{"id":273,"date":"2014-07-25T20:09:55","date_gmt":"2014-07-25T20:09:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/writershandbook\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=273"},"modified":"2014-07-25T21:05:54","modified_gmt":"2014-07-25T21:05:54","slug":"7-5-evaluating-sources","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/chapter\/7-5-evaluating-sources\/","title":{"raw":"7.5 Evaluating Sources","rendered":"7.5 Evaluating Sources"},"content":{"raw":"&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"im_section\">\r\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\"><span class=\"im_title-prefix\">7.5<\/span> Evaluating Sources<\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"im_learning_objectives im_editable im_block\" id=\"mccrimmon-ch07_s05_n01\">\r\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ol class=\"im_orderedlist\" id=\"mccrimmon-ch07_s05_l01\">\r\n\t<li>Know how to ascertain if the information a source offers is relevant to your topic and current enough to use.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Comprehend whether information is objective, reasonable and accurate.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Understand how to determine if a source is credible.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\nReturning to Jacoba\u2019s project, we can see that each type of genre she might use to write her essay on Social Security will require different questions to ask, sources to pursue, evidence and support to use.\r\n<div class=\"im_informaltable im_block\">\r\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Genre<\/th>\r\n<th>Informative Essays<\/th>\r\n<th>Interpretive Essays<\/th>\r\n<th>Persuasive Essays<\/th>\r\n<th>Problem-Solving Essays<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Questions to ask<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>What are the present facts about Social Security and its solvency?<\/td>\r\n<td>What has Social Security meant to American history, culture, politics, and government?<\/td>\r\n<td>Should Social Security be saved or phased out?<\/td>\r\n<td>Assuming it\u2019s worth saving, how can we preserve Social Security in a way that doesn\u2019t put us in more debt?<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Types of sources<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>Government budget figures, projections, and reports<\/td>\r\n<td>Historical records from the 1930s forward<\/td>\r\n<td>Editorials and position papers from policy experts and think tanks<\/td>\r\n<td>Articles and book-length works on fiscal policy and government entitlements<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Evidence and support<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>Demographics, actuarial tables, and economic statistics<\/td>\r\n<td>Political speeches and advertisements, congressional and presidential records<\/td>\r\n<td>Arguments from Social Security proponents and opponents<\/td>\r\n<td>Policy recommendations and proposals<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\nThe more Jacoba reflects on the kind of research she wants to spend her time conducting and the kind of writing she\u2019s most comfortable doing, the better off she\u2019ll be.\r\n\r\nWhen you evaluate a source, you need to consider the seven core points shown in Figure 7.2.\r\n<div class=\"im_figure im_large im_editable im_block\" id=\"mccrimmon-ch07_s05_f01\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"im_title-prefix\">Figure 7.2<\/span>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/writershandbook\/section_11\/bb1944fbdd70307b824f37576bb585fe.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3922\/2014\/07\/sm_bb1944fbdd70307b824f37576bb585fe1.jpg\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nA source is <strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">relevant<\/strong> if it can contribute to your paper in a meaningful way, which might include any of the following:\r\n<ul class=\"im_itemizedlist im_editable im_block\" id=\"mccrimmon-ch07_s05_l02\">\r\n\t<li>Supplies support for core argument(s)<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Adds a sense of authority to your argument(s)<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Contributes background information<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Provides other viewpoints<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Offers definitions and explanations that your audience will need for clarification<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nWhen determining if a source is <strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">current<\/strong> enough to use, a general rule of thumb is that a source must be no more than ten years old. In some situations, very few sources exist that were published within the last ten years, so older sources can be used as long as you explain why the use of the older sources is acceptable and meaningful. Or perhaps you may be using older sources to establish a historical record of thoughts and statements on your issue in question.\r\n\r\nBefore you use a source, you need to satisfy yourself that the information is <strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">accurate<\/strong>. In print sources, you can use the author (if known) and the publisher to help you decide. If you think the author and publisher are legitimate sources, then you are probably safe in assuming that their work is accurate. In the case of online information, in addition to considering the author and publisher, you can look at how long ago the site was updated, if evidence is provided to back up statements, and if the information appears to be thorough. For either print or online sources, you can check accuracy by finding other sources that support the facts in question.\r\n\r\nYou can deem a source to be <strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">reasonable<\/strong> if it makes overall sense as you read through it. In other words, use your personal judgment to determine if you think the information the source provides sounds plausible.\r\n\r\n<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Reliable<\/strong> sources do not show <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">bias<\/span><\/span> or <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">conflict of interest<\/span><\/span>. For example, don\u2019t choose a toy company\u2019s site for information about toys that are best for children. If you are unsure about the reliability of a source, check to see if it includes a list of references, and then track down a sampling of those references. Also, check the publisher. Reliable publishers rarely involve themselves with unreliable information.\r\n\r\nA source is <strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">objective<\/strong> if it provides both sides of an argument or more than one viewpoint. Although you can use sources that do not provide more than one viewpoint, you need to balance them with sources that provide other viewpoints.\r\n<div class=\"im_informaltable im_block\">\r\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>.edu<\/td>\r\n<td>Educational<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>.com<\/td>\r\n<td>Commercial, for-profit, business<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>.gov<\/td>\r\n<td>Government<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>.mil<\/td>\r\n<td>Military<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>.net<\/td>\r\n<td>Network<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>.org<\/td>\r\n<td>Not-for-profit organization<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\nA <strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">credible<\/strong> source is one that has solid backing by a reputable person or organization with the authority and expertise to present the information. When you haven\u2019t heard of an author, you can often judge whether an author is credible by reading his or her biography. If no biography is available, you can research the author yourself. You can also judge the credibility of an online source by looking at <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">address extension<\/span><\/span>. As a rule, you need to be aware that .com sites are commercial, for-profit sites that might offer a biased viewpoint, and .org sites are likely to have an agenda. Take precautions not to be fooled by an address extension that you think would belong to a credible source. Always think and read critically so you aren\u2019t fooled.\r\n<div class=\"im_key_takeaways im_editable im_block\" id=\"mccrimmon-ch07_s05_n02\">\r\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Key Takeaways<\/h3>\r\n<ul class=\"im_itemizedlist\" id=\"mccrimmon-ch07_s05_l03\">\r\n\t<li>A source is relevant to your topic if it supports your argument, adds a sense of authority to your argument, contributes background information, provides a different viewpoint, or offers key knowledge the audience will need. As a general rule, unless you are working with a subject that requires some historical research, a source should be no older than ten years.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Information within a source needs to be accurate, reasonable, reliable, and objective. Accurate means that the facts are correct, reasonable means it makes basic sense to you, reliable means it is without bias or conflict of interest, and objective means it presents more than one viewpoint.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>A source is credible if the source has the expertise to present the information.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"im_exercises im_editable im_block\" id=\"mccrimmon-ch07_s05_n03\">\r\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Exercises<\/h3>\r\n<ol class=\"im_orderedlist\" id=\"mccrimmon-ch07_s05_l04\">\r\n\t<li>Choose a research topic of interest to you. Find one source that is both related to the overall topic and relevant to your specific topic. Describe the relevant role the source could make (support, authority, background, viewpoints, or knowledge). Find a second source that is related to the overall topic but not as relevant to your specific topic.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Find a source that you think is not acceptable due to not being accurate, reasonable, reliable, or objective. Share the source with your classmates and explain why you have deemed the source as unacceptable.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Choose a research topic of interest to you. Find two sources with information that relate to your topic\u2014one that is credible and one that is not credible. Explain what makes one credible and the other not credible.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"im_section\">\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\"><span class=\"im_title-prefix\">7.5<\/span> Evaluating Sources<\/h2>\n<div class=\"im_learning_objectives im_editable im_block\" id=\"mccrimmon-ch07_s05_n01\">\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ol class=\"im_orderedlist\" id=\"mccrimmon-ch07_s05_l01\">\n<li>Know how to ascertain if the information a source offers is relevant to your topic and current enough to use.<\/li>\n<li>Comprehend whether information is objective, reasonable and accurate.<\/li>\n<li>Understand how to determine if a source is credible.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p>Returning to Jacoba\u2019s project, we can see that each type of genre she might use to write her essay on Social Security will require different questions to ask, sources to pursue, evidence and support to use.<\/p>\n<div class=\"im_informaltable im_block\">\n<table cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Genre<\/th>\n<th>Informative Essays<\/th>\n<th>Interpretive Essays<\/th>\n<th>Persuasive Essays<\/th>\n<th>Problem-Solving Essays<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Questions to ask<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>What are the present facts about Social Security and its solvency?<\/td>\n<td>What has Social Security meant to American history, culture, politics, and government?<\/td>\n<td>Should Social Security be saved or phased out?<\/td>\n<td>Assuming it\u2019s worth saving, how can we preserve Social Security in a way that doesn\u2019t put us in more debt?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Types of sources<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Government budget figures, projections, and reports<\/td>\n<td>Historical records from the 1930s forward<\/td>\n<td>Editorials and position papers from policy experts and think tanks<\/td>\n<td>Articles and book-length works on fiscal policy and government entitlements<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Evidence and support<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Demographics, actuarial tables, and economic statistics<\/td>\n<td>Political speeches and advertisements, congressional and presidential records<\/td>\n<td>Arguments from Social Security proponents and opponents<\/td>\n<td>Policy recommendations and proposals<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>The more Jacoba reflects on the kind of research she wants to spend her time conducting and the kind of writing she\u2019s most comfortable doing, the better off she\u2019ll be.<\/p>\n<p>When you evaluate a source, you need to consider the seven core points shown in Figure 7.2.<\/p>\n<div class=\"im_figure im_large im_editable im_block\" id=\"mccrimmon-ch07_s05_f01\">\n<p><span class=\"im_title-prefix\">Figure 7.2<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/writershandbook\/section_11\/bb1944fbdd70307b824f37576bb585fe.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3922\/2014\/07\/sm_bb1944fbdd70307b824f37576bb585fe1.jpg\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>A source is <strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">relevant<\/strong> if it can contribute to your paper in a meaningful way, which might include any of the following:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"im_itemizedlist im_editable im_block\" id=\"mccrimmon-ch07_s05_l02\">\n<li>Supplies support for core argument(s)<\/li>\n<li>Adds a sense of authority to your argument(s)<\/li>\n<li>Contributes background information<\/li>\n<li>Provides other viewpoints<\/li>\n<li>Offers definitions and explanations that your audience will need for clarification<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>When determining if a source is <strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">current<\/strong> enough to use, a general rule of thumb is that a source must be no more than ten years old. In some situations, very few sources exist that were published within the last ten years, so older sources can be used as long as you explain why the use of the older sources is acceptable and meaningful. Or perhaps you may be using older sources to establish a historical record of thoughts and statements on your issue in question.<\/p>\n<p>Before you use a source, you need to satisfy yourself that the information is <strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">accurate<\/strong>. In print sources, you can use the author (if known) and the publisher to help you decide. If you think the author and publisher are legitimate sources, then you are probably safe in assuming that their work is accurate. In the case of online information, in addition to considering the author and publisher, you can look at how long ago the site was updated, if evidence is provided to back up statements, and if the information appears to be thorough. For either print or online sources, you can check accuracy by finding other sources that support the facts in question.<\/p>\n<p>You can deem a source to be <strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">reasonable<\/strong> if it makes overall sense as you read through it. In other words, use your personal judgment to determine if you think the information the source provides sounds plausible.<\/p>\n<p><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Reliable<\/strong> sources do not show <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">bias<\/span><\/span> or <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">conflict of interest<\/span><\/span>. For example, don\u2019t choose a toy company\u2019s site for information about toys that are best for children. If you are unsure about the reliability of a source, check to see if it includes a list of references, and then track down a sampling of those references. Also, check the publisher. Reliable publishers rarely involve themselves with unreliable information.<\/p>\n<p>A source is <strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">objective<\/strong> if it provides both sides of an argument or more than one viewpoint. Although you can use sources that do not provide more than one viewpoint, you need to balance them with sources that provide other viewpoints.<\/p>\n<div class=\"im_informaltable im_block\">\n<table cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>.edu<\/td>\n<td>Educational<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>.com<\/td>\n<td>Commercial, for-profit, business<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>.gov<\/td>\n<td>Government<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>.mil<\/td>\n<td>Military<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>.net<\/td>\n<td>Network<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>.org<\/td>\n<td>Not-for-profit organization<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>A <strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">credible<\/strong> source is one that has solid backing by a reputable person or organization with the authority and expertise to present the information. When you haven\u2019t heard of an author, you can often judge whether an author is credible by reading his or her biography. If no biography is available, you can research the author yourself. You can also judge the credibility of an online source by looking at <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">address extension<\/span><\/span>. As a rule, you need to be aware that .com sites are commercial, for-profit sites that might offer a biased viewpoint, and .org sites are likely to have an agenda. Take precautions not to be fooled by an address extension that you think would belong to a credible source. Always think and read critically so you aren\u2019t fooled.<\/p>\n<div class=\"im_key_takeaways im_editable im_block\" id=\"mccrimmon-ch07_s05_n02\">\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Key Takeaways<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"im_itemizedlist\" id=\"mccrimmon-ch07_s05_l03\">\n<li>A source is relevant to your topic if it supports your argument, adds a sense of authority to your argument, contributes background information, provides a different viewpoint, or offers key knowledge the audience will need. As a general rule, unless you are working with a subject that requires some historical research, a source should be no older than ten years.<\/li>\n<li>Information within a source needs to be accurate, reasonable, reliable, and objective. Accurate means that the facts are correct, reasonable means it makes basic sense to you, reliable means it is without bias or conflict of interest, and objective means it presents more than one viewpoint.<\/li>\n<li>A source is credible if the source has the expertise to present the information.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"im_exercises im_editable im_block\" id=\"mccrimmon-ch07_s05_n03\">\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Exercises<\/h3>\n<ol class=\"im_orderedlist\" id=\"mccrimmon-ch07_s05_l04\">\n<li>Choose a research topic of interest to you. Find one source that is both related to the overall topic and relevant to your specific topic. Describe the relevant role the source could make (support, authority, background, viewpoints, or knowledge). Find a second source that is related to the overall topic but not as relevant to your specific topic.<\/li>\n<li>Find a source that you think is not acceptable due to not being accurate, reasonable, reliable, or objective. Share the source with your classmates and explain why you have deemed the source as unacceptable.<\/li>\n<li>Choose a research topic of interest to you. Find two sources with information that relate to your topic\u2014one that is credible and one that is not credible. Explain what makes one credible and the other not credible.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-273\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Writers Handbook. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Anonymous. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Anonymous. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/books\/writers-handbook\/\">http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/books\/writers-handbook\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":5,"menu_order":37,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Writers Handbook\",\"author\":\"Anonymous\",\"organization\":\"Anonymous\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/books\/writers-handbook\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-273","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":411,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/273","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/273\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":604,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/273\/revisions\/604"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/411"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/273\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=273"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=273"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=273"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=273"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}