{"id":191,"date":"2019-03-11T17:52:10","date_gmt":"2019-03-11T17:52:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunyltnutrition\/?post_type=chapter&p=191"},"modified":"2019-04-12T18:17:49","modified_gmt":"2019-04-12T18:17:49","slug":"8-1-water","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-ltnutrition\/chapter\/8-1-water\/","title":{"raw":"8.1: Water","rendered":"8.1: Water"},"content":{"raw":"
Drinking water, also known as potable water or improved drinking water, is water safe enough for drinking and food preparation. Globally, in 2012, 89% of people had access to water suitable for drinking. Nearly 4 billion had access to tap water while another 2.3 billion had access to wells or public taps. 1.8 billion people still use an unsafe drinking water source which may be contaminated by feces. This can result in infectious diarrhea such as cholera and typhoid among others.\u00a0We will also discuss the category of essential nutrients called\u00a0Minerals, also known as\u00a0\u00a0Dietary elements\u00a0or\u00a0mineral nutrients.\u00a0Minerals\u00a0are naturally occurring\u00a0chemical elements required by living organisms for survival. \u00a0Many of the minerals we need\u00a0are plentiful in a typical scoop of dirt!<\/div>\r\n
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Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n
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  • Describe\u00a0the functions of water in the body<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Identify symptoms of mild and severe dehydration as well as water intoxication<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Discuss the safety of drinking\u00a0city water compared to drinking bottled water<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

    Drinking water, also known as potable water or improved drinking water, is water safe enough for drinking and food preparation. Globally, in 2012, 89% of people had access to water suitable for drinking.\u00a0Nearly 4 billion had access to tap water while another 2.3 billion had access to wells or public taps.\u00a01.8 billion people still use an unsafe drinking water source which may be contaminated by feces.This can result in infectious diarrhea such as cholera and typhoid among others.<\/p>\r\n

    Water is essential for life. In the United States, the reference daily intake (RDI) for total water intake is 3.7 liters (about 17 Cups) per day for human males older than 18, and 2.7 liters (about 11 Cups)\u00a0per day for human females older than 18. These amounts\u00a0include:\u00a0drinking water, water in beverages, and water contained in food.\u00a0The amount of drinking water required is highly variable and depend on factors like:\u00a0physical activity, age, health issues, and environmental conditions.\u00a0It is estimated that the average American drinks about one liter of water a day with 95% drinking less than three liters per day.\u00a0For those working in a hot climate, up to 16 liters a day may be required.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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    \r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]\"\" Tap water is drinking water supplied through indoor plumbing for home use[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
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    <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

    Water makes up approximately 60% of body weight in men and approximately\u00a055% of body weight in women.\u00a0The more muscular the individual, the more water they have associated with their body. Your muscles contain about\u00a075 percent\u00a0water, whereas fat tissue contains only 10 percent\u00a0water. Interestingly, bone contains about\u00a022 percent\u00a0water. Infants\u00a0are about 70% to 80% water while the elderly are around 45%.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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    \r\n\r\n[embed]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Se12y9hSOM0[\/embed]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nTypically in developed countries, like the United States of America, tap water must meet strict drinking water quality standards. If you receive city water, your city sends you an annual Water Quality Report in the mail each year. It is often\u00a0available online. \u00a0Here is a link to the annual water quality report for the City of Sacramento California\u00a0. You may be surprised to learn\u00a0that often the water quality of city water exceeds that of bottled water. Here is a great video about bottled\u00a0Water compared to City Water (also called tap water).\r\n
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    Requirements<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

    The water your drink often provides some of the minerals\u00a0you need for good health. Inorganic minerals can enter surface water and ground water via storm water runoff\u00a0and\/or through the Earth's crust. Water treatment processes can also lead to the presence of some minerals. Examples of minerals in water can include: calcium, zinc, manganese, phosphate, fluoride and sodium compounds. Water with high levels of minerals is referred to as \"hard water\" and water with low levels of minerals is referred to as \"soft water\". The\u00a0World Health Organization\u00a0says that \"there does not appear to be any convincing evidence that water hardness causes adverse health effects in humans\".[1]\u00a0In fact, the\u00a0United States National Research Council\u00a0has found that hard water can actually serve as a dietary supplement for calcium and magnesium. Some\u00a0other elements such as fluoride, while beneficial in low concentrations, can cause dental problems and other issues when present at high levels. Appliances and faucets do tend to accumulate minerals in areas that have hard water. This causes some people to invest in \"water softeners\" which lower the mineral content of the water.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"413\"]\"\" A fountain in Saint-Paul-de-Vence, France. The sign reading Eau potable indicates that the water is safe to drink.<\/em>[\/caption]\r\n\r\n

    <\/div>\r\n
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    <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nFluid balance is key. Profuse sweating can increase the need for electrolyte (salt) replacement. Water intoxication (which results in hyponatremia), the process of consuming too much water too quickly, can be fatal.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
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    Access<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

    Water covers some 70% of the Earth's surface. Approximately 97.2% of it is saline, just 2.8% fresh. Potable water is available in almost all populated areas of the Earth, although it may be expensive and the supply may not always be sustainable. Sources where water may be obtained include:<\/p>\r\n\r\n

      \r\n \t
    • Ground sources such as groundwater, springs, hyporheic zones and aquifers<\/li>\r\n \t
    • Precipitation which includes rain, hail, snow, fog, etc.<\/li>\r\n \t
    • Surface water such as rivers, streams, glaciers<\/li>\r\n \t
    • Biological sources such as plants.<\/li>\r\n \t
    • Desalinated seawater<\/li>\r\n \t
    • Water supply network<\/li>\r\n \t
    • Atmospheric water generator<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

      Springs are often used as sources for bottled waters.\u00a0Tap water, delivered by domestic water systems in developed nations, refers to water piped to homes and delivered to a tap or spigot. For these water sources to be consumed safely they must receive adequate treatment and meet drinking water regulations. The most efficient way to transport and deliver potable water is through pipes. Plumbing can require significant capital investment. Some systems suffer high operating costs. The cost to replace the deteriorating water and sanitation infrastructure of industrialized countries may be as high as $200 billion a year. Leakage of untreated and treated water from pipes reduces access to water. Leakage rates of 50% are not uncommon in urban systems.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

      \r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"550\"]\"\" Only 61 percent of people in Sub-Saharan Africa have improved drinking water.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"550\"]\"\" Drinking water vending machines in Thailand. One liter of potable water is sold (into the customer's own bottle) for 1 baht.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
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      \u00a0<\/em><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

      Because of the high initial investments, many less wealthy nations cannot afford to develop or sustain appropriate infrastructure, and as a consequence people in these areas may spend a correspondingly higher fraction of their income on water.\u00a02003 statistics from El Salvador, for example, indicate that the poorest 20% of households spend more than 10% of their total income on water. In the United Kingdom authorities define spending of more than 3% of one's income on water as a hardship.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

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      Health Aspects<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

      Contaminated water is estimated to result in more than half a million deaths per year.\u00a0Contaminated water together with lack of sanitation was estimated to cause about one percent of disability adjusted life years worldwide in 2010.<\/p>\r\n

      Over 90% of deaths from diarrheal diseases in the developing world today occur in children under 5 years old. Malnutrition, especially protein-energy malnutrition, can decrease the children's resistance to infections, including water-related diarrheal diseases. From 2000-2003, 769,000 children under five years old in sub-Saharan Africa died each year from diarrheal diseases. As a result of only thirty-six percent of the population in the sub-Saharan region having access to proper means of sanitation, more than 2000 children's lives are lost every day. In South Asia, 683,000 children under five years old died each year from diarrheal disease from 2000-2003. During the same time period, in developed countries, 700 children under five years old died from diarrheal disease. Improved water supply reduces diarrhea morbidity by twenty-five percent and improvements in drinking water through proper storage in the home and chlorination reduces diarrhea episodes by thirty-nine percent.<\/p>\r\n

      Sixty million people are estimated to have been poisoned by well water contaminated by excessive fluoride, which dissolved from granite rocks. The effects are particularly evident in the bone deformations of children. Similar or larger problems are anticipated in other countries including China, Uzbekistan, and Ethiopia. Although helpful for dental health in low dosage, fluoride in large amounts interferes with bone formation.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

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      Water Quality<\/span><\/h2>\r\nParameters for drinking water quality typically fall under three categories:\r\n
        \r\n \t
      • physical<\/li>\r\n \t
      • chemical<\/li>\r\n \t
      • microbiological<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

        Physical and chemical parameters include heavy metals, trace organic compounds, total suspended solids (TSS), and turbidity. Microbiological parameters include Coliform bacteria, E. coli, and specific pathogenic species of bacteria (such as cholera-causing Vibrio cholerae), viruses, and protozoan parasites. Chemical parameters tend to pose more of a chronic health risk through buildup of heavy metals although some components like nitrates\/nitrites and arsenic can have a more immediate impact. Physical parameters affect the aesthetics and taste of the drinking water and may complicate the removal of microbial pathogens.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

        \r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"425\"]\"\" EPA drinking water security poster<\/em>[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
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        <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

        Originally, fecal contamination was determined with the presence of coliform bacteria, a convenient marker for a class of harmful fecal pathogens. The presence of fecal coliforms (like E. Coli) serves as an indication of contamination by sewage. Additional contaminants include protozoan oocysts such as Cryptosporidium sp., Giardia lamblia, Legionella, and viruses (enteric).\u00a0Microbial pathogenic parameters are typically of greatest concern because of their immediate health risk.<\/p>\r\n

        Throughout most of the world, the most common contamination of raw water sources is from human sewage and in particular human faecal pathogens and parasites. In 2006, waterborne diseases were estimated to cause 1.8 million deaths each year while about 1.1 billion people lacked proper drinking water.\u00a0It is clear that people in the developing world need to have access to good quality water in sufficient quantity, water purification technology and availability and distribution systems for water. In many parts of the world the only sources of water are from small streams often directly contaminated by sewage.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

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        Contributors<\/h3>\r\n
          \r\n \t
        • Wikipedia<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"
          Drinking water, also known as potable water or improved drinking water, is water safe enough for drinking and food preparation. Globally, in 2012, 89% of people had access to water suitable for drinking. Nearly 4 billion had access to tap water while another 2.3 billion had access to wells or public taps. 1.8 billion people still use an unsafe drinking water source which may be contaminated by feces. This can result in infectious diarrhea such as cholera and typhoid among others.\u00a0We will also discuss the category of essential nutrients called\u00a0Minerals, also known as\u00a0\u00a0Dietary elements\u00a0or\u00a0mineral nutrients.\u00a0Minerals\u00a0are naturally occurring\u00a0chemical elements required by living organisms for survival. \u00a0Many of the minerals we need\u00a0are plentiful in a typical scoop of dirt!<\/div>\n
          \n

          Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n
            \n
          • Describe\u00a0the functions of water in the body<\/li>\n
          • Identify symptoms of mild and severe dehydration as well as water intoxication<\/li>\n
          • Discuss the safety of drinking\u00a0city water compared to drinking bottled water<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n

            Drinking water, also known as potable water or improved drinking water, is water safe enough for drinking and food preparation. Globally, in 2012, 89% of people had access to water suitable for drinking.\u00a0Nearly 4 billion had access to tap water while another 2.3 billion had access to wells or public taps.\u00a01.8 billion people still use an unsafe drinking water source which may be contaminated by feces.This can result in infectious diarrhea such as cholera and typhoid among others.<\/p>\n

            Water is essential for life. In the United States, the reference daily intake (RDI) for total water intake is 3.7 liters (about 17 Cups) per day for human males older than 18, and 2.7 liters (about 11 Cups)\u00a0per day for human females older than 18. These amounts\u00a0include:\u00a0drinking water, water in beverages, and water contained in food.\u00a0The amount of drinking water required is highly variable and depend on factors like:\u00a0physical activity, age, health issues, and environmental conditions.\u00a0It is estimated that the average American drinks about one liter of water a day with 95% drinking less than three liters per day.\u00a0For those working in a hot climate, up to 16 liters a day may be required.<\/p>\n

            \n
            \n
            \n
            \"\"<\/p>\n

            Tap water is drinking water supplied through indoor plumbing for home use<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

            \n
            <\/div>\n<\/div>\n

            Water makes up approximately 60% of body weight in men and approximately\u00a055% of body weight in women.\u00a0The more muscular the individual, the more water they have associated with their body. Your muscles contain about\u00a075 percent\u00a0water, whereas fat tissue contains only 10 percent\u00a0water. Interestingly, bone contains about\u00a022 percent\u00a0water. Infants\u00a0are about 70% to 80% water while the elderly are around 45%.<\/p>\n

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