{"id":263,"date":"2018-01-04T20:43:32","date_gmt":"2018-01-04T20:43:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunyltnutrition\/chapter\/iodine\/"},"modified":"2019-04-19T13:42:47","modified_gmt":"2019-04-19T13:42:47","slug":"iodine","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-ltnutrition\/chapter\/iodine\/","title":{"raw":"8.7 Iodine","rendered":"8.7 Iodine"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Learn about the role of iodine<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nRecall the discovery of iodine and its use as a means of preventing goiter, a gross enlargement of the thyroid gland in the neck. Iodine is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormone, which regulates basal metabolism, growth, and development. Low iodine levels and consequently hypothyroidism has many signs and symptoms including fatigue, sensitivity to cold, constipation, weight gain, depression, and dry, itchy skin and paleness. The development of goiter may often be the most visible sign of chronic iodine deficiency, but the consequences of low levels of thyroid hormone can be severe during infancy, childhood, and adolescence as it affects all stages of growth and development. Thyroid hormone plays a major role in brain development and growth and fetuses and infants with severe iodine deficiency develop a condition known as cretinism, in which physical and neurological impairment can be severe. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates iodine deficiency affects over two billion people worldwide and it is the number-one cause of preventable brain damage worldwide.[footnote]World Health Organization. \u201cIodine Status Worldwide.\u201d Accessed October 2, 2011. http:\/\/whqlibdoc.who.int\/publications\/2004\/9241592001.pdf.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_381\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"635\"]<img class=\"wp-image-381\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4101\/2018\/01\/11181133\/Iodine-Deficency.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"635\" height=\"466\" \/> <em> Figure <strong>1<\/strong>: Deaths Due to Iodine Deficiency Worldwide in 2012.<\/em> Image by <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Iodine_deficiency_world_map-DALYs_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg\">Chris55<\/a> \/ <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><span class=\"legend-color\" style=\"font-size: 14pt;font-style: normal\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;font-style: normal\">\u00a0<\/span>[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_875\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"442\"]<img class=\" wp-image-875\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4101\/2018\/01\/11181135\/image10.jpg\" alt=\"Woman with large goiter on neck\" width=\"442\" height=\"331\" \/> Figure 2: Iodine Deficiency: Goiter A large goiter by <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Goiter.JPG\">Dr. J.S.Bhandari, India<\/a> \/ <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/deed.en\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>[\/caption]\r\n<h2>Dietary Reference Intakes for Iodine<\/h2>\r\n<h4><strong><em>Table 11.8 Dietary Reference Intakes for Iodine<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\r\n<div>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Age Group<\/td>\r\n<td>RDA Males and Females mcg\/day<\/td>\r\n<td>UL<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Infants (0\u20136 months)<\/td>\r\n<td>110*<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Infants (7\u201312 months)<\/td>\r\n<td>130*<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Children (1\u20133 years)<\/td>\r\n<td>90<\/td>\r\n<td>200<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Children (4\u20138 years)<\/td>\r\n<td>120<\/td>\r\n<td>300<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Children (9\u201313 years)<\/td>\r\n<td>150<\/td>\r\n<td>600<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Adolescents (14\u201318 years)<\/td>\r\n<td>150<\/td>\r\n<td>900<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Adults (&gt; 19 years)<\/td>\r\n<td>150<\/td>\r\n<td>1,100<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>*denotes Adequate Intake<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<em>Health Professional Fact Sheet: Iodine. National Institute of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. <a href=\"https:\/\/ods.od.nih.gov\/factsheets\/Iodine-HealthProfessional\/\">https:\/\/ods.od.nih.gov\/factsheets\/Iodine-HealthProfessional\/<\/a>. Updated June 24, 2011. Accessed November 10, 2017.<\/em>\r\n<h2>Dietary Sources of Iodine<\/h2>\r\nThe mineral content of foods is greatly affected by the soil from which it grew, and thus geographic location is the primary determinant of the mineral content of foods. For instance, iodine comes mostly from seawater so the greater the distance from the sea the lesser the iodine content in the soil.\r\n<h4><em>Table 2: Iodine Content of Various Foods<\/em><\/h4>\r\n<div>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Food<\/td>\r\n<td>Serving<\/td>\r\n<td>Iodine (mcg)<\/td>\r\n<td>Percent Daily Value<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Seaweed<\/td>\r\n<td>1 g.<\/td>\r\n<td>16 to 2,984<\/td>\r\n<td>11 to 1,989<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Cod fish<\/td>\r\n<td>3 oz.<\/td>\r\n<td>99<\/td>\r\n<td>66<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Yogurt, low fat<\/td>\r\n<td>8 oz.<\/td>\r\n<td>75<\/td>\r\n<td>50<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Iodized salt<\/td>\r\n<td>1.5 g.<\/td>\r\n<td>71<\/td>\r\n<td>47<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Milk, reduced fat<\/td>\r\n<td>8 oz.<\/td>\r\n<td>56<\/td>\r\n<td>37<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Ice cream, chocolate<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00bd c.<\/td>\r\n<td>30<\/td>\r\n<td>20<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Egg<\/td>\r\n<td>1 large<\/td>\r\n<td>24<\/td>\r\n<td>16<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Tuna, canned<\/td>\r\n<td>3 oz.<\/td>\r\n<td>17<\/td>\r\n<td>11<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Prunes, dried<\/td>\r\n<td>5 prunes<\/td>\r\n<td>13<\/td>\r\n<td>9<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Banana<\/td>\r\n<td>1 medium<\/td>\r\n<td>3<\/td>\r\n<td>2<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<em>Health Professional Fact Sheet: Iodine. National Institute of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. <a href=\"https:\/\/ods.od.nih.gov\/factsheets\/Iodine-HealthProfessional\/\">https:\/\/ods.od.nih.gov\/factsheets\/Iodine-HealthProfessional\/<\/a>. Updated June 24, 2011. Accessed November 10, 2017.<\/em>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Learn about the role of iodine<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Recall the discovery of iodine and its use as a means of preventing goiter, a gross enlargement of the thyroid gland in the neck. Iodine is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormone, which regulates basal metabolism, growth, and development. Low iodine levels and consequently hypothyroidism has many signs and symptoms including fatigue, sensitivity to cold, constipation, weight gain, depression, and dry, itchy skin and paleness. The development of goiter may often be the most visible sign of chronic iodine deficiency, but the consequences of low levels of thyroid hormone can be severe during infancy, childhood, and adolescence as it affects all stages of growth and development. Thyroid hormone plays a major role in brain development and growth and fetuses and infants with severe iodine deficiency develop a condition known as cretinism, in which physical and neurological impairment can be severe. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates iodine deficiency affects over two billion people worldwide and it is the number-one cause of preventable brain damage worldwide.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"World Health Organization. \u201cIodine Status Worldwide.\u201d Accessed October 2, 2011. http:\/\/whqlibdoc.who.int\/publications\/2004\/9241592001.pdf.\" id=\"return-footnote-263-1\" href=\"#footnote-263-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_381\" style=\"width: 645px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-381\" class=\"wp-image-381\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4101\/2018\/01\/11181133\/Iodine-Deficency.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"635\" height=\"466\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-381\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em> Figure <strong>1<\/strong>: Deaths Due to Iodine Deficiency Worldwide in 2012.<\/em> Image by <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Iodine_deficiency_world_map-DALYs_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg\">Chris55<\/a> \/ <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><span class=\"legend-color\" style=\"font-size: 14pt;font-style: normal\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;font-style: normal\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_875\" style=\"width: 452px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-875\" class=\"wp-image-875\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4101\/2018\/01\/11181135\/image10.jpg\" alt=\"Woman with large goiter on neck\" width=\"442\" height=\"331\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-875\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2: Iodine Deficiency: Goiter A large goiter by <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Goiter.JPG\">Dr. J.S.Bhandari, India<\/a> \/ <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/deed.en\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Dietary Reference Intakes for Iodine<\/h2>\n<h4><strong><em>Table 11.8 Dietary Reference Intakes for Iodine<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n<div>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Age Group<\/td>\n<td>RDA Males and Females mcg\/day<\/td>\n<td>UL<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Infants (0\u20136 months)<\/td>\n<td>110*<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Infants (7\u201312 months)<\/td>\n<td>130*<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Children (1\u20133 years)<\/td>\n<td>90<\/td>\n<td>200<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Children (4\u20138 years)<\/td>\n<td>120<\/td>\n<td>300<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Children (9\u201313 years)<\/td>\n<td>150<\/td>\n<td>600<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Adolescents (14\u201318 years)<\/td>\n<td>150<\/td>\n<td>900<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Adults (&gt; 19 years)<\/td>\n<td>150<\/td>\n<td>1,100<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>*denotes Adequate Intake<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p><em>Health Professional Fact Sheet: Iodine. National Institute of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. <a href=\"https:\/\/ods.od.nih.gov\/factsheets\/Iodine-HealthProfessional\/\">https:\/\/ods.od.nih.gov\/factsheets\/Iodine-HealthProfessional\/<\/a>. Updated June 24, 2011. Accessed November 10, 2017.<\/em><\/p>\n<h2>Dietary Sources of Iodine<\/h2>\n<p>The mineral content of foods is greatly affected by the soil from which it grew, and thus geographic location is the primary determinant of the mineral content of foods. For instance, iodine comes mostly from seawater so the greater the distance from the sea the lesser the iodine content in the soil.<\/p>\n<h4><em>Table 2: Iodine Content of Various Foods<\/em><\/h4>\n<div>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Food<\/td>\n<td>Serving<\/td>\n<td>Iodine (mcg)<\/td>\n<td>Percent Daily Value<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Seaweed<\/td>\n<td>1 g.<\/td>\n<td>16 to 2,984<\/td>\n<td>11 to 1,989<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Cod fish<\/td>\n<td>3 oz.<\/td>\n<td>99<\/td>\n<td>66<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Yogurt, low fat<\/td>\n<td>8 oz.<\/td>\n<td>75<\/td>\n<td>50<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Iodized salt<\/td>\n<td>1.5 g.<\/td>\n<td>71<\/td>\n<td>47<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Milk, reduced fat<\/td>\n<td>8 oz.<\/td>\n<td>56<\/td>\n<td>37<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ice cream, chocolate<\/td>\n<td>\u00bd c.<\/td>\n<td>30<\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Egg<\/td>\n<td>1 large<\/td>\n<td>24<\/td>\n<td>16<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Tuna, canned<\/td>\n<td>3 oz.<\/td>\n<td>17<\/td>\n<td>11<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Prunes, dried<\/td>\n<td>5 prunes<\/td>\n<td>13<\/td>\n<td>9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Banana<\/td>\n<td>1 medium<\/td>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p><em>Health Professional Fact Sheet: Iodine. National Institute of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. <a href=\"https:\/\/ods.od.nih.gov\/factsheets\/Iodine-HealthProfessional\/\">https:\/\/ods.od.nih.gov\/factsheets\/Iodine-HealthProfessional\/<\/a>. Updated June 24, 2011. Accessed November 10, 2017.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-263\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Iodine. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Allison Calabrese, Cheryl Gibby, Billy Meinke, Marie Kainoa Fialkowski Revilla, and Alan Titchenal. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: University of Hawai&#039;i at Manoa. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.oer.hawaii.edu\/humannutrition\/chapter\/iodine\/\">http:\/\/pressbooks.oer.hawaii.edu\/humannutrition\/chapter\/iodine\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Iodine. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Medical LibreTexts Contributors. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: LibreTexts. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/med.libretexts.org\/Courses\/Sacramento_City_College\/SCC%3A_Nutri_300_(Coppola)\/Chapters\/8%3A_Water_and_Minerals\/8.7%3A_Trace_Minerals\/8.04F%3A_Iodine\">https:\/\/med.libretexts.org\/Courses\/Sacramento_City_College\/SCC%3A_Nutri_300_(Coppola)\/Chapters\/8%3A_Water_and_Minerals\/8.7%3A_Trace_Minerals\/8.04F%3A_Iodine<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-263-1\">World Health Organization. \u201cIodine Status Worldwide.\u201d Accessed October 2, 2011. http:\/\/whqlibdoc.who.int\/publications\/2004\/9241592001.pdf. <a href=\"#return-footnote-263-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":44985,"menu_order":18,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Iodine\",\"author\":\"Allison Calabrese, Cheryl Gibby, Billy Meinke, Marie Kainoa Fialkowski Revilla, and Alan Titchenal\",\"organization\":\"University of Hawai\\'i at Manoa\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/pressbooks.oer.hawaii.edu\/humannutrition\/chapter\/iodine\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Iodine\",\"author\":\"Medical LibreTexts 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