{"id":596,"date":"2017-12-14T21:41:55","date_gmt":"2017-12-14T21:41:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-introductorychemistry\/chapter\/strong-and-weak-acids-and-bases-and-their-salts\/"},"modified":"2018-09-02T01:34:18","modified_gmt":"2018-09-02T01:34:18","slug":"strong-and-weak-acids-and-bases-and-their-salts","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-introductorychemistry\/chapter\/strong-and-weak-acids-and-bases-and-their-salts\/","title":{"raw":"10.3 Strong and Weak Acids and Bases and Their Salts","rendered":"10.3 Strong and Weak Acids and Bases and Their Salts"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\nBy the end of this module, you will be able to:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Assess the strength of an acid or base based on dissociation in water.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"ball-ch12_s04_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">Except for their names and formulas, so far we have treated all acids as equals. However, acids can be very different in a very important way. Consider HCl(aq). When HCl is dissolved in H<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>O, it completely dissociates into H<sup class=\"superscript\">+<\/sup>(aq) and Cl<sup class=\"superscript\">\u2212<\/sup>(aq) ions; all the HCl molecules become ions:<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span class=\"informalequation block\">[latex]\\large\\text{HCl}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{H}}_{2}\\text{O}\\left(l\\right)\\rightarrow {\\text{H}}_{3}{\\text{O}}^{\\text{+}}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{Cl}}^{-}\\left(aq\\right)[\/latex] (100% dissociation)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"ball-ch12_s04_p02\" class=\"para editable block\">Any acid that dissociates 100% into ions is called a <strong>strong acid<\/strong>. If it does not dissociate 100%, it is a <strong>weak acid<\/strong>. HC<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>H<sub class=\"subscript\">3<\/sub>O<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub> is an example of a weak acid:<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">[latex]\\large \\text{H}\\text{C}_{2}\\text{H}_{3}\\text{O}_{2}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{H}}_{2}\\text{O}\\left(l\\right)\\rightarrow {\\text{H}}_{3}{\\text{O}}^{\\text{+}}\\left(aq\\right)+\\text{C}_{2}\\text{H}_{3}{\\text{O}_{2}}^{-}\\left(aq\\right)[\/latex] (<span class=\"informalequation block\">~5% dissociation)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"ball-ch12_s04_p03\" class=\"para editable block\">Because this reaction does not go 100% to completion, it is more appropriate to write it as an equilibrium:<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span class=\"informalequation block\">[latex]\\large \\text{H}\\text{C}_{2}\\text{H}_{3}\\text{O}_{2}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{H}}_{2}\\text{O}\\left(l\\right)\\rightleftharpoons {\\text{H}}_{3}{\\text{O}}^{\\text{+}}\\left(aq\\right)+\\text{C}_{2}\\text{H}_{3}{\\text{O}_{2}}^{-}\\left(aq\\right)[\/latex]<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"ball-ch12_s04_p04\" class=\"para editable block\">As it turns out, there are very few strong acids, which are given in Table 1. If an acid is not listed here, it is a weak acid. It may be 1% ionized or 99% ionized, but it is still classified as a weak acid.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"ball-ch12_s04_p05\" class=\"para editable block\">The issue is similar with bases: a <span class=\"margin_term\"><a class=\"glossterm\">strong base<\/a><\/span>\u00a0is a base that is 100% ionized in solution. If it is less than 100% ionized in solution, it is a <span class=\"margin_term\"><a class=\"glossterm\">weak base<\/a><\/span>. There are very few strong bases (see Table 1); any base not listed is a weak base. All strong bases are OH<sup class=\"superscript\">\u2013<\/sup> compounds. So a base based on some other mechanism, such as NH<sub class=\"subscript\">3<\/sub> (which does not contain OH<sup class=\"superscript\">\u2212<\/sup> ions as part of its formula), will be a weak base.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Table 1. Some Common Strong acids and Strong Bases<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Strong Acids<\/td>\r\n<td>Strong Bases<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>HClO<sub>4<\/sub> perchloric acid<\/td>\r\n<td>LiOH lithium hydroxide<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>HCl hydrochloric acid<\/td>\r\n<td>NaOH sodium hydroxide<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>HBr hydrobromic acid<\/td>\r\n<td>KOH potassium hydroxide<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>HI hydroiodic acid<\/td>\r\n<td>Ca(OH)<sub>2<\/sub> calcium hydroxide<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>HNO<sub>3<\/sub> nitric acid<\/td>\r\n<td>Sr(OH)<sub>2<\/sub> strontium hydroxide<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub> sulfuric acid<\/td>\r\n<td>Ba(OH)<sub>2<\/sub> barium hydroxide<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Watch this <a href=\"https:\/\/phet.colorado.edu\/en\/simulation\/acid-base-solutions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">simulation of strong and weak acids and bases at the molecular level<\/a>.<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Key Concepts and Summary<\/h3>\r\nThe strengths of Br\u00f8nsted-Lowry acids and bases in aqueous solutions can be determined by how they dissociate in water.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ball-ch12_s04\" class=\"section\" lang=\"en\">\r\n<div id=\"ball-ch12_s04_qs01\" class=\"qandaset block\">\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\r\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"question\">\r\n<p id=\"ball-ch12_s04_qs01_p01\" class=\"para\">1. Differentiate between a strong acid and a weak acid.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"question\">\r\n<p id=\"ball-ch12_s04_qs01_p05\" class=\"para\">2. Differentiate between a strong base and a weak base.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"para\">3. Identify each as a strong acid or a weak acid. Assume aqueous solutions.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">a) \u00a0HF<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">b) \u00a0HCl<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">c) \u00a0HC<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>O<sub class=\"subscript\">4<\/sub><\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"question\">\r\n<p id=\"ball-ch12_s04_qs01_p06\" class=\"para\">4. \u00a0Identify each as a strong base or a weak base. Assume aqueous solutions.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">a) \u00a0NaOH<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">b) \u00a0Al(OH)<sub class=\"subscript\">3<\/sub><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">c) \u00a0C<sub class=\"subscript\">4<\/sub>H<sub class=\"subscript\">9<\/sub>NH<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"question\">\r\n<p id=\"ball-ch12_s04_qs01_p07\" class=\"para\">5. \u00a0Write a chemical equation for the ionization of each acid and indicate whether it proceeds 100% to products or not.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">a) \u00a0HNO<sub class=\"subscript\">3<\/sub><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">b) \u00a0HNO<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">c) \u00a0HI<sub class=\"subscript\">3<\/sub><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"question\">\r\n<p id=\"ball-ch12_s04_qs01_p08\" class=\"para\">6. \u00a0Write a chemical equation for the ionization of each base and indicate whether it proceeds 100% to products or not.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">a) \u00a0NH<sub class=\"subscript\">3<\/sub><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">b) \u00a0(CH<sub class=\"subscript\">3<\/sub>)<sub class=\"subscript\">3<\/sub>N<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">c) \u00a0Mg(OH)<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"question\">\r\n<p id=\"ball-ch12_s04_qs01_p21\" class=\"para\">7. \u00a0A lab technician mixes a solution of 0.015 M Mg(OH)<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>. Is the resulting OH<sup class=\"superscript\">\u2212<\/sup> concentration greater than, equal to, or less than 0.015 M? Explain your answer.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"question\">\r\n<p id=\"ball-ch12_s04_qs01_p23\" class=\"para\">8. \u00a0A lab technician mixes a solution of 0.55 M HNO<sub class=\"subscript\">3<\/sub>. Is the resulting H<sup class=\"superscript\">+<\/sup> concentration greater than, equal to, or less than 0.55 M? Explain your answer.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"3664431\"]Show Select Answers[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"3664431\"]\r\n\r\n<strong>1.\u00a0<\/strong> A strong acid is 100% ionized in aqueous solution, whereas a weak acid is not 100% ionized.\r\n\r\n<strong>3. <\/strong>a) \u00a0weak acid; b) \u00a0strong acid; c) \u00a0weak acid\r\n\r\n<strong>5. <\/strong>a) \u00a0HNO<sub class=\"subscript\">3<\/sub>(aq) \u2192\u00a0H<sup class=\"superscript\">+<\/sup>(aq) +\u00a0NO<sub class=\"subscript\">3<\/sub><sup class=\"superscript\">\u2212<\/sup>(aq); proceeds 100%; b) \u00a0HNO<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>(aq) \u2192\u00a0H<sup class=\"superscript\">+<\/sup>(aq) +\u00a0NO<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub><sup class=\"superscript\">\u2212<\/sup>(aq); does not proceed 100%; c) \u00a0HI<sub class=\"subscript\">3<\/sub>(aq) \u2192\u00a0H<sup class=\"superscript\">+<\/sup>(aq) +\u00a0I<sub class=\"subscript\">3<\/sub><sup class=\"superscript\">\u2212<\/sup>(aq); does not proceed 100%\r\n\r\n<strong>7. <\/strong>greater than 0.015 M because there are two OH<sup class=\"superscript\">\u2212<\/sup> ions per formula unit of Mg(OH)<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>.\r\n\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Glossary<\/h2>\r\n<strong>Strong acid: <\/strong>Undergoes 100 % dissociation in water.\r\n\r\n<strong>Strong base<\/strong>: Undergoes 100 % dissociation in water.\r\n\r\n<strong>Weak acid: <\/strong>Undergoes &lt;100 % dissociation in water.\r\n\r\n<strong>Weak base<\/strong>: Undergoes &lt;100 % dissociation in water.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<p>By the end of this module, you will be able to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Assess the strength of an acid or base based on dissociation in water.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"ball-ch12_s04_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">Except for their names and formulas, so far we have treated all acids as equals. However, acids can be very different in a very important way. Consider HCl(aq). When HCl is dissolved in H<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>O, it completely dissociates into H<sup class=\"superscript\">+<\/sup>(aq) and Cl<sup class=\"superscript\">\u2212<\/sup>(aq) ions; all the HCl molecules become ions:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span class=\"informalequation block\">[latex]\\large\\text{HCl}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{H}}_{2}\\text{O}\\left(l\\right)\\rightarrow {\\text{H}}_{3}{\\text{O}}^{\\text{+}}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{Cl}}^{-}\\left(aq\\right)[\/latex] (100% dissociation)<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"ball-ch12_s04_p02\" class=\"para editable block\">Any acid that dissociates 100% into ions is called a <strong>strong acid<\/strong>. If it does not dissociate 100%, it is a <strong>weak acid<\/strong>. HC<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>H<sub class=\"subscript\">3<\/sub>O<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub> is an example of a weak acid:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">[latex]\\large \\text{H}\\text{C}_{2}\\text{H}_{3}\\text{O}_{2}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{H}}_{2}\\text{O}\\left(l\\right)\\rightarrow {\\text{H}}_{3}{\\text{O}}^{\\text{+}}\\left(aq\\right)+\\text{C}_{2}\\text{H}_{3}{\\text{O}_{2}}^{-}\\left(aq\\right)[\/latex] (<span class=\"informalequation block\">~5% dissociation)<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"ball-ch12_s04_p03\" class=\"para editable block\">Because this reaction does not go 100% to completion, it is more appropriate to write it as an equilibrium:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span class=\"informalequation block\">[latex]\\large \\text{H}\\text{C}_{2}\\text{H}_{3}\\text{O}_{2}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{H}}_{2}\\text{O}\\left(l\\right)\\rightleftharpoons {\\text{H}}_{3}{\\text{O}}^{\\text{+}}\\left(aq\\right)+\\text{C}_{2}\\text{H}_{3}{\\text{O}_{2}}^{-}\\left(aq\\right)[\/latex]<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"ball-ch12_s04_p04\" class=\"para editable block\">As it turns out, there are very few strong acids, which are given in Table 1. If an acid is not listed here, it is a weak acid. It may be 1% ionized or 99% ionized, but it is still classified as a weak acid.<\/p>\n<p id=\"ball-ch12_s04_p05\" class=\"para editable block\">The issue is similar with bases: a <span class=\"margin_term\"><a class=\"glossterm\">strong base<\/a><\/span>\u00a0is a base that is 100% ionized in solution. If it is less than 100% ionized in solution, it is a <span class=\"margin_term\"><a class=\"glossterm\">weak base<\/a><\/span>. There are very few strong bases (see Table 1); any base not listed is a weak base. All strong bases are OH<sup class=\"superscript\">\u2013<\/sup> compounds. So a base based on some other mechanism, such as NH<sub class=\"subscript\">3<\/sub> (which does not contain OH<sup class=\"superscript\">\u2212<\/sup> ions as part of its formula), will be a weak base.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Table 1. Some Common Strong acids and Strong Bases<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Strong Acids<\/td>\n<td>Strong Bases<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>HClO<sub>4<\/sub> perchloric acid<\/td>\n<td>LiOH lithium hydroxide<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>HCl hydrochloric acid<\/td>\n<td>NaOH sodium hydroxide<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>HBr hydrobromic acid<\/td>\n<td>KOH potassium hydroxide<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>HI hydroiodic acid<\/td>\n<td>Ca(OH)<sub>2<\/sub> calcium hydroxide<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>HNO<sub>3<\/sub> nitric acid<\/td>\n<td>Sr(OH)<sub>2<\/sub> strontium hydroxide<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub> sulfuric acid<\/td>\n<td>Ba(OH)<sub>2<\/sub> barium hydroxide<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Watch this <a href=\"https:\/\/phet.colorado.edu\/en\/simulation\/acid-base-solutions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">simulation of strong and weak acids and bases at the molecular level<\/a>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Concepts and Summary<\/h3>\n<p>The strengths of Br\u00f8nsted-Lowry acids and bases in aqueous solutions can be determined by how they dissociate in water.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"ball-ch12_s04\" class=\"section\" lang=\"en\">\n<div id=\"ball-ch12_s04_qs01\" class=\"qandaset block\">\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<div class=\"question\">\n<p id=\"ball-ch12_s04_qs01_p01\" class=\"para\">1. Differentiate between a strong acid and a weak acid.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"question\">\n<p id=\"ball-ch12_s04_qs01_p05\" class=\"para\">2. Differentiate between a strong base and a weak base.<\/p>\n<p class=\"para\">3. Identify each as a strong acid or a weak acid. Assume aqueous solutions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">a) \u00a0HF<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">b) \u00a0HCl<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">c) \u00a0HC<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>O<sub class=\"subscript\">4<\/sub><\/p>\n<div class=\"question\">\n<p id=\"ball-ch12_s04_qs01_p06\" class=\"para\">4. \u00a0Identify each as a strong base or a weak base. Assume aqueous solutions.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">a) \u00a0NaOH<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">b) \u00a0Al(OH)<sub class=\"subscript\">3<\/sub><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">c) \u00a0C<sub class=\"subscript\">4<\/sub>H<sub class=\"subscript\">9<\/sub>NH<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"question\">\n<p id=\"ball-ch12_s04_qs01_p07\" class=\"para\">5. \u00a0Write a chemical equation for the ionization of each acid and indicate whether it proceeds 100% to products or not.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">a) \u00a0HNO<sub class=\"subscript\">3<\/sub><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">b) \u00a0HNO<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">c) \u00a0HI<sub class=\"subscript\">3<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"question\">\n<p id=\"ball-ch12_s04_qs01_p08\" class=\"para\">6. \u00a0Write a chemical equation for the ionization of each base and indicate whether it proceeds 100% to products or not.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">a) \u00a0NH<sub class=\"subscript\">3<\/sub><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">b) \u00a0(CH<sub class=\"subscript\">3<\/sub>)<sub class=\"subscript\">3<\/sub>N<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">c) \u00a0Mg(OH)<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"question\">\n<p id=\"ball-ch12_s04_qs01_p21\" class=\"para\">7. \u00a0A lab technician mixes a solution of 0.015 M Mg(OH)<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>. Is the resulting OH<sup class=\"superscript\">\u2212<\/sup> concentration greater than, equal to, or less than 0.015 M? Explain your answer.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"question\">\n<p id=\"ball-ch12_s04_qs01_p23\" class=\"para\">8. \u00a0A lab technician mixes a solution of 0.55 M HNO<sub class=\"subscript\">3<\/sub>. Is the resulting H<sup class=\"superscript\">+<\/sup> concentration greater than, equal to, or less than 0.55 M? Explain your answer.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q3664431\">Show Select Answers<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q3664431\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p><strong>1.\u00a0<\/strong> A strong acid is 100% ionized in aqueous solution, whereas a weak acid is not 100% ionized.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3. <\/strong>a) \u00a0weak acid; b) \u00a0strong acid; c) \u00a0weak acid<\/p>\n<p><strong>5. <\/strong>a) \u00a0HNO<sub class=\"subscript\">3<\/sub>(aq) \u2192\u00a0H<sup class=\"superscript\">+<\/sup>(aq) +\u00a0NO<sub class=\"subscript\">3<\/sub><sup class=\"superscript\">\u2212<\/sup>(aq); proceeds 100%; b) \u00a0HNO<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>(aq) \u2192\u00a0H<sup class=\"superscript\">+<\/sup>(aq) +\u00a0NO<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub><sup class=\"superscript\">\u2212<\/sup>(aq); does not proceed 100%; c) \u00a0HI<sub class=\"subscript\">3<\/sub>(aq) \u2192\u00a0H<sup class=\"superscript\">+<\/sup>(aq) +\u00a0I<sub class=\"subscript\">3<\/sub><sup class=\"superscript\">\u2212<\/sup>(aq); does not proceed 100%<\/p>\n<p><strong>7. <\/strong>greater than 0.015 M because there are two OH<sup class=\"superscript\">\u2212<\/sup> ions per formula unit of Mg(OH)<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Glossary<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Strong acid: <\/strong>Undergoes 100 % dissociation in water.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Strong base<\/strong>: Undergoes 100 % dissociation in water.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Weak acid: <\/strong>Undergoes &lt;100 % dissociation in water.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Weak base<\/strong>: Undergoes &lt;100 % dissociation in water.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-596\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Introductory Chemistry- 1st Canadian Edition . <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Jessie A. Key and David W. Ball. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: BCCampus. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/\">https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download this book for free at http:\/\/open.bccampus.ca<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":23485,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Introductory Chemistry- 1st Canadian Edition \",\"author\":\"Jessie A. Key and David W. 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