{"id":42,"date":"2019-03-11T16:15:26","date_gmt":"2019-03-11T16:15:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunyltnutrition\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=42"},"modified":"2020-01-20T18:34:55","modified_gmt":"2020-01-20T18:34:55","slug":"1-4-health-factors-and-their-impact","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-ltnutrition\/chapter\/1-4-health-factors-and-their-impact\/","title":{"raw":"1.4: Health Factors And Their Impact","rendered":"1.4: Health Factors And Their Impact"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Explain the role that genetics, environment, life cycle, and lifestyle play in health status.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe economic, social, cultural, and emotional determinants that affect personal choices of foods.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nIn addition to nutrition, health is affected by genetics, the environment, life cycle, and lifestyle. These factors are referred to as \u201cdeterminants\u201d of health and they all interact with each other. For example, family income influences the food choices available and the quantity and quality of food that can be purchased, which of course affects nutrition. Except for nutrition and lifestyle, these factors can be difficult or impossible to change.\r\n<div id=\"section_1\" class=\"mt-section\">\r\n<h2 id=\"Genetics-443\">Genetics<\/h2>\r\nEveryone starts out in life with the genes handed down to them from the families of their mother and father.\u00a0<span class=\"margin_term\">Genes<\/span>\u00a0are responsible for your many traits as an individual and are defined as the sequences of DNA that code for all the proteins in your body. The expression of different genes can determine the color of your hair, skin, and eyes, and even if you are more likely to be fat or thin and if you have an increased risk for a certain disease. The sequence of DNA that makes up your genes determines your genetic makeup, also called your\u00a0<span class=\"margin_term\">genome<\/span>, which is inherited from your mother and father. In 2003, the Human Genome Project was completed and now the entire sequence of DNA in humans is known. It consists of about three billion individual units and contains between twenty-five and thirty thousand genes. The human genome that was sequenced was taken from a small population of donors and is used as a reference DNA sequence for the entire population. Each of us has a similar but unique DNA sequence. Only identical twins and cloned animals have the exact same DNA sequence.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"398\"]<img class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/med.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/254\/Marian_and_Vivian_Brown.jpg?revision=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"398\" height=\"398\" \/> <em>Identical twins are the only individuals in the world that have identical DNA, sharing the same\u00a0genotype. However, their phenotype is different, meaning that their identical DNA is expressed differently.\u00a0Marian and Vivian Brown, identical twins, photographed by\u00a0Christopher Michel.<\/em>[\/caption]\r\n\r\nNow that we understand the map of the human genome, let\u2019s enter the fields of nutrigenomics and epigenetics. Recall that\u00a0<span class=\"margin_term\">nutrigenomics<\/span>\u00a0is an emerging scientific discipline aimed at defining healthy genes and not-so-healthy genes and how nutrients affect them. Currently, scientists cannot change a person\u2019s DNA sequence. But they have discovered that chemical reactions in the body can turn genes \u201con\u201d and \u201coff,\u201d causing changes in the amounts and types of proteins expressed.\u00a0<a class=\"link-https\" title=\"https:\/\/bio.libretexts.org\/TextMaps\/Map%3A_Online_Open_Genetics_(Nickle_and_Barrette-Ng)\/12%3A_Regulation_of_Gene_Expression\/12.6%3A_Epigenetics\" href=\"https:\/\/bio.libretexts.org\/TextMaps\/Map%3A_Online_Open_Genetics_(Nickle_and_Barrette-Ng)\/12%3A_Regulation_of_Gene_Expression\/12.6%3A_Epigenetics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow noopener\"><span class=\"margin_term\">Epigenetics<\/span><\/a>\u00a0is another rapidly advancing scientific field in which researchers study how chemical reactions turn genes \u201con\u201d and \u201coff\u201d and the factors that influence the chemical reactions. Some of these factors are now known to be nutrients. Researchers at the Genetic Science Learning Center at the University of Utah conducted an experiment in which some pregnant mice were fed a diet containing folate, choline, vitamin B<sub class=\"subscript\">12<\/sub>, and betaine, and other pregnant mice were fed a diet that did not contain these nutrients and chemicals. Both groups of pregnant mice were also fed bisphenol A, a chemical in plastic, which alters DNA by inhibiting a specific chemical reaction. The mice born from the mother fed the supplemented diet were brown, thin, and healthy. The mice born from the mother fed the unsupplemented diet were yellow, fat, and unhealthy. This is a dramatic example of how nutrients change not the sequence of DNA, but which genes are expressed. These two mice look different, but have identical DNA sequences. Thus, not only do the things you eat determine your health, but so do the things your mother ate during pregnancy. Moreover, other studies have demonstrated what your dad ate\u2014and what your grandmother ate while she was pregnant with your mother!\u2014also can affect your gene expression and, consequently, your health. Does this make it OK for you to blame your mother and father for all of your shortcomings? No. Genetics are important in determining your health, but they are certainly not the only determinant.\r\n<div>\r\n<div id=\"exercise\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n<h3 class=\"boxtitle\">INTERACTIVE\u00a0<span id=\"MathJax-Span-1\" class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-2\" class=\"mrow\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-3\" class=\"texatom\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-4\" class=\"mrow\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-5\" class=\"mn\">1.4.<\/span><span id=\"MathJax-Span-6\" class=\"mn\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h3>\r\nThis is a good animation of the central foundation of modern biology. Turn \u201con\u201d a gene, make messenger RNA, and make protein. Spin the dial all the way to the left to turn off the expression, and then slowly move it to the right. Note that this requires Flash Player and is not functional on an iOS device.\r\n<a class=\"link external\" href=\"http:\/\/learn.genetics.utah.edu\/content\/epigenetics\/control\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow noopener\">http:\/\/learn.genetics.utah.edu\/content\/epigenetics\/control\/<\/a>\r\n<div class=\"copyright\">Source: Genetic Science Learning Center at the University of Utah.<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n[embed]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/WJuuvGJp2mM[\/embed]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<em>Video\u00a01.4.1:\u00a0Diet during Pregnancy. Watch as Jen discovers how what you eat during pregnancy affects the health of your baby.<\/em>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"section_2\" class=\"mt-section\">\r\n<h2 id=\"The_Life_Cycle-443\">The Life Cycle<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch01_s04_s02_p01\">The\u00a0<a class=\"link-https\" title=\"https:\/\/socialsci.libretexts.org\/Textbook_Maps\/Map%3A_Human_Development_Life_Span\" href=\"https:\/\/socialsci.libretexts.org\/Textbook_Maps\/Map%3A_Human_Development_Life_Span\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow noopener\"><span class=\"margin_term\">life cycle<\/span>\u00a0of human<\/a>\u00a0beings originates from a fertilized egg, which develops into a fetus that is eventually born as a baby. A baby develops into a child, transitions through the wonderful phase of adolescence, becomes an adult, and then advances into old age and eventually death (Figure\u00a01.4.1). The current average life expectancy in America is approaching eighty. To see how this compares with other countries, see <span id=\"MathJax-Span-25\" class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-26\" class=\"mrow\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-27\" class=\"texatom\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-28\" class=\"mrow\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-30\" class=\"mn\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div id=\"exercise\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n<h3>INTERACTIVE 1.4.2: THE WORLD BANK<\/h3>\r\nVisit this public database from the World Bank to learn how the life expectancy in America differs from those in other countries.\r\n<a class=\"link external\" href=\"http:\/\/www.google.com\/publicdata?ds=wb-wdi&amp;met_y=sp_dyn_le00_in&amp;idim=country:USA&amp;dl=en&amp;hl=en&amp;q=america+average+life+expectancy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow noopener\">http:\/\/www.google.com\/publicdata?ds=wb-wdi&amp;met_y=sp_dyn_le00_in&amp;idim=country:USA&amp;dl=en&amp;hl= en&amp;q=america+average+life+expectancy<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch01_s04_s02_p04\">A person\u2019s stage of life influences their health and nutritional requirements. For example, when you are an adolescent, your bones grow quickly. More calcium, a bone-building nutrient, is required in the diet during this life stage than at other ages. As you get older, the aging process affects how your body functions. One effect of aging, apparently earlier in women than in men, is the deterioration of bone tissue. As a result, women over age fifty-one need more calcium in their diet than younger adult women. Another life-cycle stage, pregnancy, requires several adjustments to nutrition compared to nonpregnant women. It is recommended that a pregnant woman consume more protein than a nonpregnant woman to support growth and development, and to consume more of some vitamins, such as folate, to prevent certain birth defects. The USDA provides information on healthy diets for many different stages of the life cycle on their website. Healthy aging requires eating a diet that matches one\u2019s life stages to support the body\u2019s specific physiological requirements. What else is known to help a person age slowly and gracefully? Diets high in vegetables and fruits are associated with increased longevity and a decreased risk of many diseases.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"figure large block\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"488\"]<img class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/med.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/176\/7e6981b34e184d8a96aed3212b0ec685.jpg?revision=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"488\" height=\"306\" \/> Figure\u00a0<strong>1.4.1:<\/strong>\u00a0The Life Cycle -\u00a0The Forward March to Old Age and Ultimately Death. \u00a9 Shutterstock[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"section_3\" class=\"mt-section\">\r\n<h2 id=\"Environment-443\">Environment<\/h2>\r\nYour environment has a large influence on your health, genetics, life cycle, and lifestyle. Scientists say that the majority of your expressed traits are a product of your genes and environment, of which nutrition is a component. An example of this interaction can be observed in people who have the rare genetic disorder,\u00a0<a class=\"link-https\" title=\"https:\/\/bio.libretexts.org\/TextMaps\/Map%3A_Biology_(Kimball)\/Unit_11%3A_Genomics\/11.08%3A_Genetic_Screening_for_Phenylketonuria\" href=\"https:\/\/bio.libretexts.org\/TextMaps\/Map%3A_Biology_(Kimball)\/Unit_11%3A_Genomics\/11.08%3A_Genetic_Screening_for_Phenylketonuria\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow noopener\">phenylketonuria\u00a0<\/a>(PKU). The clinical signs of PKU are mental retardation, brain damage, and seizures and are caused by the build-up of the amino acid phenylalanine and its metabolites (breakdown products produced during metabolism) in the body. The high level of phenylalanine in a person who has PKU is the result of a change in the gene that encodes for an enzyme that converts phenylalanine into the amino acid tyrosine. This genetic change, called a mutation, causes the enzyme to not function properly.\r\n<div id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch01_s04_s03_fx01\" class=\"informalfigure large block\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"544\"]<img class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/med.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/173\/3eb1e42fd05e416dfe5534d607a600ae.jpg?revision=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"544\" height=\"483\" \/> The interplay of genetics and environment can determine the consequences of disease. Sources: http:\/\/topnews.co.uk\/214471-rare-disorder-known-phenylketonuria\u00a0and\u00a0http:\/\/www.georgiapku.org\/AboutUs.html. \u00a9 Shutterstock[\/caption]\r\n\r\nIn this country and many others all newborn babies are screened for PKU in order to diagnose and treat the disease before the development of mental retardation and brain damage. Once diagnosed, PKU is treated by strict adherence to a diet low in phenylalanine, consisting mostly of fruits, vegetables, and grains. Adhering to this diet for life allows an individual with PKU to lead a normal life without suffering the consequences of brain damage, mental retardation, or seizures. In the example of PKU, the consequences of a genetic mutation are modified by diet. Thus, a person\u2019s genes can make them more susceptible to a particular disease, or cause a disease, and their environment can decrease or increase the progression and severity of the condition.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"section_4\" class=\"mt-section\">\r\n<h2 id=\"Socioeconomic_Status-443\">Socioeconomic Status<\/h2>\r\nMultiple aspects of a person\u2019s environment can affect nutrition, which in turn affects health. One of the best environmental predictors of a population\u2019s health is socioeconomic status.\u00a0<span class=\"margin_term\">Socioeconomic status<\/span>\u00a0is a measurement made up of three variables: income, occupation, and education. Socioeconomic status affects nutrition by influencing what foods you can afford and consequently, food choice and food quality. Nutrition and health are generally better in populations that have higher incomes, better jobs, and more education. On the other hand, the burden of disease is highest in the most disadvantaged populations. A commentary in the\u00a0<em class=\"emphasis\">Journal of the American Medical Association<\/em>\u00a0reports that the lower life expectancy of populations of lower socioeconomic status is largely attributable to increased death from heart disease. (<span id=\"zimmerman_1.0-fn01_017\" class=\"footnote\">Fiscella, K. and D. Tancredi. \u201cSocioeconomic Status and Coronary Heart Disease Risk Prediction.\u201d\u00a0<em class=\"emphasis\">JAMA<\/em>\u00a0300, no. 22 (2008): 2666\u201368)<\/span>\u00a0The American Heart Association states that having a healthy diet is one of the best weapons to fight heart disease and it is therefore essential that all socioeconomic status groups have access to high-quality, nutrient-dense foods. The disparities in nutrition and health in America are directly related to the disparity in socioeconomic status. Other dimensions that affect health disparity are race, ethnic group, sex, sexual identity, age, disability, and geographic location. The issue of inequitable health among Americans is recognized by the federal government and one of the overarching goals of Healthy People 2020, a large program managed by the HHS, is to \u201cAchieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups.\u201d To work toward this monumentous goal, the HHS is actively tracking disease patterns, chronic conditions, and death rates among the many different types of people that live in the United States.\r\n<div>\r\n<div id=\"exercise\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n<h3 class=\"boxtitle\">INTERACTIVE\u00a01.4.3: CAUSES\u00a0OF DEATH<\/h3>\r\nTo see the differences in causes of death for different sexes, races, and age groups, visit the website of Healthy People and compare the top ten causes of death for different populations (<a class=\"link external\" href=\"http:\/\/www.healthypeople.gov\/2020\/default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow noopener\">http:\/\/www.healthypeople.gov\/2020\/default.aspx<\/a>).\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"section_5\" class=\"mt-section\">\r\n<h2 id=\"Lifestyle-443\">Lifestyle<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch01_s04_s04_p01\">One facet of lifestyle is your dietary habits. Recall that we discussed briefly how nutrition affects health. A greater discussion of this will follow in subsequent chapters in this book as there is an enormous amount of information regarding this aspect of lifestyle. Dietary habits include what a person eats, how much a person eats during a meal, how frequently meals are consumed, and how often a person eats out at restaurants. Other aspects of\u00a0<span class=\"margin_term\">lifestyle<\/span>\u00a0include physical activity level, recreational drug use, and sleeping patterns, all of which play a role in health and impact nutrition. Following a healthy lifestyle improves your overall health.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch01_s04_s04_p02\">In 2008, the HHS released the\u00a0<em class=\"emphasis\">Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans<\/em>. The HHS states that \u201cBeing physically active is one of the most important steps that Americans of all ages can take to improve their health. The\u00a0<em class=\"emphasis\">2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans<\/em>\u00a0provides science-based guidance to help Americans aged six and older improve their health through appropriate physical activity.\u201d The guidelines recommend exercise programs for people in many different stages of their lifecycle and for pregnant women and adults and children who have disabilities. The HHS reports that there is strong evidence that increased physical activity decreases the risk of early death, heart disease, stroke, Type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and certain cancers; prevents weight gain and falls; and improves cognitive function in the elderly. Also unveiled recently are the\u00a0<em class=\"emphasis\">Canadian Physical Activity Guidelines<\/em>, which are available at the website of\u00a0<a class=\"external\" title=\"http:\/\/www.csep.ca\/english\/view.asp?x=804\" href=\"http:\/\/www.csep.ca\/english\/view.asp?x=804\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow noopener\">The Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<div id=\"exercise\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n<h3 class=\"boxtitle\">INTERACTIVE\u00a01.4.4: PHYSICAL ACTIVITY GUIDELINES<\/h3>\r\nGo to the HHS website to access the entire\u00a0<a class=\"link-https\" title=\"https:\/\/health.gov\/paguidelines\/guidelines\/\" href=\"https:\/\/health.gov\/paguidelines\/guidelines\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow noopener\"><em class=\"emphasis\">2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans<\/em><\/a>\u00a0(<a class=\"link-https\" title=\"https:\/\/health.gov\/paguidelines\/guidelines\" href=\"https:\/\/health.gov\/paguidelines\/guidelines\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow noopener\">https:\/\/health.gov\/paguidelines\/guidelines<\/a>).\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"section_6\" class=\"mt-section\">\r\n<h2 id=\"Recreational_Drug_Use-443\">Recreational Drug Use<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch01_s04_s04_s01_p01\">Recreational drug use, which includes tobacco-smoking and alcohol consumption along with narcotic and other illegal drug use, has a large impact on health. Smoking cigarettes causes lung cancer, eleven other types of cancer, heart disease, and several other disorders or diseases that markedly decrease quality of life and increase mortality. In the United States, smoking causes more than four hundred thousand deaths every single year, which is far more than deaths associated with any other lifestyle component.<span id=\"zimmerman_1.0-fn01_018\" class=\"footnote\">\u00a0<a class=\"external\" title=\"http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/tobacco\/data_statistics\/fact_sheets\/health_effects\/tobacco_related_mortality\/index.htm\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/tobacco\/data_statistics\/fact_sheets\/health_effects\/tobacco_related_mortality\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow noopener\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. \u201cSmoking and Tobacco Use.\u201d<\/a>\u00a0Last reviewed January 17, 2018.<\/span>\u00a0Also, according to the CDC, excessive alcohol intake causes an estimated seventy-five thousand deaths per year.\u00a0<span id=\"zimmerman_1.0-fn01_019\" class=\"footnote\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. \u201cAlcohol and Drug Use.\u201d Last reviewed August 2, 2018.\u00a0<a class=\"link external\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/healthyyouth\/alcoholdrug\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow noopener\">http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/healthyyouth\/alcoholdrug\/<\/a><\/span>\u00a0Staying away from excessive alcohol intake lowers blood pressure, the risk from injury, heart disease, stroke, liver problems, and some types of cancer. Abstaining from alcohol also aids in weight loss and increases the money in your wallet. While heavy drinking of alcoholic beverages is associated with several bad health effects, consuming alcohol in moderation has been found to promote health such as reducing the risk for heart disease and Type 2 diabetes in some people. The HHS defines drinking in moderation as no more than one drink a day for women and two drinks a day for men.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch01_s04_s04_s01_p02\">Illicit and prescription drug abuse are associated with decreased health and is a prominent problem in the United States. The health effects of drug abuse can be far-reaching including increased risk for stroke, heart disease, cancer, lung disease, and liver disease.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"section_7\" class=\"mt-section\">\r\n<h2 id=\"Sleeping_Patterns-443\">Sleeping Patterns<\/h2>\r\nInadequate amounts of sleep, or not sleeping well, can also have remarkable effects on a person\u2019s health. In fact, sleeping can affect your health just as much as diet or exercise. At least 10 percent of Americans have chronic insomnia (<a class=\"external\" title=\"http:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/article\/sleep-related-problems\/insomnia-and-sleep\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/article\/sleep-related-problems\/insomnia-and-sleep\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow noopener\">National Sleep Foundation. \u201cInsomnia and Sleep\u201d Accessed January 20, 2020<\/a>.) Scientific studies have shown that insufficient sleep increases the risk for heart disease, Type 2 diabetes, obesity, and depression. Abnormal breathing during sleep, a condition called sleep apnea, is also linked to an increased risk for chronic disease.\r\n<div>\r\n<div id=\"exercise\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n<h3 class=\"boxtitle\">INTERACTIVE\u00a01.4.5<\/h3>\r\nGo to the HHS website and discover the many tools at your fingertips to live a healthier lifestyle.\u00a0(<a class=\"link external\" href=\"http:\/\/www.healthfinder.gov\/prevention\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow noopener\">http:\/\/www.healthfinder.gov\/prevention\/<\/a>)\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"section_8\" class=\"mt-section\">\r\n<h2 id=\"Nutrition.2C_Genetics.2C_Environment.2C_and_Lifestyle_Interact_to_Affect_Health-443\">Nutrition, Genetics, Environment, and Lifestyle Interact to Affect Health<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch01_s04_s05_p01\">The Pima Indians who inhabit parts of southern Arizona and the Pima Indians that live across the border in Mexico are genetically and culturally similar, but there are vast differences in the health of these two populations. In America, the Pima Indians have the highest rate of obesity and Type 2 diabetes compared to any other ethnic group. However, the Pima Indians who live in Mexico do not share these same health problems because of a complex interplay between nutrition, genetics, environment, and lifestyle. Over one hundred years ago, the Pima Indians were farmers, hunters, and gatherers and their diets consisted of about 70 percent carbohydrate, 15 percent protein, and 10 to 15 percent fat. Typical of the lives of farmers, hunters, and gatherers a century ago, they lived through times of feast and times of famine. The geneticist James Neel proposed in 1962 that the Pima Indians carried a \u201cthrifty gene\u201d that makes them very efficient at storing fat during times of plenty so they do not starve when food is scarce.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch01_s04_s05_p02\">After World War II, the Pima Indians in America either went back to reservations in southern Arizona or moved to the cities for work. They rapidly adopted the American diet and lifestyle and consumed high-fat, processed foods and refined grains and were more sedentary than their counterparts in Mexico, who retained their more traditional diet and lifestyle. Today, the typical American Pima Indian diet obtains more than 40 percent of calories from fat. The \u201cthrifty gene\u201d in the American Pima Indian population increased their susceptibility to the consequences of the high-fat American diet and sedentary lifestyle because they were genetically better at storing fat than others. The story of the Pima Indians and the difference between the health of their populations in America and Mexico demonstrates the interactions between nutrition, genetics, environment, and lifestyle. Indeed, preliminary studies suggest that when American Pima Indians switch back to the diets of their ancestors and consume beans, corn, grains, and greens and other low-fat, high-fiber plant foods, the benefits are weight loss and reduced risk of chronic disease. The health status of American Pima Indians is considered \u201ca canary in the coal mine, \u201d meaning they provide a warning to the American people.<\/p>\r\nAlthough the health consequences of the American diet and lifestyle in Pima Indians appeared rapidly in their population, all Americans that partake in the current trends of American diet and lifestyle are at risk. On the lighter side (literally!), the new studies that show changing back to more traditional diets markedly improved the health of the American Pima Indians suggest that all Americans can reduce their risk for diet-related diseases even when their genetic susceptibility for these diseases is high.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"297\"]<img class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/med.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/175\/636168f1b7318244b1cc207c1ff30736.jpg?revision=1&amp;size=bestfit&amp;width=297&amp;height=414\" alt=\"\" width=\"297\" height=\"414\" \/> Figure\u00a01.4.2:\u00a0The Interplay of Nutrition, Genetics, Environment, and Lifestyle Affects Health. Pima Indians living in America are genetically similar to those who live in Mexico, but differences in their nutrition, environment, and lifestyle changes their health. Source:\u00a0http:\/\/paleobioticslab.com\/general-interest-articles\/so-go-the-pimas-so-go-the-rest-of-us\/.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<div class=\"note1\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n<h3 class=\"boxtitle\">TOOLS FOR CHANGE<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch01_s04_s05_p04\">Heed the warning of the Pima Indians and seek out ways to establish a more traditional dietary pattern. The American diet in the nineteenth century consisted of less meat, less processed food, and more home-grown fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Think of ways to include these types of foods in your diet or partake in some of the traditional foods of a particular ethnic group in your community. Visit the following websites to find out the unique foods of some traditional diets.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch01_s04_s05_p05\">Traditional Mediterranean diet:\u00a0<a class=\"link external\" href=\"https:\/\/oldwayspt.org\/traditional-diets\/mediterranean-diet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow noopener\">http:\/\/www.oldwayspt.org\/mediterraneandiet<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch01_s04_s05_p06\">Native Tech:\u00a0<a class=\"link external\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nativetech.org\/recipes\/index.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow noopener\">http:\/\/www.nativetech.org\/recipes\/index.php<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch01_s04_s05_p07\">Traditional foods, with recipes, by country:\u00a0<a class=\"link external\" href=\"http:\/\/www.foodbycountry.com\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow noopener\">http:\/\/www.foodbycountry.com\/index.html<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"section_9\" class=\"mt-section\">\r\n<h2 id=\"Personal_Choice:_The_Challenge_of_Choosing_Foods-443\">Personal Choice: The Challenge of Choosing Foods<\/h2>\r\nFrom visiting websites about traditional foods of different cultures and ethnic groups, you may have noticed that a few more things besides environment and lifestyle that influence the foods you choose to eat. Different foods affect energy level, mood, how much is eaten, how long before you eat again, and if cravings are satisfied. We have talked about some of the physical effects of food on your body, but there are other effects too. Food regulates your appetite and how you feel. Multiple studies have demonstrated that some high-fiber foods and high-protein foods decrease appetite by slowing the digestive process and prolonging the feeling of being full. The effects of individual foods and nutrients on mood are not backed by consistent scientific evidence, but in general most studies support that healthier diets are associated with a decrease in depression and improved well-being. To date, science has not been able to track the exact path in the brain that occurs in response to eating a particular food, but it is quite clear that foods, in general, stimulate emotional responses in people.\r\n<p id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch01_s04_s05_s01_p02\">Food also has psychological, cultural, and religious significance, so your personal choices of food affect your body, mind, and soul. The social implications of food have a great deal to do with what people eat, as well as how and when. Special events in individual lives\u2014from birthdays to funerals\u2014are commemorated with equally special foods. Being aware of these forces can help people make healthier food choices\u2014and still honor the traditions and ties they hold dear. Typically, eating kosher food means a person is Jewish; eating fish on Fridays during Lent means a person is Catholic; fasting during the ninth month of the Islamic calendar means a person is Muslim. On New Year\u2019s Day, people from New England like to combine pork and sauerkraut as a way to eat their way to luck. Several hundred miles away in the southern United States, people eat Hoppin\u2019 John, a favorite local dish made with black-eyed peas and pork, while fish is the \u201clucky\u201d food of choice for Japanese Americans. National food traditions are carried to other countries when people immigrate. American cuisine would not be what it is today without the contributions of Italian, Chinese, Mexican, and other immigrants.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"section_10\" class=\"mt-section\">\r\n<h2 id=\"Factors_that_Drive_Food_Choices-443\">Factors that Drive Food Choices<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch01_s04_s05_s01_s01_p01\">Along with these influences, a number of other factors affect the dietary choices individuals make, including:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch01_s04_s05_s01_s01_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist block\">\r\n \t<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Taste, texture, and appearance.<\/strong>\u00a0Individuals have a wide range of tastes which influence their food choices, leading some to dislike milk and others to hate raw vegetables. Some foods that are very healthy, such as tofu, may be unappealing at first to many people. However, creative cooks can adapt healthy foods to meet most peoples\u2019 taste.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Economics.<\/strong>\u00a0Access to fresh fruits and vegetables may be scant, particularly for those who live in economically disadvantaged or remote areas, where cheaper food options are limited to convenience stores and fast food.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Early food experiences.<\/strong>\u00a0People who were not exposed to different foods as children, or who were forced to swallow every last bite of overcooked vegetables, may make limited food choices as adults.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Habits.<\/strong>\u00a0It\u2019s common to establish eating routines, which can work both for and against optimal health. Habitually grabbing a fast food sandwich for breakfast can seem convenient, but might not offer substantial nutrition. Yet getting in the habit of drinking an ample amount of water each day can yield multiple benefits.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Culture.<\/strong>\u00a0The culture in which one grows up affects how one sees food in daily life and on special occasions.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Geography.<\/strong>\u00a0Where a person lives influences food choices. For instance, people who live in Midwestern US states have less access to seafood than those living along the coasts.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Advertising.<\/strong>\u00a0The media greatly influences food choice by persuading consumers to eat certain foods.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Social factors.<\/strong>\u00a0Any school lunchroom observer can testify to the impact of peer pressure on eating habits, and this influence lasts through adulthood. People make food choices based on how they see others and want others to see them. For example, individuals can purchase cheap and fast pizzas or opt for high-end versions at fancy restaurants.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Health concerns.<\/strong>\u00a0Some people have significant food allergies, to lactose or peanuts for example, and need to avoid those foods. Others may have developed health issues, which require them to follow a low-salt diet. In addition, people who have never worried about their weight have a very different approach to eating than those who have long struggled with excess pounds.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Emotions.<\/strong>\u00a0There is a wide range in how emotional issues affect eating habits. When faced with a great deal of stress, some people tend to overeat, while others find it hard to eat at all.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Green food\/Sustainability choices.<\/strong>\u00a0Based on a growing understanding of diet as a public and personal issue, more and more people are starting to make food choices based on their environmental impact. Realizing that their food choices help shape the world, many individuals are opting for a vegetarian diet, or, if they do eat animal products, striving to find the most \u201ccruelty-free\u201d options possible. Purchasing local and organic food products and items grown through sustainable products also helps shrink the size of one\u2019s dietary footprint.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"section_11\" class=\"mt-section\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Key Takeaways<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch01_s04_s05_s01_s01_p02\">In this section, you discovered that there are many determinants that affect your health status. You can change some of them and others you cannot. All the determinants of health interact together in influencing your health.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch01_s04_s05_s01_s01_l02\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\r\n \t<li>The expression of genes determines all of your traits including your risk for certain diseases. Nutrients can change the way genes are turned \u201con\u201d and \u201coff,\u201d consequently affecting health.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Certain stages of life require changes in nutrition to maintain bodily functions, such as growing.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The traits that a person has are largely a product of their genes and environment. One aspect of a person\u2019s environment is socioeconomic status, which is dependent on income, occupation, and education. Socioeconomic status is one of the best environmental predictors of a population\u2019s health.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Besides dietary habits, other components of lifestyle which affect health are physical activity level, recreational drug use, and sleeping patterns.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Nutrition, genetics, environment, and lifestyle interplay on health.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Cultural and religious tradition, along with social values can affect food choices. The foods you choose to eat affect your appetite and feelings. Numerous factors other than nutrition drive food choices.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch12_s04_s05_n03\" class=\"exercises \">\r\n<h3 id=\"section_17\" class=\"mt-section\">Discussion Starters<\/h3>\r\n<ol id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch01_s04_s05_s01_s01_l03\" class=\"orderedlist\">\r\n \t<li>What types of diseases and\/or conditions are present in your family?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Discuss the different cultures and religions that are represented by the people in your classroom and learn the different foods that they choose to eat.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Explain the role that genetics, environment, life cycle, and lifestyle play in health status.<\/li>\n<li>Describe economic, social, cultural, and emotional determinants that affect personal choices of foods.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>In addition to nutrition, health is affected by genetics, the environment, life cycle, and lifestyle. These factors are referred to as \u201cdeterminants\u201d of health and they all interact with each other. For example, family income influences the food choices available and the quantity and quality of food that can be purchased, which of course affects nutrition. Except for nutrition and lifestyle, these factors can be difficult or impossible to change.<\/p>\n<div id=\"section_1\" class=\"mt-section\">\n<h2 id=\"Genetics-443\">Genetics<\/h2>\n<p>Everyone starts out in life with the genes handed down to them from the families of their mother and father.\u00a0<span class=\"margin_term\">Genes<\/span>\u00a0are responsible for your many traits as an individual and are defined as the sequences of DNA that code for all the proteins in your body. The expression of different genes can determine the color of your hair, skin, and eyes, and even if you are more likely to be fat or thin and if you have an increased risk for a certain disease. The sequence of DNA that makes up your genes determines your genetic makeup, also called your\u00a0<span class=\"margin_term\">genome<\/span>, which is inherited from your mother and father. In 2003, the Human Genome Project was completed and now the entire sequence of DNA in humans is known. It consists of about three billion individual units and contains between twenty-five and thirty thousand genes. The human genome that was sequenced was taken from a small population of donors and is used as a reference DNA sequence for the entire population. Each of us has a similar but unique DNA sequence. Only identical twins and cloned animals have the exact same DNA sequence.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 408px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/med.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/254\/Marian_and_Vivian_Brown.jpg?revision=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"398\" height=\"398\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Identical twins are the only individuals in the world that have identical DNA, sharing the same\u00a0genotype. However, their phenotype is different, meaning that their identical DNA is expressed differently.\u00a0Marian and Vivian Brown, identical twins, photographed by\u00a0Christopher Michel.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Now that we understand the map of the human genome, let\u2019s enter the fields of nutrigenomics and epigenetics. Recall that\u00a0<span class=\"margin_term\">nutrigenomics<\/span>\u00a0is an emerging scientific discipline aimed at defining healthy genes and not-so-healthy genes and how nutrients affect them. Currently, scientists cannot change a person\u2019s DNA sequence. But they have discovered that chemical reactions in the body can turn genes \u201con\u201d and \u201coff,\u201d causing changes in the amounts and types of proteins expressed.\u00a0<a class=\"link-https\" title=\"https:\/\/bio.libretexts.org\/TextMaps\/Map%3A_Online_Open_Genetics_(Nickle_and_Barrette-Ng)\/12%3A_Regulation_of_Gene_Expression\/12.6%3A_Epigenetics\" href=\"https:\/\/bio.libretexts.org\/TextMaps\/Map%3A_Online_Open_Genetics_(Nickle_and_Barrette-Ng)\/12%3A_Regulation_of_Gene_Expression\/12.6%3A_Epigenetics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow noopener\"><span class=\"margin_term\">Epigenetics<\/span><\/a>\u00a0is another rapidly advancing scientific field in which researchers study how chemical reactions turn genes \u201con\u201d and \u201coff\u201d and the factors that influence the chemical reactions. Some of these factors are now known to be nutrients. Researchers at the Genetic Science Learning Center at the University of Utah conducted an experiment in which some pregnant mice were fed a diet containing folate, choline, vitamin B<sub class=\"subscript\">12<\/sub>, and betaine, and other pregnant mice were fed a diet that did not contain these nutrients and chemicals. Both groups of pregnant mice were also fed bisphenol A, a chemical in plastic, which alters DNA by inhibiting a specific chemical reaction. The mice born from the mother fed the supplemented diet were brown, thin, and healthy. The mice born from the mother fed the unsupplemented diet were yellow, fat, and unhealthy. This is a dramatic example of how nutrients change not the sequence of DNA, but which genes are expressed. These two mice look different, but have identical DNA sequences. Thus, not only do the things you eat determine your health, but so do the things your mother ate during pregnancy. Moreover, other studies have demonstrated what your dad ate\u2014and what your grandmother ate while she was pregnant with your mother!\u2014also can affect your gene expression and, consequently, your health. Does this make it OK for you to blame your mother and father for all of your shortcomings? No. Genetics are important in determining your health, but they are certainly not the only determinant.<\/p>\n<div>\n<div id=\"exercise\">\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<h3 class=\"boxtitle\">INTERACTIVE\u00a0<span id=\"MathJax-Span-1\" class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-2\" class=\"mrow\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-3\" class=\"texatom\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-4\" class=\"mrow\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-5\" class=\"mn\">1.4.<\/span><span id=\"MathJax-Span-6\" class=\"mn\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>This is a good animation of the central foundation of modern biology. Turn \u201con\u201d a gene, make messenger RNA, and make protein. Spin the dial all the way to the left to turn off the expression, and then slowly move it to the right. Note that this requires Flash Player and is not functional on an iOS device.<br \/>\n<a class=\"link external\" href=\"http:\/\/learn.genetics.utah.edu\/content\/epigenetics\/control\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow noopener\">http:\/\/learn.genetics.utah.edu\/content\/epigenetics\/control\/<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"copyright\">Source: Genetic Science Learning Center at the University of Utah.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>https:\/\/youtube.com\/watch?v=WJuuvGJp2mM<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><em>Video\u00a01.4.1:\u00a0Diet during Pregnancy. Watch as Jen discovers how what you eat during pregnancy affects the health of your baby.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"section_2\" class=\"mt-section\">\n<h2 id=\"The_Life_Cycle-443\">The Life Cycle<\/h2>\n<p id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch01_s04_s02_p01\">The\u00a0<a class=\"link-https\" title=\"https:\/\/socialsci.libretexts.org\/Textbook_Maps\/Map%3A_Human_Development_Life_Span\" href=\"https:\/\/socialsci.libretexts.org\/Textbook_Maps\/Map%3A_Human_Development_Life_Span\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow noopener\"><span class=\"margin_term\">life cycle<\/span>\u00a0of human<\/a>\u00a0beings originates from a fertilized egg, which develops into a fetus that is eventually born as a baby. A baby develops into a child, transitions through the wonderful phase of adolescence, becomes an adult, and then advances into old age and eventually death (Figure\u00a01.4.1). The current average life expectancy in America is approaching eighty. To see how this compares with other countries, see <span id=\"MathJax-Span-25\" class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-26\" class=\"mrow\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-27\" class=\"texatom\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-28\" class=\"mrow\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-30\" class=\"mn\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div>\n<div id=\"exercise\">\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<h3>INTERACTIVE 1.4.2: THE WORLD BANK<\/h3>\n<p>Visit this public database from the World Bank to learn how the life expectancy in America differs from those in other countries.<br \/>\n<a class=\"link external\" href=\"http:\/\/www.google.com\/publicdata?ds=wb-wdi&amp;met_y=sp_dyn_le00_in&amp;idim=country:USA&amp;dl=en&amp;hl=en&amp;q=america+average+life+expectancy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow noopener\">http:\/\/www.google.com\/publicdata?ds=wb-wdi&amp;met_y=sp_dyn_le00_in&amp;idim=country:USA&amp;dl=en&amp;hl= en&amp;q=america+average+life+expectancy<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch01_s04_s02_p04\">A person\u2019s stage of life influences their health and nutritional requirements. For example, when you are an adolescent, your bones grow quickly. More calcium, a bone-building nutrient, is required in the diet during this life stage than at other ages. As you get older, the aging process affects how your body functions. One effect of aging, apparently earlier in women than in men, is the deterioration of bone tissue. As a result, women over age fifty-one need more calcium in their diet than younger adult women. Another life-cycle stage, pregnancy, requires several adjustments to nutrition compared to nonpregnant women. It is recommended that a pregnant woman consume more protein than a nonpregnant woman to support growth and development, and to consume more of some vitamins, such as folate, to prevent certain birth defects. The USDA provides information on healthy diets for many different stages of the life cycle on their website. Healthy aging requires eating a diet that matches one\u2019s life stages to support the body\u2019s specific physiological requirements. What else is known to help a person age slowly and gracefully? Diets high in vegetables and fruits are associated with increased longevity and a decreased risk of many diseases.<\/p>\n<div class=\"figure large block\">\n<div style=\"width: 498px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/med.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/176\/7e6981b34e184d8a96aed3212b0ec685.jpg?revision=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"488\" height=\"306\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure\u00a0<strong>1.4.1:<\/strong>\u00a0The Life Cycle &#8211;\u00a0The Forward March to Old Age and Ultimately Death. \u00a9 Shutterstock<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"section_3\" class=\"mt-section\">\n<h2 id=\"Environment-443\">Environment<\/h2>\n<p>Your environment has a large influence on your health, genetics, life cycle, and lifestyle. Scientists say that the majority of your expressed traits are a product of your genes and environment, of which nutrition is a component. An example of this interaction can be observed in people who have the rare genetic disorder,\u00a0<a class=\"link-https\" title=\"https:\/\/bio.libretexts.org\/TextMaps\/Map%3A_Biology_(Kimball)\/Unit_11%3A_Genomics\/11.08%3A_Genetic_Screening_for_Phenylketonuria\" href=\"https:\/\/bio.libretexts.org\/TextMaps\/Map%3A_Biology_(Kimball)\/Unit_11%3A_Genomics\/11.08%3A_Genetic_Screening_for_Phenylketonuria\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow noopener\">phenylketonuria\u00a0<\/a>(PKU). The clinical signs of PKU are mental retardation, brain damage, and seizures and are caused by the build-up of the amino acid phenylalanine and its metabolites (breakdown products produced during metabolism) in the body. The high level of phenylalanine in a person who has PKU is the result of a change in the gene that encodes for an enzyme that converts phenylalanine into the amino acid tyrosine. This genetic change, called a mutation, causes the enzyme to not function properly.<\/p>\n<div id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch01_s04_s03_fx01\" class=\"informalfigure large block\">\n<div style=\"width: 554px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/med.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/173\/3eb1e42fd05e416dfe5534d607a600ae.jpg?revision=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"544\" height=\"483\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">The interplay of genetics and environment can determine the consequences of disease. Sources: http:\/\/topnews.co.uk\/214471-rare-disorder-known-phenylketonuria\u00a0and\u00a0http:\/\/www.georgiapku.org\/AboutUs.html. \u00a9 Shutterstock<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>In this country and many others all newborn babies are screened for PKU in order to diagnose and treat the disease before the development of mental retardation and brain damage. Once diagnosed, PKU is treated by strict adherence to a diet low in phenylalanine, consisting mostly of fruits, vegetables, and grains. Adhering to this diet for life allows an individual with PKU to lead a normal life without suffering the consequences of brain damage, mental retardation, or seizures. In the example of PKU, the consequences of a genetic mutation are modified by diet. Thus, a person\u2019s genes can make them more susceptible to a particular disease, or cause a disease, and their environment can decrease or increase the progression and severity of the condition.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"section_4\" class=\"mt-section\">\n<h2 id=\"Socioeconomic_Status-443\">Socioeconomic Status<\/h2>\n<p>Multiple aspects of a person\u2019s environment can affect nutrition, which in turn affects health. One of the best environmental predictors of a population\u2019s health is socioeconomic status.\u00a0<span class=\"margin_term\">Socioeconomic status<\/span>\u00a0is a measurement made up of three variables: income, occupation, and education. Socioeconomic status affects nutrition by influencing what foods you can afford and consequently, food choice and food quality. Nutrition and health are generally better in populations that have higher incomes, better jobs, and more education. On the other hand, the burden of disease is highest in the most disadvantaged populations. A commentary in the\u00a0<em class=\"emphasis\">Journal of the American Medical Association<\/em>\u00a0reports that the lower life expectancy of populations of lower socioeconomic status is largely attributable to increased death from heart disease. (<span id=\"zimmerman_1.0-fn01_017\" class=\"footnote\">Fiscella, K. and D. Tancredi. \u201cSocioeconomic Status and Coronary Heart Disease Risk Prediction.\u201d\u00a0<em class=\"emphasis\">JAMA<\/em>\u00a0300, no. 22 (2008): 2666\u201368)<\/span>\u00a0The American Heart Association states that having a healthy diet is one of the best weapons to fight heart disease and it is therefore essential that all socioeconomic status groups have access to high-quality, nutrient-dense foods. The disparities in nutrition and health in America are directly related to the disparity in socioeconomic status. Other dimensions that affect health disparity are race, ethnic group, sex, sexual identity, age, disability, and geographic location. The issue of inequitable health among Americans is recognized by the federal government and one of the overarching goals of Healthy People 2020, a large program managed by the HHS, is to \u201cAchieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups.\u201d To work toward this monumentous goal, the HHS is actively tracking disease patterns, chronic conditions, and death rates among the many different types of people that live in the United States.<\/p>\n<div>\n<div id=\"exercise\">\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<h3 class=\"boxtitle\">INTERACTIVE\u00a01.4.3: CAUSES\u00a0OF DEATH<\/h3>\n<p>To see the differences in causes of death for different sexes, races, and age groups, visit the website of Healthy People and compare the top ten causes of death for different populations (<a class=\"link external\" href=\"http:\/\/www.healthypeople.gov\/2020\/default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow noopener\">http:\/\/www.healthypeople.gov\/2020\/default.aspx<\/a>).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"section_5\" class=\"mt-section\">\n<h2 id=\"Lifestyle-443\">Lifestyle<\/h2>\n<p id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch01_s04_s04_p01\">One facet of lifestyle is your dietary habits. Recall that we discussed briefly how nutrition affects health. A greater discussion of this will follow in subsequent chapters in this book as there is an enormous amount of information regarding this aspect of lifestyle. Dietary habits include what a person eats, how much a person eats during a meal, how frequently meals are consumed, and how often a person eats out at restaurants. Other aspects of\u00a0<span class=\"margin_term\">lifestyle<\/span>\u00a0include physical activity level, recreational drug use, and sleeping patterns, all of which play a role in health and impact nutrition. Following a healthy lifestyle improves your overall health.<\/p>\n<p id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch01_s04_s04_p02\">In 2008, the HHS released the\u00a0<em class=\"emphasis\">Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans<\/em>. The HHS states that \u201cBeing physically active is one of the most important steps that Americans of all ages can take to improve their health. The\u00a0<em class=\"emphasis\">2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans<\/em>\u00a0provides science-based guidance to help Americans aged six and older improve their health through appropriate physical activity.\u201d The guidelines recommend exercise programs for people in many different stages of their lifecycle and for pregnant women and adults and children who have disabilities. The HHS reports that there is strong evidence that increased physical activity decreases the risk of early death, heart disease, stroke, Type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and certain cancers; prevents weight gain and falls; and improves cognitive function in the elderly. Also unveiled recently are the\u00a0<em class=\"emphasis\">Canadian Physical Activity Guidelines<\/em>, which are available at the website of\u00a0<a class=\"external\" title=\"http:\/\/www.csep.ca\/english\/view.asp?x=804\" href=\"http:\/\/www.csep.ca\/english\/view.asp?x=804\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow noopener\">The Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div>\n<div id=\"exercise\">\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<h3 class=\"boxtitle\">INTERACTIVE\u00a01.4.4: PHYSICAL ACTIVITY GUIDELINES<\/h3>\n<p>Go to the HHS website to access the entire\u00a0<a class=\"link-https\" title=\"https:\/\/health.gov\/paguidelines\/guidelines\/\" href=\"https:\/\/health.gov\/paguidelines\/guidelines\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow noopener\"><em class=\"emphasis\">2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans<\/em><\/a>\u00a0(<a class=\"link-https\" title=\"https:\/\/health.gov\/paguidelines\/guidelines\" href=\"https:\/\/health.gov\/paguidelines\/guidelines\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow noopener\">https:\/\/health.gov\/paguidelines\/guidelines<\/a>).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"section_6\" class=\"mt-section\">\n<h2 id=\"Recreational_Drug_Use-443\">Recreational Drug Use<\/h2>\n<p id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch01_s04_s04_s01_p01\">Recreational drug use, which includes tobacco-smoking and alcohol consumption along with narcotic and other illegal drug use, has a large impact on health. Smoking cigarettes causes lung cancer, eleven other types of cancer, heart disease, and several other disorders or diseases that markedly decrease quality of life and increase mortality. In the United States, smoking causes more than four hundred thousand deaths every single year, which is far more than deaths associated with any other lifestyle component.<span id=\"zimmerman_1.0-fn01_018\" class=\"footnote\">\u00a0<a class=\"external\" title=\"http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/tobacco\/data_statistics\/fact_sheets\/health_effects\/tobacco_related_mortality\/index.htm\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/tobacco\/data_statistics\/fact_sheets\/health_effects\/tobacco_related_mortality\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow noopener\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. \u201cSmoking and Tobacco Use.\u201d<\/a>\u00a0Last reviewed January 17, 2018.<\/span>\u00a0Also, according to the CDC, excessive alcohol intake causes an estimated seventy-five thousand deaths per year.\u00a0<span id=\"zimmerman_1.0-fn01_019\" class=\"footnote\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. \u201cAlcohol and Drug Use.\u201d Last reviewed August 2, 2018.\u00a0<a class=\"link external\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/healthyyouth\/alcoholdrug\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow noopener\">http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/healthyyouth\/alcoholdrug\/<\/a><\/span>\u00a0Staying away from excessive alcohol intake lowers blood pressure, the risk from injury, heart disease, stroke, liver problems, and some types of cancer. Abstaining from alcohol also aids in weight loss and increases the money in your wallet. While heavy drinking of alcoholic beverages is associated with several bad health effects, consuming alcohol in moderation has been found to promote health such as reducing the risk for heart disease and Type 2 diabetes in some people. The HHS defines drinking in moderation as no more than one drink a day for women and two drinks a day for men.<\/p>\n<p id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch01_s04_s04_s01_p02\">Illicit and prescription drug abuse are associated with decreased health and is a prominent problem in the United States. The health effects of drug abuse can be far-reaching including increased risk for stroke, heart disease, cancer, lung disease, and liver disease.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"section_7\" class=\"mt-section\">\n<h2 id=\"Sleeping_Patterns-443\">Sleeping Patterns<\/h2>\n<p>Inadequate amounts of sleep, or not sleeping well, can also have remarkable effects on a person\u2019s health. In fact, sleeping can affect your health just as much as diet or exercise. At least 10 percent of Americans have chronic insomnia (<a class=\"external\" title=\"http:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/article\/sleep-related-problems\/insomnia-and-sleep\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sleepfoundation.org\/article\/sleep-related-problems\/insomnia-and-sleep\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow noopener\">National Sleep Foundation. \u201cInsomnia and Sleep\u201d Accessed January 20, 2020<\/a>.) Scientific studies have shown that insufficient sleep increases the risk for heart disease, Type 2 diabetes, obesity, and depression. Abnormal breathing during sleep, a condition called sleep apnea, is also linked to an increased risk for chronic disease.<\/p>\n<div>\n<div id=\"exercise\">\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<h3 class=\"boxtitle\">INTERACTIVE\u00a01.4.5<\/h3>\n<p>Go to the HHS website and discover the many tools at your fingertips to live a healthier lifestyle.\u00a0(<a class=\"link external\" href=\"http:\/\/www.healthfinder.gov\/prevention\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow noopener\">http:\/\/www.healthfinder.gov\/prevention\/<\/a>)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"section_8\" class=\"mt-section\">\n<h2 id=\"Nutrition.2C_Genetics.2C_Environment.2C_and_Lifestyle_Interact_to_Affect_Health-443\">Nutrition, Genetics, Environment, and Lifestyle Interact to Affect Health<\/h2>\n<p id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch01_s04_s05_p01\">The Pima Indians who inhabit parts of southern Arizona and the Pima Indians that live across the border in Mexico are genetically and culturally similar, but there are vast differences in the health of these two populations. In America, the Pima Indians have the highest rate of obesity and Type 2 diabetes compared to any other ethnic group. However, the Pima Indians who live in Mexico do not share these same health problems because of a complex interplay between nutrition, genetics, environment, and lifestyle. Over one hundred years ago, the Pima Indians were farmers, hunters, and gatherers and their diets consisted of about 70 percent carbohydrate, 15 percent protein, and 10 to 15 percent fat. Typical of the lives of farmers, hunters, and gatherers a century ago, they lived through times of feast and times of famine. The geneticist James Neel proposed in 1962 that the Pima Indians carried a \u201cthrifty gene\u201d that makes them very efficient at storing fat during times of plenty so they do not starve when food is scarce.<\/p>\n<p id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch01_s04_s05_p02\">After World War II, the Pima Indians in America either went back to reservations in southern Arizona or moved to the cities for work. They rapidly adopted the American diet and lifestyle and consumed high-fat, processed foods and refined grains and were more sedentary than their counterparts in Mexico, who retained their more traditional diet and lifestyle. Today, the typical American Pima Indian diet obtains more than 40 percent of calories from fat. The \u201cthrifty gene\u201d in the American Pima Indian population increased their susceptibility to the consequences of the high-fat American diet and sedentary lifestyle because they were genetically better at storing fat than others. The story of the Pima Indians and the difference between the health of their populations in America and Mexico demonstrates the interactions between nutrition, genetics, environment, and lifestyle. Indeed, preliminary studies suggest that when American Pima Indians switch back to the diets of their ancestors and consume beans, corn, grains, and greens and other low-fat, high-fiber plant foods, the benefits are weight loss and reduced risk of chronic disease. The health status of American Pima Indians is considered \u201ca canary in the coal mine, \u201d meaning they provide a warning to the American people.<\/p>\n<p>Although the health consequences of the American diet and lifestyle in Pima Indians appeared rapidly in their population, all Americans that partake in the current trends of American diet and lifestyle are at risk. On the lighter side (literally!), the new studies that show changing back to more traditional diets markedly improved the health of the American Pima Indians suggest that all Americans can reduce their risk for diet-related diseases even when their genetic susceptibility for these diseases is high.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 307px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/med.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/175\/636168f1b7318244b1cc207c1ff30736.jpg?revision=1&amp;size=bestfit&amp;width=297&amp;height=414\" alt=\"\" width=\"297\" height=\"414\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure\u00a01.4.2:\u00a0The Interplay of Nutrition, Genetics, Environment, and Lifestyle Affects Health. Pima Indians living in America are genetically similar to those who live in Mexico, but differences in their nutrition, environment, and lifestyle changes their health. Source:\u00a0http:\/\/paleobioticslab.com\/general-interest-articles\/so-go-the-pimas-so-go-the-rest-of-us\/.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"note1\">\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<h3 class=\"boxtitle\">TOOLS FOR CHANGE<\/h3>\n<p id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch01_s04_s05_p04\">Heed the warning of the Pima Indians and seek out ways to establish a more traditional dietary pattern. The American diet in the nineteenth century consisted of less meat, less processed food, and more home-grown fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Think of ways to include these types of foods in your diet or partake in some of the traditional foods of a particular ethnic group in your community. Visit the following websites to find out the unique foods of some traditional diets.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch01_s04_s05_p05\">Traditional Mediterranean diet:\u00a0<a class=\"link external\" href=\"https:\/\/oldwayspt.org\/traditional-diets\/mediterranean-diet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow noopener\">http:\/\/www.oldwayspt.org\/mediterraneandiet<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch01_s04_s05_p06\">Native Tech:\u00a0<a class=\"link external\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nativetech.org\/recipes\/index.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow noopener\">http:\/\/www.nativetech.org\/recipes\/index.php<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch01_s04_s05_p07\">Traditional foods, with recipes, by country:\u00a0<a class=\"link external\" href=\"http:\/\/www.foodbycountry.com\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external nofollow noopener\">http:\/\/www.foodbycountry.com\/index.html<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"section_9\" class=\"mt-section\">\n<h2 id=\"Personal_Choice:_The_Challenge_of_Choosing_Foods-443\">Personal Choice: The Challenge of Choosing Foods<\/h2>\n<p>From visiting websites about traditional foods of different cultures and ethnic groups, you may have noticed that a few more things besides environment and lifestyle that influence the foods you choose to eat. Different foods affect energy level, mood, how much is eaten, how long before you eat again, and if cravings are satisfied. We have talked about some of the physical effects of food on your body, but there are other effects too. Food regulates your appetite and how you feel. Multiple studies have demonstrated that some high-fiber foods and high-protein foods decrease appetite by slowing the digestive process and prolonging the feeling of being full. The effects of individual foods and nutrients on mood are not backed by consistent scientific evidence, but in general most studies support that healthier diets are associated with a decrease in depression and improved well-being. To date, science has not been able to track the exact path in the brain that occurs in response to eating a particular food, but it is quite clear that foods, in general, stimulate emotional responses in people.<\/p>\n<p id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch01_s04_s05_s01_p02\">Food also has psychological, cultural, and religious significance, so your personal choices of food affect your body, mind, and soul. The social implications of food have a great deal to do with what people eat, as well as how and when. Special events in individual lives\u2014from birthdays to funerals\u2014are commemorated with equally special foods. Being aware of these forces can help people make healthier food choices\u2014and still honor the traditions and ties they hold dear. Typically, eating kosher food means a person is Jewish; eating fish on Fridays during Lent means a person is Catholic; fasting during the ninth month of the Islamic calendar means a person is Muslim. On New Year\u2019s Day, people from New England like to combine pork and sauerkraut as a way to eat their way to luck. Several hundred miles away in the southern United States, people eat Hoppin\u2019 John, a favorite local dish made with black-eyed peas and pork, while fish is the \u201clucky\u201d food of choice for Japanese Americans. National food traditions are carried to other countries when people immigrate. American cuisine would not be what it is today without the contributions of Italian, Chinese, Mexican, and other immigrants.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"section_10\" class=\"mt-section\">\n<h2 id=\"Factors_that_Drive_Food_Choices-443\">Factors that Drive Food Choices<\/h2>\n<p id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch01_s04_s05_s01_s01_p01\">Along with these influences, a number of other factors affect the dietary choices individuals make, including:<\/p>\n<ul id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch01_s04_s05_s01_s01_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist block\">\n<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Taste, texture, and appearance.<\/strong>\u00a0Individuals have a wide range of tastes which influence their food choices, leading some to dislike milk and others to hate raw vegetables. Some foods that are very healthy, such as tofu, may be unappealing at first to many people. However, creative cooks can adapt healthy foods to meet most peoples\u2019 taste.<\/li>\n<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Economics.<\/strong>\u00a0Access to fresh fruits and vegetables may be scant, particularly for those who live in economically disadvantaged or remote areas, where cheaper food options are limited to convenience stores and fast food.<\/li>\n<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Early food experiences.<\/strong>\u00a0People who were not exposed to different foods as children, or who were forced to swallow every last bite of overcooked vegetables, may make limited food choices as adults.<\/li>\n<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Habits.<\/strong>\u00a0It\u2019s common to establish eating routines, which can work both for and against optimal health. Habitually grabbing a fast food sandwich for breakfast can seem convenient, but might not offer substantial nutrition. Yet getting in the habit of drinking an ample amount of water each day can yield multiple benefits.<\/li>\n<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Culture.<\/strong>\u00a0The culture in which one grows up affects how one sees food in daily life and on special occasions.<\/li>\n<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Geography.<\/strong>\u00a0Where a person lives influences food choices. For instance, people who live in Midwestern US states have less access to seafood than those living along the coasts.<\/li>\n<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Advertising.<\/strong>\u00a0The media greatly influences food choice by persuading consumers to eat certain foods.<\/li>\n<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Social factors.<\/strong>\u00a0Any school lunchroom observer can testify to the impact of peer pressure on eating habits, and this influence lasts through adulthood. People make food choices based on how they see others and want others to see them. For example, individuals can purchase cheap and fast pizzas or opt for high-end versions at fancy restaurants.<\/li>\n<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Health concerns.<\/strong>\u00a0Some people have significant food allergies, to lactose or peanuts for example, and need to avoid those foods. Others may have developed health issues, which require them to follow a low-salt diet. In addition, people who have never worried about their weight have a very different approach to eating than those who have long struggled with excess pounds.<\/li>\n<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Emotions.<\/strong>\u00a0There is a wide range in how emotional issues affect eating habits. When faced with a great deal of stress, some people tend to overeat, while others find it hard to eat at all.<\/li>\n<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Green food\/Sustainability choices.<\/strong>\u00a0Based on a growing understanding of diet as a public and personal issue, more and more people are starting to make food choices based on their environmental impact. Realizing that their food choices help shape the world, many individuals are opting for a vegetarian diet, or, if they do eat animal products, striving to find the most \u201ccruelty-free\u201d options possible. Purchasing local and organic food products and items grown through sustainable products also helps shrink the size of one\u2019s dietary footprint.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"section_11\" class=\"mt-section\">\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Takeaways<\/h3>\n<p id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch01_s04_s05_s01_s01_p02\">In this section, you discovered that there are many determinants that affect your health status. You can change some of them and others you cannot. All the determinants of health interact together in influencing your health.<\/p>\n<ul id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch01_s04_s05_s01_s01_l02\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\n<li>The expression of genes determines all of your traits including your risk for certain diseases. Nutrients can change the way genes are turned \u201con\u201d and \u201coff,\u201d consequently affecting health.<\/li>\n<li>Certain stages of life require changes in nutrition to maintain bodily functions, such as growing.<\/li>\n<li>The traits that a person has are largely a product of their genes and environment. One aspect of a person\u2019s environment is socioeconomic status, which is dependent on income, occupation, and education. Socioeconomic status is one of the best environmental predictors of a population\u2019s health.<\/li>\n<li>Besides dietary habits, other components of lifestyle which affect health are physical activity level, recreational drug use, and sleeping patterns.<\/li>\n<li>Nutrition, genetics, environment, and lifestyle interplay on health.<\/li>\n<li>Cultural and religious tradition, along with social values can affect food choices. The foods you choose to eat affect your appetite and feelings. Numerous factors other than nutrition drive food choices.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch12_s04_s05_n03\" class=\"exercises\">\n<h3 id=\"section_17\" class=\"mt-section\">Discussion Starters<\/h3>\n<ol id=\"zimmerman_1.0-ch01_s04_s05_s01_s01_l03\" class=\"orderedlist\">\n<li>What types of diseases and\/or conditions are present in your family?<\/li>\n<li>Discuss the different cultures and religions that are represented by the people in your classroom and learn the different foods that they choose to eat.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-42\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Health Factors and Their Impact. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Medical LibreTexts Contributors. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: LibreTexts. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/med.libretexts.org\/Courses\/Sacramento_City_College\/SCC%3A_Nutri_300_(Coppola)\/Chapters\/01%3A_Nutrition_and_You\/1.4%3A_Health_Factors_and_Their_Impact\">https:\/\/med.libretexts.org\/Courses\/Sacramento_City_College\/SCC%3A_Nutri_300_(Coppola)\/Chapters\/01%3A_Nutrition_and_You\/1.4%3A_Health_Factors_and_Their_Impact<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":44985,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Health Factors and Their Impact\",\"author\":\"Medical LibreTexts Contributors\",\"organization\":\"LibreTexts\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/med.libretexts.org\/Courses\/Sacramento_City_College\/SCC%3A_Nutri_300_(Coppola)\/Chapters\/01%3A_Nutrition_and_You\/1.4%3A_Health_Factors_and_Their_Impact\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-42","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-ltnutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/42","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-ltnutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-ltnutrition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-ltnutrition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/44985"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-ltnutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/42\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1108,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-ltnutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/42\/revisions\/1108"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-ltnutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-ltnutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/42\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-ltnutrition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=42"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-ltnutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=42"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-ltnutrition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=42"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-ltnutrition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=42"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}