{"id":32,"date":"2017-12-14T21:23:50","date_gmt":"2017-12-14T21:23:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-introductorychemistry\/chapter\/some-basic-definitions\/"},"modified":"2023-08-08T23:48:48","modified_gmt":"2023-08-08T23:48:48","slug":"some-basic-definitions","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-introductorychemistry\/chapter\/some-basic-definitions\/","title":{"raw":"3.1 Matter","rendered":"3.1 Matter"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\nBy the end of this module, you will be able to:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe the basic properties of each physical state of matter: solid, liquid, and gas<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Define and give examples of atoms and molecules<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Classify matter as an element, compound, homogeneous mixture, or heterogeneous mixture with regard to its physical state and composition<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Distinguish between mass and weight<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Apply the law of conservation of matter<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<strong>Matter<\/strong> is defined as anything that occupies space and has mass, and it is all around us. A book is matter, a computer is matter, food is matter, and dirt in the ground is matter. Things that are not matter include thoughts, ideas, emotions, and hopes.Solids and liquids are more obviously matter: We can see that they take up space, and their weight tells us that they have mass. Gases are also matter; if gases did not take up space, a balloon would stay collapsed rather than inflate when filled with gas.\r\n\r\nSolids, liquids, and gases are the three states of matter commonly found on earth (Figure 1). A <strong>solid<\/strong> is rigid and possesses a definite shape. A <strong>liquid<\/strong> flows and takes the shape of a container, except that it forms a flat or slightly curved upper surface when acted upon by gravity. (In zero gravity, liquids assume a spherical shape.) Both liquid and solid samples have volumes that are very nearly independent of pressure. A <strong>gas<\/strong> takes both the shape and volume of its container.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_5343\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"750\"]<img class=\" wp-image-5343\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/218\/2016\/06\/21180655\/statesmatt.jpg\" alt=\"A beaker labeled solid contains a cube of red matter and says has fixed shape and volume. A beaker labeled liquid contains a brownish-red colored liquid. This beaker says takes shape of container, forms horizontal surfaces, has fixed volume. The beaker labeled gas is filled with a light brown gas. This beaker says expands to fill container.\" width=\"750\" height=\"358\" \/> Figure 1. The three most common states or phases of matter are solid, liquid, and gas.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nA fourth state of matter, plasma, occurs naturally in the interiors of stars. A <strong>plasma<\/strong> is a gaseous state of matter that contains appreciable numbers of electrically charged particles (Figure 2). The presence of these charged particles imparts unique properties to plasmas that justify their classification as a state of matter distinct from gases. In addition to stars, plasmas are found in some other high-temperature environments (both natural and man-made), such as lightning strikes, certain television screens, and specialized analytical instruments used to detect trace amounts of metals.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_5344\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"650\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-5344\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/218\/2016\/06\/21180747\/plasma.jpg\" alt=\"A cutting torch is being used to cut a piece of metal. Bright, white colored plasma can be seen near the tip of the torch, where it is contacting the metal.\" width=\"650\" height=\"511\" \/> Figure 2. A plasma torch can be used to cut metal. (credit: \u201cHypertherm\u201d\/Wikimedia Commons)[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">In a tiny cell in a plasma television, the plasma emits ultraviolet light, which in turn causes the display at that location to appear a specific color. The composite of these tiny dots of color makes up the image that you see. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.redorbit.com\/video\/what-is-plasma\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Watch this video to learn more about plasma<\/a> and the places you encounter it.<\/div>\r\nSome samples of matter appear to have properties of solids, liquids, and\/or gases at the same time. This can occur when the sample is composed of many small pieces. For example, we can pour sand as if it were a liquid because it is composed of many small grains of solid sand. Matter can also have properties of more than one state when it is a mixture, such as with clouds. Clouds appear to behave somewhat like gases, but they are actually mixtures of air (gas) and tiny particles of water (liquid or solid).\r\n\r\nThe <strong>mass<\/strong> of an object is a measure of the amount of matter in it. One way to measure an object\u2019s mass is to measure the force it takes to accelerate the object. It takes much more force to accelerate a car than a bicycle because the car has much more mass. A more common way to determine the mass of an object is to use a balance to compare its mass with a standard mass.\r\n\r\nAlthough weight is related to mass, it is not the same thing. <strong>Weight<\/strong> refers to the force that gravity exerts on an object. This force is directly proportional to the mass of the object. The weight of an object changes as the force of gravity changes, but its mass does not. An astronaut\u2019s mass does not change just because she goes to the moon. But her weight on the moon is only one-sixth her earth-bound weight because the moon\u2019s gravity is only one-sixth that of the earth\u2019s. She may feel \u201cweightless\u201d during her trip when she experiences negligible external forces (gravitational or any other), although she is, of course, never \u201cmassless.\u201d\r\n\r\nThe <strong>law of conservation of matter<\/strong> summarizes many scientific observations about matter: It states that <em>there is no detectable change in the total quantity of matter present when matter converts from one type to another (a chemical change) or changes among solid, liquid, or gaseous states (a physical change)<\/em>. Brewing beer and the operation of batteries provide examples of the conservation of matter (Figure 3). During the brewing of beer, the ingredients (water, yeast, grains, malt, hops, and sugar) are converted into beer (water, alcohol, carbonation, and flavoring substances) with no actual loss of substance. This is most clearly seen during the bottling process, when glucose turns into ethanol and carbon dioxide, and the total mass of the substances does not change. This can also be seen in a lead-acid car battery: The original substances (lead, lead oxide, and sulfuric acid), which are capable of producing electricity, are changed into other substances (lead sulfate and water) that do not produce electricity, with no change in the actual amount of matter.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_5345\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"750\"]<img class=\" wp-image-5345\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/218\/2016\/06\/21180846\/consmatter.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram A shows a beer bottle containing pre-beer and sugar. An arrow points from this bottle to a second bottle. This second bottle contains the same volume of liquid, however, the sugar has been converted into ethanol and carbonation as beer was made. Diagram B shows a car battery that contains sheets of P B and P B O subscript 2 along with H subscript 2 S O subscript 4. After the battery is used, it contains an equal mass of P B S O subscript 4 and H subscript 2 O.\" width=\"750\" height=\"354\" \/> Figure 3. (a) The mass of beer precursor materials is the same as the mass of beer produced: Sugar has become alcohol and carbonation. (b) The mass of the lead, lead oxide plates, and sulfuric acid that goes into the production of electricity is exactly equal to the mass of lead sulfate and water that is formed.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nAlthough this conservation law holds true for all conversions of matter, convincing examples are few and far between because, outside of the controlled conditions in a laboratory, we seldom collect all of the material that is produced during a particular conversion. For example, when you eat, digest, and assimilate food, all of the matter in the original food is preserved. But because some of the matter is incorporated into your body, and much is excreted as various types of waste, it is challenging to verify by measurement.\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Example 1: identifying matter<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"ball-ch02_s03_p12\" class=\"para\">Which of the following can be describe as being matter?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>a hot dog<\/li>\r\n \t<li>love<\/li>\r\n \t<li>a tree<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"367560\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"367560\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>A hot dog has mass and takes up space, so it is matter.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Love is an emotion, and emotions are not matter.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>A tree has mass and takes up space, so it is matter.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n<h4><strong>Check Your Learning<\/strong><\/h4>\r\nWhich of the following can be describe as being matter?\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>the moon<\/li>\r\n \t<li>an idea for a new invention<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"367561\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"367561\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>The moon is matter<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The invention itself may be matter, but the idea for it is not.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Atoms and Molecules<\/h2>\r\nAn <strong>atom<\/strong> is the smallest particle of an element that has the properties of that element and can enter into a chemical combination.\r\n\r\nConsider the element gold, for example. Imagine cutting a gold nugget in half, then cutting one of the halves in half, and repeating this process until a piece of gold remained that was so small that it could not be cut in half (regardless of how tiny your knife may be). This minimally sized piece of gold is an atom (from the Greek <em>atomos<\/em>, meaning \u201cindivisible\u201d) (Figure 4). This atom would no longer be gold if it were divided any further.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_5551\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"750\"]<img class=\"wp-image-5551 \" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/218\/2016\/08\/10220514\/Gold.jpg\" alt=\"A two part image. Part a shows a Gold nugget. Part b shows a microscopic view of gold.\" width=\"750\" height=\"335\" \/> Figure 4. (a) This photograph shows a gold nugget. uniform stripes of light and dark gold, as seen through microscope (b) A scanning-tunneling microscope (STM) can generate views of the surfaces of solids, such as this image of a gold crystal. Each sphere represents one gold atom. (credit a: modification of work by United States Geological Survey; credit b: modification of work by \u201cErwinrossen\u201d\/Wikimedia Commons)[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThe first suggestion that matter is composed of atoms is attributed to the Greek philosophers Leucippus and Democritus, who developed their ideas in the 5th century BCE. However, it was not until the early nineteenth century that John <strong>Dalton<\/strong> (1766\u20131844), a British schoolteacher with a keen interest in science, supported this hypothesis with quantitative measurements. Since that time, repeated experiments have confirmed many aspects of this hypothesis, and it has become one of the central theories of chemistry. Other aspects of Dalton\u2019s atomic theory are still used but with minor revisions (details of Dalton\u2019s theory are provided in the chapter on atoms and molecules).\r\n\r\nAn atom is so small that its size is difficult to imagine. One of the smallest things we can see with our unaided eye is a single thread of a spider web: These strands are about 1\/10,000 of a centimeter (0.00001 cm) in diameter. Although the cross-section of one strand is almost impossible to see without a microscope, it is huge on an atomic scale. A single carbon atom in the web has a diameter of about 0.000000015 centimeter, and it would take about 7000 carbon atoms to span the diameter of the strand. To put this in perspective, if a carbon atom were the size of a dime, the cross-section of one strand would be larger than a football field, which would require about 150 million carbon atom \u201cdimes\u201d to cover it. (Figure 5) shows increasingly close microscopic and atomic-level views of ordinary cotton.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_5348\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"750\"]<img class=\" wp-image-5348\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/218\/2016\/06\/21181132\/cellulose-1024x253.jpg\" alt=\"Figure A shows a puffy white cotton boll growing on a brown twig. Figure B shows a magnified cotton strand. The strand appears transparent but contains dark areas within its interior. Figure C shows the surface of several crisscrossing and overlapping cotton fibers. Its surface is rough along the edges but smooth near the center of each strand. Figure D shows three strands of molecules connected into three vertical chains. Each strand contains about five molecules. Figure E shows that the cotton molecule contains about a dozen atoms. The black carbon atoms form rings that are connected by red oxygen atoms. Many of the carbon atoms are also bonded to hydrogen atoms, shown as white balls, or other oxygen atoms.\" width=\"750\" height=\"185\" \/> Figure 5. These images provide an increasingly closer view: (a) a cotton boll, (b) a single cotton fiber viewed under an optical microscope (magnified 40 times), (c) an image of a cotton fiber obtained with an electron microscope (much higher magnification than with the optical microscope); and (d and e) atomic-level models of the fiber (spheres of different colors represent atoms of different elements). (credit c: modification of work by \u201cFeatheredtar\u201d\/Wikimedia Commons)[\/caption]\r\n\r\nAn atom is so light that its mass is also difficult to imagine. A billion lead atoms (1,000,000,000 atoms) weigh about 3 \u00d7 10<sup>-13<\/sup> grams, a mass that is far too light to be weighed on even the world\u2019s most sensitive balances. It would require over 300,000,000,000,000 lead atoms (300 trillion, or 3 \u00d7 10<sup>14<\/sup>) to be weighed, and they would weigh only 0.0000001 gram.\r\n\r\nIt is rare to find collections of individual atoms. Only a few elements, such as the gases helium, neon, and argon, consist of a collection of individual atoms that move about independently of one another. Other elements, such as the gases hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and chlorine, are composed of units that consist of pairs of atoms (Figure 6). One form of the element phosphorus consists of units composed of four phosphorus atoms. The element sulfur exists in various forms, one of which consists of units composed of eight sulfur atoms. These units are called molecules. A <strong>molecule<\/strong> consists of two or more atoms joined by strong forces called chemical bonds. The atoms in a molecule move around as a unit, much like the cans of soda in a six-pack or a bunch of keys joined together on a single key ring. A molecule may consist of two or more identical atoms, as in the molecules found in the elements hydrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, or it may consist of two or more different atoms, as in the molecules found in water. Each water molecule is a unit that contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Each glucose molecule is a unit that contains 6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms, and 6 oxygen atoms. Like atoms, molecules are incredibly small and light. If an ordinary glass of water were enlarged to the size of the earth, the water molecules inside it would be about the size of golf balls.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_5349\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"751\"]<img class=\" wp-image-5349\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/218\/2016\/06\/21181224\/molecules-1024x293.jpg\" alt=\"The hydrogen molecule, H subscript 2, is shown as two small, white balls bonded together. The oxygen molecule O subscript 2, is shown as two red balls bonded together. The phosphorous molecule, P subscript 4, is shown as four orange balls bonded tightly together. The sulfur molecule, S subscript 8, is shown as 8 yellow balls linked together. Water molecules, H subscript 2 O, consist of one red oxygen atom bonded to two smaller white hydrogen atoms. The hydrogen atoms are at an angle on the oxygen molecule. Carbon dioxide, C O subscript 2, consists of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms. One oxygen atom is bonded to the carbon\u2019s right side and the other oxygen is bonded to the carbon\u2019s left side. Glucose, C subscript 6 H subscript 12 O subscript 6, contains a chain of carbon atoms that have attached oxygen or hydrogen atoms.\" width=\"751\" height=\"215\" \/> Figure 6. The elements hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur form molecules consisting of two or more atoms of the same element. The compounds water, carbon dioxide, and glucose consist of combinations of atoms of different elements.[\/caption]\r\n<h2>Classifying Matter<\/h2>\r\nWe can classify matter into several categories. Two broad categories are mixtures and pure substances. A <strong>pure substance<\/strong> has a constant composition. All specimens of a pure substance have exactly the same makeup and properties. Any sample of sucrose (table sugar) consists of 42.1% carbon, 6.5% hydrogen, and 51.4% oxygen by mass. Any sample of sucrose also has the same physical properties, such as melting point, color, and sweetness, regardless of the source from which it is isolated.\r\n\r\nWe can divide pure substances into two classes: elements and compounds. Pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical changes are called <strong>elements<\/strong>. Iron, silver, gold, aluminum, sulfur, oxygen, and copper are familiar examples of the more than 100 known elements, of which about 90 occur naturally on the earth, and two dozen or so have been created in laboratories.\r\n\r\nPure substances that can be broken down by chemical changes are called <strong>compounds<\/strong>. This breakdown may produce either elements or other compounds, or both. Mercury(II) oxide, an orange, crystalline solid, can be broken down by heat into the elements mercury and oxygen (Figure 7). When heated in the absence of air, the compound sucrose is broken down into the element carbon and the compound water. (The initial stage of this process, when the sugar is turning brown, is known as caramelization\u2014this is what imparts the characteristic sweet and nutty flavor to caramel apples, caramelized onions, and caramel). Silver(I) chloride is a white solid that can be broken down into its elements, silver and chlorine, by absorption of light. This property is the basis for the use of this compound in photographic films and photochromic eyeglasses (those with lenses that darken when exposed to light).\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_5350\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"751\"]<img class=\" wp-image-5350\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/218\/2016\/06\/21181319\/decomp.jpg\" alt=\"This figure shows a series of three photos labeled a, b, and c. Photo a shows the bottom of a test tube that is filled with an orange-red substance. A slight amount of a silver substance is also visible. Photo b shows the substance in the test tube being heated over a flame. Photo c shows a test tube that is not longer being heated. The orange-red substance is almost completely gone, and small, silver droplets of a substance are left.\" width=\"751\" height=\"226\" \/> Figure 7. (a)The compound mercury(II) oxide, (b)when heated, (c) decomposes into silvery droplets of liquid mercury and invisible oxygen gas. (credit: modification of work by Paul Flowers)[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n\r\nMany compounds break down when heated. This video shows the breakdown of mercury oxide, HgO.\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/_Y1alDuXm6A\r\n\r\nYou can also view an example of the photochemical decomposition of silver chloride (AgCl), the basis of early photography.\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/ZLEYyzW427I\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nThe properties of combined elements are different from those in the free, or uncombined, state. For example, white crystalline sugar (sucrose) is a compound resulting from the chemical combination of the element carbon, which is a black solid in one of its uncombined forms, and the two elements hydrogen and oxygen, which are colorless gases when uncombined. Free sodium, an element that is a soft, shiny, metallic solid, and free chlorine, an element that is a yellow-green gas, combine to form sodium chloride (table salt), a compound that is a white, crystalline solid.\r\n\r\nA <strong>mixture<\/strong> is composed of two or more types of matter that can be present in varying amounts and can be separated by physical changes, such as evaporation (you will learn more about this later). A mixture with a composition that varies from point to point is called a <strong>heterogeneous mixture<\/strong>. Italian dressing is an example of a heterogeneous mixture (Figure 8). Its composition can vary because we can make it from varying amounts of oil, vinegar, and herbs. It is not the same from point to point throughout the mixture\u2014one drop may be mostly vinegar, whereas a different drop may be mostly oil or herbs because the oil and vinegar separate and the herbs settle. Other examples of heterogeneous mixtures are chocolate chip cookies (we can see the separate bits of chocolate, nuts, and cookie dough) and granite (we can see the quartz, mica, feldspar, and more).\r\n\r\nA <strong>homogeneous mixture<\/strong>, also called a <strong>solution<\/strong>, exhibits a uniform composition and appears visually the same throughout. An example of a solution is a sports drink, consisting of water, sugar, coloring, flavoring, and electrolytes mixed together uniformly (Figure 8). Each drop of a sports drink tastes the same because each drop contains the same amounts of water, sugar, and other components. Note that the composition of a sports drink can vary\u2014it could be made with somewhat more or less sugar, flavoring, or other components, and still be a sports drink. Other examples of homogeneous mixtures include air, maple syrup, gasoline, and a solution of salt in water.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_5357\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"751\"]<img class=\" wp-image-5357\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/219\/2016\/08\/09011927\/CNX_Chem_01_02_Mixtures1.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram A shows a glass containing a red liquid with a layer of yellow oil floating on the surface of the red liquid. A zoom in box is magnifying a portion of the red liquid that contains some of the yellow oil. The zoomed in image shows that oil is forming round droplets within the red liquid. Diagram B shows a photo of Gatorade G 2. A zoom in box is magnifying a portion of the Gatorade, which is uniformly red.\" width=\"751\" height=\"223\" \/> Figure 8. (a) Oil and vinegar salad dressing is a heterogeneous mixture because its composition is not uniform throughout. (b) A commercial sports drink is a homogeneous mixture because its composition is uniform throughout. (credit a \u201cleft\u201d: modification of work by John Mayer; credit a \u201cright\u201d: modification of work by Umberto Salvagnin; credit b \u201cleft: modification of work by Jeff Bedford)[\/caption]\r\n\r\nAlthough there are just over 100 elements, tens of millions of chemical compounds result from different combinations of these elements. Each compound has a specific composition and possesses definite chemical and physical properties by which we can distinguish it from all other compounds. And, of course, there are innumerable ways to combine elements and compounds to form different mixtures. A summary of how to distinguish between the various major classifications of matter is shown in (Figure 9).\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_5073\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"751\"]<img class=\" wp-image-5073\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/887\/2015\/08\/23214530\/CNX_Chem_01_02_MattType-1024x347.jpg\" alt=\"This flow chart begins with matter at the top and the question: does the matter have constant properties and composition? If no, then it is a mixture. This leads to the next question: is it uniform throughout? If no, it is heterogeneous. If yes, it is homogenous. If the matter does have constant properties and composition, it is a pure substance. This leads to the next question: can it be simplified chemically? If no, it is an element. If yes, then it is a compound.\" width=\"751\" height=\"255\" \/> Figure 9. Depending on its properties, a given substance can be classified as a homogeneous mixture, a heterogeneous mixture, a compound, or an element.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nEleven elements make up about 99% of the earth\u2019s crust and atmosphere (Table 1). Oxygen constitutes nearly one-half and silicon about one-quarter of the total quantity of these elements. A majority of elements on earth are found in chemical combinations with other elements; about one-quarter of the elements are also found in the free state.\r\n<table id=\"fs-idp31507504\" class=\"span-all\" summary=\"Oxygen, symbolized by O, has a percent mass of 49.20. Silicon, symbolized by S I, has a percent mass of 25.67. Aluminum, symbolized by A L, has a percent mass of 7.50. Iron, symbolized by F E, has a percent mass of 4.71. Calcium, symbolized by C A, has a percent mass of 3.39. Sodium, symbolized by N A, has a percent mass of 2.63. Potassium, symbolized by K, has a percent mass of 2.40. Magnesium, symbolized by M G, has a percent mass of 1.93. Hydrogen, symbolized by H, has a percent mass of 0.87. Titanium, symbolized by T I, has a percent mass of 0.58. Chlorine, symbolized by C L, has a percent mass of 0.19. Phosphorus, symbolized by P, has a percent mass of 0.11. Manganese, symbolized by M N, has a percent mass of 0.09. Carbon, symbolized by C, has a percent mass of 0.08. Sulfur, symbolized by S, has a percent mass of 0.06. Barium, symbolized by B A, has a percent mass of 0.04. Nitrogen, symbolized by N, has a percent mass of 0.03. Fluorine, symbolized by F, has a percent mass of 0.03. Strontium, symbolized by S R, has a percent mass of 0.02. All others have a percent mass of 0.47.\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th colspan=\"7\">Table 1. Elemental Composition of Earth<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<th>Element<\/th>\r\n<th>Symbol<\/th>\r\n<th>Percent Mass<\/th>\r\n<th><\/th>\r\n<th>Element<\/th>\r\n<th>Symbol<\/th>\r\n<th>Percent Mass<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>oxygen<\/td>\r\n<td>O<\/td>\r\n<td>49.20<\/td>\r\n<td rowspan=\"10\"><\/td>\r\n<td>chlorine<\/td>\r\n<td>Cl<\/td>\r\n<td>0.19<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>silicon<\/td>\r\n<td>Si<\/td>\r\n<td>25.67<\/td>\r\n<td>phosphorus<\/td>\r\n<td>P<\/td>\r\n<td>0.11<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>aluminum<\/td>\r\n<td>Al<\/td>\r\n<td>7.50<\/td>\r\n<td>manganese<\/td>\r\n<td>Mn<\/td>\r\n<td>0.09<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>iron<\/td>\r\n<td>Fe<\/td>\r\n<td>4.71<\/td>\r\n<td>carbon<\/td>\r\n<td>C<\/td>\r\n<td>0.08<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>calcium<\/td>\r\n<td>Ca<\/td>\r\n<td>3.39<\/td>\r\n<td>sulfur<\/td>\r\n<td>S<\/td>\r\n<td>0.06<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>sodium<\/td>\r\n<td>Na<\/td>\r\n<td>2.63<\/td>\r\n<td>barium<\/td>\r\n<td>Ba<\/td>\r\n<td>0.04<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>potassium<\/td>\r\n<td>K<\/td>\r\n<td>2.40<\/td>\r\n<td>nitrogen<\/td>\r\n<td>N<\/td>\r\n<td>0.03<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>magnesium<\/td>\r\n<td>Mg<\/td>\r\n<td>1.93<\/td>\r\n<td>fluorine<\/td>\r\n<td>F<\/td>\r\n<td>0.03<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>hydrogen<\/td>\r\n<td>H<\/td>\r\n<td>0.87<\/td>\r\n<td>strontium<\/td>\r\n<td>Sr<\/td>\r\n<td>0.02<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>titanium<\/td>\r\n<td>Ti<\/td>\r\n<td>0.58<\/td>\r\n<td>all others<\/td>\r\n<td>-<\/td>\r\n<td>0.47<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div class=\"mceTemp\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"copyright\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Example 2: Classification of Matter<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"ball-ch02_s03_p12\" class=\"para\">Identify the following combinations as heterogeneous mixtures or homogeneous mixtures.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>soda water (Carbon dioxide is dissolved in water.)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>a mixture of iron metal filings and sulfur powder (Both iron and sulfur are elements.)<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"367564\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"367564\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Because carbon dioxide (a compound) is dissolved in water, we can infer from the behavior of salt crystals dissolved in water that carbon dioxide dissolved in water is (also) a homogeneous mixture.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Assuming that the iron and sulfur are simply mixed together, it should be easy to see what is iron and what is sulfur, so this is a heterogeneous mixture.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n<h4><strong>Check Your Learning<\/strong><\/h4>\r\nAre the following combinations homogeneous mixtures or heterogeneous mixtures?\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>the human body<\/li>\r\n \t<li>an amalgam, a combination of some other metals dissolved in a small amount of mercury<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"367565\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"367565\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>heterogeneous mixture<\/li>\r\n \t<li>homogeneous mixture<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Key Concepts and Summary<\/h3>\r\nMatter is anything that occupies space and has mass. The basic building block of matter is the atom, the smallest unit of an element that can enter into combinations with atoms of the same or other elements. In many substances, atoms are combined into molecules. On earth, matter commonly exists in three states: solids, of fixed shape and volume; liquids, of variable shape but fixed volume; and gases, of variable shape and volume. Under high-temperature conditions, matter also can exist as a plasma. Most matter is a mixture: It is composed of two or more types of matter that can be present in varying amounts and can be separated by physical means. Heterogeneous mixtures vary in composition from point to point; homogeneous mixtures have the same composition from point to point. Pure substances consist of only one type of matter. A pure substance can be an element, which consists of only one type of atom and cannot be broken down by a chemical change, or a compound, which consists of two or more types of atoms.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Why do we use an object's mass, rather than its weight, to indicate the amount of matter it contains?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What properties distinguish solids from liquids? Liquids from gases? Solids from gases?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How does a heterogeneous mixture differ from a homogeneous mixture? How are they similar?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How does a homogeneous mixture differ from a pure substance? How are they similar?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How does an element differ from a compound? How are they similar?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How do molecules of elements and molecules of compounds differ? In what ways are they similar<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How does an atom differ from a molecule? In what ways are they similar?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Many of the items you purchase are mixtures of pure compounds. Select three of these commercial products and prepare a list of the ingredients that are pure compounds.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Classify each of the following as an element, a compound, or a mixture:\r\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\r\n \t<li>copper<\/li>\r\n \t<li>water<\/li>\r\n \t<li>nitrogen<\/li>\r\n \t<li>sulfur<\/li>\r\n \t<li>air<\/li>\r\n \t<li>sucrose<\/li>\r\n \t<li>a substance composed of molecules each of which contains two iodine atoms<\/li>\r\n \t<li>gasoline<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Classify each of the following as an element, a compound, or a mixture:\r\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\r\n \t<li>iron<\/li>\r\n \t<li>oxygen<\/li>\r\n \t<li>mercury oxide<\/li>\r\n \t<li>pancake syrup<\/li>\r\n \t<li>carbon dioxide<\/li>\r\n \t<li>a substance composed of molecules each of which contains one hydrogen atom and one chlorine atom<\/li>\r\n \t<li>baking soda<\/li>\r\n \t<li>baking powder<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>A sulfur atom and a sulfur molecule are not identical. What is the difference?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How are the molecules in oxygen gas, the molecules in hydrogen gas, and water molecules similar? How do they differ?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>We refer to astronauts in space as weightless, but not without mass. Why?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>As we drive an automobile, we don't think about the chemicals consumed and produced. Prepare a list of the principal chemicals consumed and produced during the operation of an automobile.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Matter is everywhere around us. Make a list by name of fifteen different kinds of matter that you encounter every day. Your list should include (and label at least one example of each) the following: a solid, a liquid, a gas, an element, a compound, a homogenous mixture, a heterogeneous mixture, and a pure substance.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"850929\"]Show Selected Answers[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"850929\"]\r\n\r\n1. <span class=\"ILfuVd\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"hgKElc\">Mass is a consistent measure of the amount of matter, but weight isn't. Mass also creates the gravitational force that defines weight, which is why it appears in the equation for weight. This is a sure sign that mass is the fundamental property of matter, and weight is a consequence of that property<\/span><\/span>\r\n\r\n2. Liquids can change their shape (flow); solids can\u2019t. Gases can undergo large volume changes as pressure changes; liquids do not. Gases flow and change volume; solids do not.\r\n\r\n3. A heterogeneous mixture is made up of one or more substances which can be distinguished from each other in the mixture. They are similar because both or make up of more than one substance.\r\n\r\n4. The mixture can have a variety of compositions; a pure substance has a definite composition. Both have the same composition from point to point.\r\n\r\n5. A compound is made up of elements chemically combined and can be broken down, while elements can not be broken down via simple chemical means. They are similar in that both are pure substances.\r\n\r\n6. Molecules of elements contain only one type of atom; molecules of compounds contain two or more types of atoms. They are similar in that both are comprised of two or more atoms chemically bonded together.\r\n\r\n7. An atom is the smallest entity of an element, while a molecule is the smallest entity of a covalent compound.\u00a0 They are similar in that they are the building blocks of a pure substance.\r\n\r\n8. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Gatorade contains water, sugar, dextrose, citric acid, salt, sodium chloride, monopotassium phosphate, and sucrose acetate isobutyrate.\r\n\r\n9. (a) element; (b) compound; (c) element; (d) element; (e) mixture; (f) compound; (g) element; (h) mixture\r\n\r\n10. (a) element; (b) element; (c) compound; (d) mixture, (e) compound; (f) compound; (g) compound; (h) mixture\r\n\r\n11. A sulfur atom is a single atom of sulfur.\u00a0 A sulfur molecule is a molecule made up of several sulfur atoms bonding together.\r\n\r\n12. In each case, a molecule consists of two or more combined atoms. They differ in that the types of atoms change from one substance to the next.\r\n\r\n13. Mass and weight describe different things. Mass is the measure of the amount of matter in a specific thing, whereas weight is a measure of the force of gravity acting on that mass.\r\n\r\n14. Gasoline (a mixture of compounds), oxygen, and to a lesser extent, nitrogen are consumed. Carbon dioxide and water are the principal products. Carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides are produced in lesser amounts.\r\n\r\n15. answers will vary\r\n\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Glossary<\/h2>\r\n<strong>atom: <\/strong>smallest particle of an element that can enter into a chemical combination\r\n\r\n<strong>compound: <\/strong>pure substance that can be decomposed into two or more elements\r\n\r\n<strong>element: <\/strong>substance that is composed of a single type of atom; a substance that cannot be decomposed by a chemical change\r\n\r\n<strong>gas: <\/strong>state in which matter has neither definite volume nor shape\r\n\r\n<strong>heterogeneous mixture: <\/strong>combination of substances with a composition that varies from point to point\r\n\r\n<strong>homogeneous mixture: <\/strong>(also, solution) combination of substances with a composition that is uniform throughout\r\n\r\n<strong>liquid: <\/strong>state of matter that has a definite volume but indefinite shape\r\n\r\n<strong>law of conservation of matter: <\/strong>when matter converts from one type to another or changes form, there is no detectable change in the total amount of matter present\r\n\r\n<strong>mass: <\/strong>fundamental property indicating amount of matter\r\n\r\n<strong>matter: <\/strong>anything that occupies space and has mass\r\n\r\n<strong>mixture: <\/strong>matter that can be separated into its components by physical means\r\n\r\n<strong>molecule: <\/strong>bonded collection of two or more atoms of the same or different elements\r\n\r\n<strong>plasma: <\/strong>gaseous state of matter containing a large number of electrically charged atoms and\/or molecules\r\n\r\n<strong>pure substance: <\/strong>homogeneous substance that has a constant composition\r\n\r\n<strong>solid: <\/strong>state of matter that is rigid, has a definite shape, and has a fairly constant volume\r\n\r\n<strong>weight: <\/strong>force that gravity exerts on an object","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<p>By the end of this module, you will be able to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe the basic properties of each physical state of matter: solid, liquid, and gas<\/li>\n<li>Define and give examples of atoms and molecules<\/li>\n<li>Classify matter as an element, compound, homogeneous mixture, or heterogeneous mixture with regard to its physical state and composition<\/li>\n<li>Distinguish between mass and weight<\/li>\n<li>Apply the law of conservation of matter<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>Matter<\/strong> is defined as anything that occupies space and has mass, and it is all around us. A book is matter, a computer is matter, food is matter, and dirt in the ground is matter. Things that are not matter include thoughts, ideas, emotions, and hopes.Solids and liquids are more obviously matter: We can see that they take up space, and their weight tells us that they have mass. Gases are also matter; if gases did not take up space, a balloon would stay collapsed rather than inflate when filled with gas.<\/p>\n<p>Solids, liquids, and gases are the three states of matter commonly found on earth (Figure 1). A <strong>solid<\/strong> is rigid and possesses a definite shape. A <strong>liquid<\/strong> flows and takes the shape of a container, except that it forms a flat or slightly curved upper surface when acted upon by gravity. (In zero gravity, liquids assume a spherical shape.) Both liquid and solid samples have volumes that are very nearly independent of pressure. A <strong>gas<\/strong> takes both the shape and volume of its container.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_5343\" style=\"width: 760px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5343\" class=\"wp-image-5343\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/218\/2016\/06\/21180655\/statesmatt.jpg\" alt=\"A beaker labeled solid contains a cube of red matter and says has fixed shape and volume. A beaker labeled liquid contains a brownish-red colored liquid. This beaker says takes shape of container, forms horizontal surfaces, has fixed volume. The beaker labeled gas is filled with a light brown gas. This beaker says expands to fill container.\" width=\"750\" height=\"358\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-5343\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1. The three most common states or phases of matter are solid, liquid, and gas.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>A fourth state of matter, plasma, occurs naturally in the interiors of stars. A <strong>plasma<\/strong> is a gaseous state of matter that contains appreciable numbers of electrically charged particles (Figure 2). The presence of these charged particles imparts unique properties to plasmas that justify their classification as a state of matter distinct from gases. In addition to stars, plasmas are found in some other high-temperature environments (both natural and man-made), such as lightning strikes, certain television screens, and specialized analytical instruments used to detect trace amounts of metals.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_5344\" style=\"width: 660px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5344\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5344\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/218\/2016\/06\/21180747\/plasma.jpg\" alt=\"A cutting torch is being used to cut a piece of metal. Bright, white colored plasma can be seen near the tip of the torch, where it is contacting the metal.\" width=\"650\" height=\"511\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-5344\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2. A plasma torch can be used to cut metal. (credit: \u201cHypertherm\u201d\/Wikimedia Commons)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox\">In a tiny cell in a plasma television, the plasma emits ultraviolet light, which in turn causes the display at that location to appear a specific color. The composite of these tiny dots of color makes up the image that you see. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.redorbit.com\/video\/what-is-plasma\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Watch this video to learn more about plasma<\/a> and the places you encounter it.<\/div>\n<p>Some samples of matter appear to have properties of solids, liquids, and\/or gases at the same time. This can occur when the sample is composed of many small pieces. For example, we can pour sand as if it were a liquid because it is composed of many small grains of solid sand. Matter can also have properties of more than one state when it is a mixture, such as with clouds. Clouds appear to behave somewhat like gases, but they are actually mixtures of air (gas) and tiny particles of water (liquid or solid).<\/p>\n<p>The <strong>mass<\/strong> of an object is a measure of the amount of matter in it. One way to measure an object\u2019s mass is to measure the force it takes to accelerate the object. It takes much more force to accelerate a car than a bicycle because the car has much more mass. A more common way to determine the mass of an object is to use a balance to compare its mass with a standard mass.<\/p>\n<p>Although weight is related to mass, it is not the same thing. <strong>Weight<\/strong> refers to the force that gravity exerts on an object. This force is directly proportional to the mass of the object. The weight of an object changes as the force of gravity changes, but its mass does not. An astronaut\u2019s mass does not change just because she goes to the moon. But her weight on the moon is only one-sixth her earth-bound weight because the moon\u2019s gravity is only one-sixth that of the earth\u2019s. She may feel \u201cweightless\u201d during her trip when she experiences negligible external forces (gravitational or any other), although she is, of course, never \u201cmassless.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The <strong>law of conservation of matter<\/strong> summarizes many scientific observations about matter: It states that <em>there is no detectable change in the total quantity of matter present when matter converts from one type to another (a chemical change) or changes among solid, liquid, or gaseous states (a physical change)<\/em>. Brewing beer and the operation of batteries provide examples of the conservation of matter (Figure 3). During the brewing of beer, the ingredients (water, yeast, grains, malt, hops, and sugar) are converted into beer (water, alcohol, carbonation, and flavoring substances) with no actual loss of substance. This is most clearly seen during the bottling process, when glucose turns into ethanol and carbon dioxide, and the total mass of the substances does not change. This can also be seen in a lead-acid car battery: The original substances (lead, lead oxide, and sulfuric acid), which are capable of producing electricity, are changed into other substances (lead sulfate and water) that do not produce electricity, with no change in the actual amount of matter.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_5345\" style=\"width: 760px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5345\" class=\"wp-image-5345\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/218\/2016\/06\/21180846\/consmatter.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram A shows a beer bottle containing pre-beer and sugar. An arrow points from this bottle to a second bottle. This second bottle contains the same volume of liquid, however, the sugar has been converted into ethanol and carbonation as beer was made. Diagram B shows a car battery that contains sheets of P B and P B O subscript 2 along with H subscript 2 S O subscript 4. After the battery is used, it contains an equal mass of P B S O subscript 4 and H subscript 2 O.\" width=\"750\" height=\"354\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-5345\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 3. (a) The mass of beer precursor materials is the same as the mass of beer produced: Sugar has become alcohol and carbonation. (b) The mass of the lead, lead oxide plates, and sulfuric acid that goes into the production of electricity is exactly equal to the mass of lead sulfate and water that is formed.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Although this conservation law holds true for all conversions of matter, convincing examples are few and far between because, outside of the controlled conditions in a laboratory, we seldom collect all of the material that is produced during a particular conversion. For example, when you eat, digest, and assimilate food, all of the matter in the original food is preserved. But because some of the matter is incorporated into your body, and much is excreted as various types of waste, it is challenging to verify by measurement.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Example 1: identifying matter<\/h3>\n<p id=\"ball-ch02_s03_p12\" class=\"para\">Which of the following can be describe as being matter?<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>a hot dog<\/li>\n<li>love<\/li>\n<li>a tree<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q367560\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q367560\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>A hot dog has mass and takes up space, so it is matter.<\/li>\n<li>Love is an emotion, and emotions are not matter.<\/li>\n<li>A tree has mass and takes up space, so it is matter.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h4><strong>Check Your Learning<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Which of the following can be describe as being matter?<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>the moon<\/li>\n<li>an idea for a new invention<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q367561\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q367561\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>The moon is matter<\/li>\n<li>The invention itself may be matter, but the idea for it is not.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Atoms and Molecules<\/h2>\n<p>An <strong>atom<\/strong> is the smallest particle of an element that has the properties of that element and can enter into a chemical combination.<\/p>\n<p>Consider the element gold, for example. Imagine cutting a gold nugget in half, then cutting one of the halves in half, and repeating this process until a piece of gold remained that was so small that it could not be cut in half (regardless of how tiny your knife may be). This minimally sized piece of gold is an atom (from the Greek <em>atomos<\/em>, meaning \u201cindivisible\u201d) (Figure 4). This atom would no longer be gold if it were divided any further.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_5551\" style=\"width: 760px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5551\" class=\"wp-image-5551\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/218\/2016\/08\/10220514\/Gold.jpg\" alt=\"A two part image. Part a shows a Gold nugget. Part b shows a microscopic view of gold.\" width=\"750\" height=\"335\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-5551\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 4. (a) This photograph shows a gold nugget. uniform stripes of light and dark gold, as seen through microscope (b) A scanning-tunneling microscope (STM) can generate views of the surfaces of solids, such as this image of a gold crystal. Each sphere represents one gold atom. (credit a: modification of work by United States Geological Survey; credit b: modification of work by \u201cErwinrossen\u201d\/Wikimedia Commons)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The first suggestion that matter is composed of atoms is attributed to the Greek philosophers Leucippus and Democritus, who developed their ideas in the 5th century BCE. However, it was not until the early nineteenth century that John <strong>Dalton<\/strong> (1766\u20131844), a British schoolteacher with a keen interest in science, supported this hypothesis with quantitative measurements. Since that time, repeated experiments have confirmed many aspects of this hypothesis, and it has become one of the central theories of chemistry. Other aspects of Dalton\u2019s atomic theory are still used but with minor revisions (details of Dalton\u2019s theory are provided in the chapter on atoms and molecules).<\/p>\n<p>An atom is so small that its size is difficult to imagine. One of the smallest things we can see with our unaided eye is a single thread of a spider web: These strands are about 1\/10,000 of a centimeter (0.00001 cm) in diameter. Although the cross-section of one strand is almost impossible to see without a microscope, it is huge on an atomic scale. A single carbon atom in the web has a diameter of about 0.000000015 centimeter, and it would take about 7000 carbon atoms to span the diameter of the strand. To put this in perspective, if a carbon atom were the size of a dime, the cross-section of one strand would be larger than a football field, which would require about 150 million carbon atom \u201cdimes\u201d to cover it. (Figure 5) shows increasingly close microscopic and atomic-level views of ordinary cotton.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_5348\" style=\"width: 760px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5348\" class=\"wp-image-5348\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/218\/2016\/06\/21181132\/cellulose-1024x253.jpg\" alt=\"Figure A shows a puffy white cotton boll growing on a brown twig. Figure B shows a magnified cotton strand. The strand appears transparent but contains dark areas within its interior. Figure C shows the surface of several crisscrossing and overlapping cotton fibers. Its surface is rough along the edges but smooth near the center of each strand. Figure D shows three strands of molecules connected into three vertical chains. Each strand contains about five molecules. Figure E shows that the cotton molecule contains about a dozen atoms. The black carbon atoms form rings that are connected by red oxygen atoms. Many of the carbon atoms are also bonded to hydrogen atoms, shown as white balls, or other oxygen atoms.\" width=\"750\" height=\"185\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-5348\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 5. These images provide an increasingly closer view: (a) a cotton boll, (b) a single cotton fiber viewed under an optical microscope (magnified 40 times), (c) an image of a cotton fiber obtained with an electron microscope (much higher magnification than with the optical microscope); and (d and e) atomic-level models of the fiber (spheres of different colors represent atoms of different elements). (credit c: modification of work by \u201cFeatheredtar\u201d\/Wikimedia Commons)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>An atom is so light that its mass is also difficult to imagine. A billion lead atoms (1,000,000,000 atoms) weigh about 3 \u00d7 10<sup>-13<\/sup> grams, a mass that is far too light to be weighed on even the world\u2019s most sensitive balances. It would require over 300,000,000,000,000 lead atoms (300 trillion, or 3 \u00d7 10<sup>14<\/sup>) to be weighed, and they would weigh only 0.0000001 gram.<\/p>\n<p>It is rare to find collections of individual atoms. Only a few elements, such as the gases helium, neon, and argon, consist of a collection of individual atoms that move about independently of one another. Other elements, such as the gases hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and chlorine, are composed of units that consist of pairs of atoms (Figure 6). One form of the element phosphorus consists of units composed of four phosphorus atoms. The element sulfur exists in various forms, one of which consists of units composed of eight sulfur atoms. These units are called molecules. A <strong>molecule<\/strong> consists of two or more atoms joined by strong forces called chemical bonds. The atoms in a molecule move around as a unit, much like the cans of soda in a six-pack or a bunch of keys joined together on a single key ring. A molecule may consist of two or more identical atoms, as in the molecules found in the elements hydrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, or it may consist of two or more different atoms, as in the molecules found in water. Each water molecule is a unit that contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Each glucose molecule is a unit that contains 6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms, and 6 oxygen atoms. Like atoms, molecules are incredibly small and light. If an ordinary glass of water were enlarged to the size of the earth, the water molecules inside it would be about the size of golf balls.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_5349\" style=\"width: 761px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5349\" class=\"wp-image-5349\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/218\/2016\/06\/21181224\/molecules-1024x293.jpg\" alt=\"The hydrogen molecule, H subscript 2, is shown as two small, white balls bonded together. The oxygen molecule O subscript 2, is shown as two red balls bonded together. The phosphorous molecule, P subscript 4, is shown as four orange balls bonded tightly together. The sulfur molecule, S subscript 8, is shown as 8 yellow balls linked together. Water molecules, H subscript 2 O, consist of one red oxygen atom bonded to two smaller white hydrogen atoms. The hydrogen atoms are at an angle on the oxygen molecule. Carbon dioxide, C O subscript 2, consists of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms. One oxygen atom is bonded to the carbon\u2019s right side and the other oxygen is bonded to the carbon\u2019s left side. Glucose, C subscript 6 H subscript 12 O subscript 6, contains a chain of carbon atoms that have attached oxygen or hydrogen atoms.\" width=\"751\" height=\"215\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-5349\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 6. The elements hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur form molecules consisting of two or more atoms of the same element. The compounds water, carbon dioxide, and glucose consist of combinations of atoms of different elements.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Classifying Matter<\/h2>\n<p>We can classify matter into several categories. Two broad categories are mixtures and pure substances. A <strong>pure substance<\/strong> has a constant composition. All specimens of a pure substance have exactly the same makeup and properties. Any sample of sucrose (table sugar) consists of 42.1% carbon, 6.5% hydrogen, and 51.4% oxygen by mass. Any sample of sucrose also has the same physical properties, such as melting point, color, and sweetness, regardless of the source from which it is isolated.<\/p>\n<p>We can divide pure substances into two classes: elements and compounds. Pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical changes are called <strong>elements<\/strong>. Iron, silver, gold, aluminum, sulfur, oxygen, and copper are familiar examples of the more than 100 known elements, of which about 90 occur naturally on the earth, and two dozen or so have been created in laboratories.<\/p>\n<p>Pure substances that can be broken down by chemical changes are called <strong>compounds<\/strong>. This breakdown may produce either elements or other compounds, or both. Mercury(II) oxide, an orange, crystalline solid, can be broken down by heat into the elements mercury and oxygen (Figure 7). When heated in the absence of air, the compound sucrose is broken down into the element carbon and the compound water. (The initial stage of this process, when the sugar is turning brown, is known as caramelization\u2014this is what imparts the characteristic sweet and nutty flavor to caramel apples, caramelized onions, and caramel). Silver(I) chloride is a white solid that can be broken down into its elements, silver and chlorine, by absorption of light. This property is the basis for the use of this compound in photographic films and photochromic eyeglasses (those with lenses that darken when exposed to light).<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_5350\" style=\"width: 761px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5350\" class=\"wp-image-5350\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/218\/2016\/06\/21181319\/decomp.jpg\" alt=\"This figure shows a series of three photos labeled a, b, and c. Photo a shows the bottom of a test tube that is filled with an orange-red substance. A slight amount of a silver substance is also visible. Photo b shows the substance in the test tube being heated over a flame. Photo c shows a test tube that is not longer being heated. The orange-red substance is almost completely gone, and small, silver droplets of a substance are left.\" width=\"751\" height=\"226\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-5350\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 7. (a)The compound mercury(II) oxide, (b)when heated, (c) decomposes into silvery droplets of liquid mercury and invisible oxygen gas. (credit: modification of work by Paul Flowers)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<p>Many compounds break down when heated. This video shows the breakdown of mercury oxide, HgO.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Decomposition Mercury (II) Oxide and Oxygen\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/_Y1alDuXm6A?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can also view an example of the photochemical decomposition of silver chloride (AgCl), the basis of early photography.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-2\" title=\"The Chemistry of Light (2006): Silver Chloride Photography\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ZLEYyzW427I?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The properties of combined elements are different from those in the free, or uncombined, state. For example, white crystalline sugar (sucrose) is a compound resulting from the chemical combination of the element carbon, which is a black solid in one of its uncombined forms, and the two elements hydrogen and oxygen, which are colorless gases when uncombined. Free sodium, an element that is a soft, shiny, metallic solid, and free chlorine, an element that is a yellow-green gas, combine to form sodium chloride (table salt), a compound that is a white, crystalline solid.<\/p>\n<p>A <strong>mixture<\/strong> is composed of two or more types of matter that can be present in varying amounts and can be separated by physical changes, such as evaporation (you will learn more about this later). A mixture with a composition that varies from point to point is called a <strong>heterogeneous mixture<\/strong>. Italian dressing is an example of a heterogeneous mixture (Figure 8). Its composition can vary because we can make it from varying amounts of oil, vinegar, and herbs. It is not the same from point to point throughout the mixture\u2014one drop may be mostly vinegar, whereas a different drop may be mostly oil or herbs because the oil and vinegar separate and the herbs settle. Other examples of heterogeneous mixtures are chocolate chip cookies (we can see the separate bits of chocolate, nuts, and cookie dough) and granite (we can see the quartz, mica, feldspar, and more).<\/p>\n<p>A <strong>homogeneous mixture<\/strong>, also called a <strong>solution<\/strong>, exhibits a uniform composition and appears visually the same throughout. An example of a solution is a sports drink, consisting of water, sugar, coloring, flavoring, and electrolytes mixed together uniformly (Figure 8). Each drop of a sports drink tastes the same because each drop contains the same amounts of water, sugar, and other components. Note that the composition of a sports drink can vary\u2014it could be made with somewhat more or less sugar, flavoring, or other components, and still be a sports drink. Other examples of homogeneous mixtures include air, maple syrup, gasoline, and a solution of salt in water.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_5357\" style=\"width: 761px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5357\" class=\"wp-image-5357\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/219\/2016\/08\/09011927\/CNX_Chem_01_02_Mixtures1.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram A shows a glass containing a red liquid with a layer of yellow oil floating on the surface of the red liquid. A zoom in box is magnifying a portion of the red liquid that contains some of the yellow oil. The zoomed in image shows that oil is forming round droplets within the red liquid. Diagram B shows a photo of Gatorade G 2. A zoom in box is magnifying a portion of the Gatorade, which is uniformly red.\" width=\"751\" height=\"223\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-5357\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 8. (a) Oil and vinegar salad dressing is a heterogeneous mixture because its composition is not uniform throughout. (b) A commercial sports drink is a homogeneous mixture because its composition is uniform throughout. (credit a \u201cleft\u201d: modification of work by John Mayer; credit a \u201cright\u201d: modification of work by Umberto Salvagnin; credit b \u201cleft: modification of work by Jeff Bedford)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Although there are just over 100 elements, tens of millions of chemical compounds result from different combinations of these elements. Each compound has a specific composition and possesses definite chemical and physical properties by which we can distinguish it from all other compounds. And, of course, there are innumerable ways to combine elements and compounds to form different mixtures. A summary of how to distinguish between the various major classifications of matter is shown in (Figure 9).<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_5073\" style=\"width: 761px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5073\" class=\"wp-image-5073\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/887\/2015\/08\/23214530\/CNX_Chem_01_02_MattType-1024x347.jpg\" alt=\"This flow chart begins with matter at the top and the question: does the matter have constant properties and composition? If no, then it is a mixture. This leads to the next question: is it uniform throughout? If no, it is heterogeneous. If yes, it is homogenous. If the matter does have constant properties and composition, it is a pure substance. This leads to the next question: can it be simplified chemically? If no, it is an element. If yes, then it is a compound.\" width=\"751\" height=\"255\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-5073\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 9. Depending on its properties, a given substance can be classified as a homogeneous mixture, a heterogeneous mixture, a compound, or an element.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Eleven elements make up about 99% of the earth\u2019s crust and atmosphere (Table 1). Oxygen constitutes nearly one-half and silicon about one-quarter of the total quantity of these elements. A majority of elements on earth are found in chemical combinations with other elements; about one-quarter of the elements are also found in the free state.<\/p>\n<table id=\"fs-idp31507504\" class=\"span-all\" summary=\"Oxygen, symbolized by O, has a percent mass of 49.20. Silicon, symbolized by S I, has a percent mass of 25.67. Aluminum, symbolized by A L, has a percent mass of 7.50. Iron, symbolized by F E, has a percent mass of 4.71. Calcium, symbolized by C A, has a percent mass of 3.39. Sodium, symbolized by N A, has a percent mass of 2.63. Potassium, symbolized by K, has a percent mass of 2.40. Magnesium, symbolized by M G, has a percent mass of 1.93. Hydrogen, symbolized by H, has a percent mass of 0.87. Titanium, symbolized by T I, has a percent mass of 0.58. Chlorine, symbolized by C L, has a percent mass of 0.19. Phosphorus, symbolized by P, has a percent mass of 0.11. Manganese, symbolized by M N, has a percent mass of 0.09. Carbon, symbolized by C, has a percent mass of 0.08. Sulfur, symbolized by S, has a percent mass of 0.06. Barium, symbolized by B A, has a percent mass of 0.04. Nitrogen, symbolized by N, has a percent mass of 0.03. Fluorine, symbolized by F, has a percent mass of 0.03. Strontium, symbolized by S R, has a percent mass of 0.02. All others have a percent mass of 0.47.\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"7\">Table 1. Elemental Composition of Earth<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<th>Element<\/th>\n<th>Symbol<\/th>\n<th>Percent Mass<\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th>Element<\/th>\n<th>Symbol<\/th>\n<th>Percent Mass<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>oxygen<\/td>\n<td>O<\/td>\n<td>49.20<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"10\"><\/td>\n<td>chlorine<\/td>\n<td>Cl<\/td>\n<td>0.19<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>silicon<\/td>\n<td>Si<\/td>\n<td>25.67<\/td>\n<td>phosphorus<\/td>\n<td>P<\/td>\n<td>0.11<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>aluminum<\/td>\n<td>Al<\/td>\n<td>7.50<\/td>\n<td>manganese<\/td>\n<td>Mn<\/td>\n<td>0.09<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>iron<\/td>\n<td>Fe<\/td>\n<td>4.71<\/td>\n<td>carbon<\/td>\n<td>C<\/td>\n<td>0.08<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>calcium<\/td>\n<td>Ca<\/td>\n<td>3.39<\/td>\n<td>sulfur<\/td>\n<td>S<\/td>\n<td>0.06<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>sodium<\/td>\n<td>Na<\/td>\n<td>2.63<\/td>\n<td>barium<\/td>\n<td>Ba<\/td>\n<td>0.04<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>potassium<\/td>\n<td>K<\/td>\n<td>2.40<\/td>\n<td>nitrogen<\/td>\n<td>N<\/td>\n<td>0.03<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>magnesium<\/td>\n<td>Mg<\/td>\n<td>1.93<\/td>\n<td>fluorine<\/td>\n<td>F<\/td>\n<td>0.03<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>hydrogen<\/td>\n<td>H<\/td>\n<td>0.87<\/td>\n<td>strontium<\/td>\n<td>Sr<\/td>\n<td>0.02<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>titanium<\/td>\n<td>Ti<\/td>\n<td>0.58<\/td>\n<td>all others<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>0.47<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"mceTemp\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"copyright\">\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Example 2: Classification of Matter<\/h3>\n<p id=\"ball-ch02_s03_p12\" class=\"para\">Identify the following combinations as heterogeneous mixtures or homogeneous mixtures.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>soda water (Carbon dioxide is dissolved in water.)<\/li>\n<li>a mixture of iron metal filings and sulfur powder (Both iron and sulfur are elements.)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q367564\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q367564\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>Because carbon dioxide (a compound) is dissolved in water, we can infer from the behavior of salt crystals dissolved in water that carbon dioxide dissolved in water is (also) a homogeneous mixture.<\/li>\n<li>Assuming that the iron and sulfur are simply mixed together, it should be easy to see what is iron and what is sulfur, so this is a heterogeneous mixture.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h4><strong>Check Your Learning<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Are the following combinations homogeneous mixtures or heterogeneous mixtures?<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>the human body<\/li>\n<li>an amalgam, a combination of some other metals dissolved in a small amount of mercury<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q367565\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q367565\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>heterogeneous mixture<\/li>\n<li>homogeneous mixture<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Concepts and Summary<\/h3>\n<p>Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. The basic building block of matter is the atom, the smallest unit of an element that can enter into combinations with atoms of the same or other elements. In many substances, atoms are combined into molecules. On earth, matter commonly exists in three states: solids, of fixed shape and volume; liquids, of variable shape but fixed volume; and gases, of variable shape and volume. Under high-temperature conditions, matter also can exist as a plasma. Most matter is a mixture: It is composed of two or more types of matter that can be present in varying amounts and can be separated by physical means. Heterogeneous mixtures vary in composition from point to point; homogeneous mixtures have the same composition from point to point. Pure substances consist of only one type of matter. A pure substance can be an element, which consists of only one type of atom and cannot be broken down by a chemical change, or a compound, which consists of two or more types of atoms.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>Why do we use an object&#8217;s mass, rather than its weight, to indicate the amount of matter it contains?<\/li>\n<li>What properties distinguish solids from liquids? Liquids from gases? Solids from gases?<\/li>\n<li>How does a heterogeneous mixture differ from a homogeneous mixture? How are they similar?<\/li>\n<li>How does a homogeneous mixture differ from a pure substance? How are they similar?<\/li>\n<li>How does an element differ from a compound? How are they similar?<\/li>\n<li>How do molecules of elements and molecules of compounds differ? In what ways are they similar<\/li>\n<li>How does an atom differ from a molecule? In what ways are they similar?<\/li>\n<li>Many of the items you purchase are mixtures of pure compounds. Select three of these commercial products and prepare a list of the ingredients that are pure compounds.<\/li>\n<li>Classify each of the following as an element, a compound, or a mixture:\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\n<li>copper<\/li>\n<li>water<\/li>\n<li>nitrogen<\/li>\n<li>sulfur<\/li>\n<li>air<\/li>\n<li>sucrose<\/li>\n<li>a substance composed of molecules each of which contains two iodine atoms<\/li>\n<li>gasoline<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>Classify each of the following as an element, a compound, or a mixture:\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\n<li>iron<\/li>\n<li>oxygen<\/li>\n<li>mercury oxide<\/li>\n<li>pancake syrup<\/li>\n<li>carbon dioxide<\/li>\n<li>a substance composed of molecules each of which contains one hydrogen atom and one chlorine atom<\/li>\n<li>baking soda<\/li>\n<li>baking powder<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>A sulfur atom and a sulfur molecule are not identical. What is the difference?<\/li>\n<li>How are the molecules in oxygen gas, the molecules in hydrogen gas, and water molecules similar? How do they differ?<\/li>\n<li>We refer to astronauts in space as weightless, but not without mass. Why?<\/li>\n<li>As we drive an automobile, we don&#8217;t think about the chemicals consumed and produced. Prepare a list of the principal chemicals consumed and produced during the operation of an automobile.<\/li>\n<li>Matter is everywhere around us. Make a list by name of fifteen different kinds of matter that you encounter every day. Your list should include (and label at least one example of each) the following: a solid, a liquid, a gas, an element, a compound, a homogenous mixture, a heterogeneous mixture, and a pure substance.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q850929\">Show Selected Answers<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q850929\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p>1. <span class=\"ILfuVd\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"hgKElc\">Mass is a consistent measure of the amount of matter, but weight isn&#8217;t. Mass also creates the gravitational force that defines weight, which is why it appears in the equation for weight. This is a sure sign that mass is the fundamental property of matter, and weight is a consequence of that property<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>2. Liquids can change their shape (flow); solids can\u2019t. Gases can undergo large volume changes as pressure changes; liquids do not. Gases flow and change volume; solids do not.<\/p>\n<p>3. A heterogeneous mixture is made up of one or more substances which can be distinguished from each other in the mixture. They are similar because both or make up of more than one substance.<\/p>\n<p>4. The mixture can have a variety of compositions; a pure substance has a definite composition. Both have the same composition from point to point.<\/p>\n<p>5. A compound is made up of elements chemically combined and can be broken down, while elements can not be broken down via simple chemical means. They are similar in that both are pure substances.<\/p>\n<p>6. Molecules of elements contain only one type of atom; molecules of compounds contain two or more types of atoms. They are similar in that both are comprised of two or more atoms chemically bonded together.<\/p>\n<p>7. An atom is the smallest entity of an element, while a molecule is the smallest entity of a covalent compound.\u00a0 They are similar in that they are the building blocks of a pure substance.<\/p>\n<p>8. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Gatorade contains water, sugar, dextrose, citric acid, salt, sodium chloride, monopotassium phosphate, and sucrose acetate isobutyrate.<\/p>\n<p>9. (a) element; (b) compound; (c) element; (d) element; (e) mixture; (f) compound; (g) element; (h) mixture<\/p>\n<p>10. (a) element; (b) element; (c) compound; (d) mixture, (e) compound; (f) compound; (g) compound; (h) mixture<\/p>\n<p>11. A sulfur atom is a single atom of sulfur.\u00a0 A sulfur molecule is a molecule made up of several sulfur atoms bonding together.<\/p>\n<p>12. In each case, a molecule consists of two or more combined atoms. They differ in that the types of atoms change from one substance to the next.<\/p>\n<p>13. Mass and weight describe different things. Mass is the measure of the amount of matter in a specific thing, whereas weight is a measure of the force of gravity acting on that mass.<\/p>\n<p>14. Gasoline (a mixture of compounds), oxygen, and to a lesser extent, nitrogen are consumed. Carbon dioxide and water are the principal products. Carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides are produced in lesser amounts.<\/p>\n<p>15. answers will vary<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Glossary<\/h2>\n<p><strong>atom: <\/strong>smallest particle of an element that can enter into a chemical combination<\/p>\n<p><strong>compound: <\/strong>pure substance that can be decomposed into two or more elements<\/p>\n<p><strong>element: <\/strong>substance that is composed of a single type of atom; a substance that cannot be decomposed by a chemical change<\/p>\n<p><strong>gas: <\/strong>state in which matter has neither definite volume nor shape<\/p>\n<p><strong>heterogeneous mixture: <\/strong>combination of substances with a composition that varies from point to point<\/p>\n<p><strong>homogeneous mixture: <\/strong>(also, solution) combination of substances with a composition that is uniform throughout<\/p>\n<p><strong>liquid: <\/strong>state of matter that has a definite volume but indefinite shape<\/p>\n<p><strong>law of conservation of matter: <\/strong>when matter converts from one type to another or changes form, there is no detectable change in the total amount of matter present<\/p>\n<p><strong>mass: <\/strong>fundamental property indicating amount of matter<\/p>\n<p><strong>matter: <\/strong>anything that occupies space and has mass<\/p>\n<p><strong>mixture: <\/strong>matter that can be separated into its components by physical means<\/p>\n<p><strong>molecule: <\/strong>bonded collection of two or more atoms of the same or different elements<\/p>\n<p><strong>plasma: <\/strong>gaseous state of matter containing a large number of electrically charged atoms and\/or molecules<\/p>\n<p><strong>pure substance: <\/strong>homogeneous substance that has a constant composition<\/p>\n<p><strong>solid: <\/strong>state of matter that is rigid, has a definite shape, and has a fairly constant volume<\/p>\n<p><strong>weight: <\/strong>force that gravity exerts on an object<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-32\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Introductory Chemistry- 1st Canadian Edition . <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Jessie A. Key and David W. Ball. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: BCCampus. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/\">https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download this book for free at http:\/\/open.bccampus.ca<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":23485,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Introductory Chemistry- 1st Canadian Edition \",\"author\":\"Jessie A. Key and David W. 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