and\/or in your school&#8217;s electronic class platform. You never know when the unexpected will happen. \u00a0Almost every student experiences a major electronic data loss at some point, and it can be devastating.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p7\"><span class=\"s2\"><b>Keep secure, permanent electronic and paper files of <\/b><\/span><span class=\"s9\"><b>all<\/b><\/span><span class=\"s2\"><b> papers you write in college.<\/b> <\/span><span class=\"s2\">You never know when you may need to consult\u00a0them again.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Self-Check<\/h2>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"lumen_assessment_1263\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/load?assessment_id=1263&#38;embed=1&#38;external_user_id=&#38;external_context_id=&#38;iframe_resize_id=lumen_assessment_1263\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:400px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-404\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Outcome: Drafting. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Image of Draft. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Kim Louie for Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Revision and Adaptation. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Self-Check. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/Lumen%20Learning\">http:\/\/Lumen%20Learning<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Good Academic Writing - It&#039;s About Revision Not Editing. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Pat Thomson. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: University of Nottingham. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/patthomson.net\/2014\/02\/24\/good-academic-writing-its-about-revision-not-editing\/\">https:\/\/patthomson.net\/2014\/02\/24\/good-academic-writing-its-about-revision-not-editing\/<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: Patter. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Using an Outline to Write a Paper. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: CUNY School of Professional Studies. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/bacwritingfellows.commons.gc.cuny.edu\/using-an-outline\/\">https:\/\/bacwritingfellows.commons.gc.cuny.edu\/using-an-outline\/<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: Writing Fellows. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>First Drafts Or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Write a Shitty First Draft. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Melissa Ward. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Awesomeography. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/awesomeography.com\/articles\/2013\/4\/21\/first-drafts-or-how-i-learned-to-stop-worrying-and-write-a-shitty-first-draft\">http:\/\/awesomeography.com\/articles\/2013\/4\/21\/first-drafts-or-how-i-learned-to-stop-worrying-and-write-a-shitty-first-draft<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Image of trash can. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Sebastien Wiertz. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/bAneUF\">https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/bAneUF<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Image of Rough Draft. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Kim Nowacki. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/8pA4uo\">https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/8pA4uo<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/4.0\/\">CC BY-ND: Attribution-NoDerivatives<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Image of Time Management. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Luigi Mengato. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/prVTJQ\">https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/prVTJQ<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">Public domain content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Time Management for College Writers. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Owen M. Williamson. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: University of Texas at El Paso. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/utminers.utep.edu\/omwilliamson\/univ1301\/timemgmt.htm\">http:\/\/utminers.utep.edu\/omwilliamson\/univ1301\/timemgmt.htm<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":19,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Good Academic Writing - It\\'s About Revision Not Editing\",\"author\":\"Pat Thomson\",\"organization\":\"University of Nottingham\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/patthomson.net\/2014\/02\/24\/good-academic-writing-its-about-revision-not-editing\/\",\"project\":\"Patter\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Outcome: Drafting\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Image of Draft\",\"author\":\"Kim Louie for Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Using an Outline to Write a Paper\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"CUNY School of Professional Studies\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/bacwritingfellows.commons.gc.cuny.edu\/using-an-outline\/\",\"project\":\"Writing Fellows\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Revision and Adaptation\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"First Drafts Or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Write a Shitty First Draft\",\"author\":\"Melissa Ward\",\"organization\":\"Awesomeography\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/awesomeography.com\/articles\/2013\/4\/21\/first-drafts-or-how-i-learned-to-stop-worrying-and-write-a-shitty-first-draft\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Image of trash can\",\"author\":\"Sebastien Wiertz\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/bAneUF\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"pd\",\"description\":\"Time Management for College Writers\",\"author\":\"Owen M. 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