{"id":334,"date":"2014-07-25T20:09:57","date_gmt":"2014-07-25T20:09:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/writershandbook\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=334"},"modified":"2017-01-02T19:46:45","modified_gmt":"2017-01-02T19:46:45","slug":"15-1-incorporating-core-sentence-components-avoiding-fragments","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/chapter\/15-1-incorporating-core-sentence-components-avoiding-fragments\/","title":{"raw":"15.1 Incorporating Core Sentence Components (Avoiding Fragments)","rendered":"15.1 Incorporating Core Sentence Components (Avoiding Fragments)"},"content":{"raw":"&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"im_section\">\r\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\"><span class=\"im_title-prefix\">15.1<\/span> Incorporating Core Sentence Components (Avoiding Fragments)<\/h2>\r\n<div id=\"mccrimmon-ch15_s01_n01\" class=\"im_learning_objectives im_editable im_block\">\r\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ol id=\"mccrimmon-ch15_s01_l01\" class=\"im_orderedlist\">\r\n \t<li>Recognize fragments.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Convert fragments to complete sentences.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Write complete sentences.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\nA complete sentence includes two core components: a <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">subject<\/span><\/span> and a <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">predicate<\/span><\/span>. <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">Fragments<\/span><\/span> are essentially <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">dependent clauses<\/span><\/span> that cannot stand on their own. They result when you attempt to write a sentence without one of those two core components. You can use these pointers to recognize fragments:\r\n<ul id=\"mccrimmon-ch15_s01_l02\" class=\"im_itemizedlist im_editable im_block\">\r\n \t<li>When you read a sentence, ask yourself, \u201cWho (or what) did what?\u201d If you can answer that question, you are reading a sentence. If not, you are reading a fragment.Test these examples:\r\n\r\nWhere are you?\r\n\r\n<em class=\"im_emphasis\">I am asking you where you are.<\/em>\r\n\r\n<em class=\"im_emphasis\">I can answer the question, so it\u2019s a<\/em> <em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">sentence<\/em><em class=\"im_emphasis\">.<\/em>\r\n\r\nSandra ate lunch early.\r\n\r\n<em class=\"im_emphasis\">Sandra ate her lunch early.<\/em>\r\n\r\n<em class=\"im_emphasis\">I can answer the question, so it\u2019s a<\/em> <em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">sentence<\/em><em class=\"im_emphasis\">.<\/em>\r\n\r\nAfter the shelf came loose.\r\n\r\n<em class=\"im_emphasis\">Something happened after the shelf came loose, but I don\u2019t know what.<\/em>\r\n\r\n<em class=\"im_emphasis\">I can\u2019t answer the question, so it\u2019s a<\/em> <em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">fragment<\/em><em class=\"im_emphasis\">.<\/em>\r\n\r\nFell near the door.\r\n\r\n<em class=\"im_emphasis\">I know something fell, but I don\u2019t know who or what fell.<\/em>\r\n\r\n<em class=\"im_emphasis\">I can\u2019t answer the question, so it\u2019s a<\/em> <em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">fragment<\/em><em class=\"im_emphasis\">.<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Fill in this blank with your sentence: Did you know that _________? If the completed question makes sense, you are reading a sentence. If it doesn\u2019t make sense, you are reading a fragment.Test these examples:\r\n\r\nLost my earring.\r\n\r\n<em class=\"im_emphasis\">Did you know that<\/em> <em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">lost my earring<\/em><em class=\"im_emphasis\">?<\/em>\r\n\r\n<em class=\"im_emphasis\">The test doesn\u2019t make sense, so the original is a<\/em> <em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">fragment<\/em><em class=\"im_emphasis\">.<\/em>\r\n\r\nThe dog with the white paws near the gate.\r\n\r\n<em class=\"im_emphasis\">Did you know that<\/em> <em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">the dog with the white paws near the gate<\/em><em class=\"im_emphasis\">?<\/em>\r\n\r\n<em class=\"im_emphasis\">The test doesn\u2019t make sense, so the original is a<\/em> <em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">fragment<\/em><em class=\"im_emphasis\">.<\/em>\r\n\r\nSomeone left the window open.\r\n\r\n<em class=\"im_emphasis\">Did you know that<\/em> <em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">someone left the window open<\/em><em class=\"im_emphasis\">?<\/em>\r\n\r\n<em class=\"im_emphasis\">The test makes sense, so the original is a<\/em> <em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">sentence<\/em><em class=\"im_emphasis\">.<\/em>\r\n\r\nSpaghetti squash is a great substitute for pasta.\r\n\r\n<em class=\"im_emphasis\">Did you know that<\/em> <em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">spaghetti squash is a great substitute for pasta<\/em><em class=\"im_emphasis\">?<\/em>\r\n\r\n<em class=\"im_emphasis\">The test makes sense, so the original is a<\/em> <em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">sentence<\/em><em class=\"im_emphasis\">.<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li>When you have a group of sentences within a paragraph, read the sentences backward so that no sentence can gain information from the preceding sentence. This technique will help sentence fragments stand out since they will not make sense alone.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nUltimately all these pointers are designed to get you into the habit of asking whether your sentences stand on their own. If you have problems with writing fragments, perform these tests until recognizing what constitutes a sentence becomes second nature to you. When you recognize a fragment, you can turn it into sentence by adding the missing component. Try these examples:\r\n<ul id=\"mccrimmon-ch15_s01_l03\" class=\"im_itemizedlist im_editable im_block\">\r\n \t<li>This fragment has no subject: Giggling and laughing all the way to school.<em class=\"im_emphasis\">One possible way to add a subject and turn this fragment into a sentence:<\/em>\r\n\r\n<em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">The girls were<\/em> <em class=\"im_emphasis\">giggling and laughing all the way to school.<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li>This fragment has no predicate: A brand new iPhone with all kinds of apps.<em class=\"im_emphasis\">One possible way to add a predicate and turn this fragment into a sentence:<\/em>\r\n\r\n<em class=\"im_emphasis\">A brand new iPhone with all kinds of apps<\/em> <em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">isn\u2019t cheap!<\/em><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nJust as sentences require a subject and a predicate, they also have boundaries. See Chapter 18 \"Punctuation,\" Section 18.3 \"Eliminating Comma Splices and Fused Sentences\" and Chapter 18 \"Punctuation,\" Section 18.4 \"Writing with Semicolons and Colons\" for guidelines on how to avoid fused sentences and comma splices and for options on how to punctuate between <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">independent clauses<\/span><\/span>.\r\n<div id=\"mccrimmon-ch15_s01_n02\" class=\"im_key_takeaways im_editable im_block\">\r\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Key Takeaways<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"mccrimmon-ch15_s01_l04\" class=\"im_itemizedlist\">\r\n \t<li>A sentence must have both a subject and a predicate.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>You can use some simple tests to check to see if an intended sentence is actually a fragment.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"mccrimmon-ch15_s01_n03\" class=\"im_exercises im_editable im_block\">\r\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Exercises<\/h3>\r\n<ol id=\"mccrimmon-ch15_s01_l05\" class=\"im_orderedlist\">\r\n \t<li>Choose three sentences from this section and remove the subjects to create fragments. Then replace the subjects with different subjects.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Choose three sentences from this section and remove the predicates to create fragments. Then replace the predicates with different predicates.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Decide whether each of the following items is a sentence or a fragment. For each fragment, identify whether the subject or predicate is missing and then rewrite each fragment so that it is a sentence.\r\n<ol id=\"mccrimmon-ch15_s01_l06\" class=\"im_orderedlist\">\r\n \t<li>Broke his leg when he fell off his bike.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Which way are you going to go?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>With her long, dark hair; her flowing dress; and her high heels.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Walked for an hour after the rain started.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Beth lives east of the high school but north of where I live.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"im_section\">\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\"><span class=\"im_title-prefix\">15.1<\/span> Incorporating Core Sentence Components (Avoiding Fragments)<\/h2>\n<div id=\"mccrimmon-ch15_s01_n01\" class=\"im_learning_objectives im_editable im_block\">\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ol id=\"mccrimmon-ch15_s01_l01\" class=\"im_orderedlist\">\n<li>Recognize fragments.<\/li>\n<li>Convert fragments to complete sentences.<\/li>\n<li>Write complete sentences.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p>A complete sentence includes two core components: a <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">subject<\/span><\/span> and a <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">predicate<\/span><\/span>. <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">Fragments<\/span><\/span> are essentially <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">dependent clauses<\/span><\/span> that cannot stand on their own. They result when you attempt to write a sentence without one of those two core components. You can use these pointers to recognize fragments:<\/p>\n<ul id=\"mccrimmon-ch15_s01_l02\" class=\"im_itemizedlist im_editable im_block\">\n<li>When you read a sentence, ask yourself, \u201cWho (or what) did what?\u201d If you can answer that question, you are reading a sentence. If not, you are reading a fragment.Test these examples:\n<p>Where are you?<\/p>\n<p><em class=\"im_emphasis\">I am asking you where you are.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em class=\"im_emphasis\">I can answer the question, so it\u2019s a<\/em> <em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">sentence<\/em><em class=\"im_emphasis\">.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Sandra ate lunch early.<\/p>\n<p><em class=\"im_emphasis\">Sandra ate her lunch early.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em class=\"im_emphasis\">I can answer the question, so it\u2019s a<\/em> <em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">sentence<\/em><em class=\"im_emphasis\">.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>After the shelf came loose.<\/p>\n<p><em class=\"im_emphasis\">Something happened after the shelf came loose, but I don\u2019t know what.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em class=\"im_emphasis\">I can\u2019t answer the question, so it\u2019s a<\/em> <em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">fragment<\/em><em class=\"im_emphasis\">.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Fell near the door.<\/p>\n<p><em class=\"im_emphasis\">I know something fell, but I don\u2019t know who or what fell.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em class=\"im_emphasis\">I can\u2019t answer the question, so it\u2019s a<\/em> <em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">fragment<\/em><em class=\"im_emphasis\">.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Fill in this blank with your sentence: Did you know that _________? If the completed question makes sense, you are reading a sentence. If it doesn\u2019t make sense, you are reading a fragment.Test these examples:\n<p>Lost my earring.<\/p>\n<p><em class=\"im_emphasis\">Did you know that<\/em> <em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">lost my earring<\/em><em class=\"im_emphasis\">?<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em class=\"im_emphasis\">The test doesn\u2019t make sense, so the original is a<\/em> <em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">fragment<\/em><em class=\"im_emphasis\">.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>The dog with the white paws near the gate.<\/p>\n<p><em class=\"im_emphasis\">Did you know that<\/em> <em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">the dog with the white paws near the gate<\/em><em class=\"im_emphasis\">?<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em class=\"im_emphasis\">The test doesn\u2019t make sense, so the original is a<\/em> <em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">fragment<\/em><em class=\"im_emphasis\">.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Someone left the window open.<\/p>\n<p><em class=\"im_emphasis\">Did you know that<\/em> <em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">someone left the window open<\/em><em class=\"im_emphasis\">?<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em class=\"im_emphasis\">The test makes sense, so the original is a<\/em> <em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">sentence<\/em><em class=\"im_emphasis\">.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Spaghetti squash is a great substitute for pasta.<\/p>\n<p><em class=\"im_emphasis\">Did you know that<\/em> <em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">spaghetti squash is a great substitute for pasta<\/em><em class=\"im_emphasis\">?<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em class=\"im_emphasis\">The test makes sense, so the original is a<\/em> <em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">sentence<\/em><em class=\"im_emphasis\">.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>When you have a group of sentences within a paragraph, read the sentences backward so that no sentence can gain information from the preceding sentence. This technique will help sentence fragments stand out since they will not make sense alone.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ultimately all these pointers are designed to get you into the habit of asking whether your sentences stand on their own. If you have problems with writing fragments, perform these tests until recognizing what constitutes a sentence becomes second nature to you. When you recognize a fragment, you can turn it into sentence by adding the missing component. Try these examples:<\/p>\n<ul id=\"mccrimmon-ch15_s01_l03\" class=\"im_itemizedlist im_editable im_block\">\n<li>This fragment has no subject: Giggling and laughing all the way to school.<em class=\"im_emphasis\">One possible way to add a subject and turn this fragment into a sentence:<\/em>\n<p><em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">The girls were<\/em> <em class=\"im_emphasis\">giggling and laughing all the way to school.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>This fragment has no predicate: A brand new iPhone with all kinds of apps.<em class=\"im_emphasis\">One possible way to add a predicate and turn this fragment into a sentence:<\/em>\n<p><em class=\"im_emphasis\">A brand new iPhone with all kinds of apps<\/em> <em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">isn\u2019t cheap!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Just as sentences require a subject and a predicate, they also have boundaries. See Chapter 18 &#8220;Punctuation,&#8221; Section 18.3 &#8220;Eliminating Comma Splices and Fused Sentences&#8221; and Chapter 18 &#8220;Punctuation,&#8221; Section 18.4 &#8220;Writing with Semicolons and Colons&#8221; for guidelines on how to avoid fused sentences and comma splices and for options on how to punctuate between <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">independent clauses<\/span><\/span>.<\/p>\n<div id=\"mccrimmon-ch15_s01_n02\" class=\"im_key_takeaways im_editable im_block\">\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Key Takeaways<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"mccrimmon-ch15_s01_l04\" class=\"im_itemizedlist\">\n<li>A sentence must have both a subject and a predicate.<\/li>\n<li>You can use some simple tests to check to see if an intended sentence is actually a fragment.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mccrimmon-ch15_s01_n03\" class=\"im_exercises im_editable im_block\">\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Exercises<\/h3>\n<ol id=\"mccrimmon-ch15_s01_l05\" class=\"im_orderedlist\">\n<li>Choose three sentences from this section and remove the subjects to create fragments. Then replace the subjects with different subjects.<\/li>\n<li>Choose three sentences from this section and remove the predicates to create fragments. Then replace the predicates with different predicates.<\/li>\n<li>Decide whether each of the following items is a sentence or a fragment. For each fragment, identify whether the subject or predicate is missing and then rewrite each fragment so that it is a sentence.\n<ol id=\"mccrimmon-ch15_s01_l06\" class=\"im_orderedlist\">\n<li>Broke his leg when he fell off his bike.<\/li>\n<li>Which way are you going to go?<\/li>\n<li>With her long, dark hair; her flowing dress; and her high heels.<\/li>\n<li>Walked for an hour after the rain started.<\/li>\n<li>Beth lives east of the high school but north of where I live.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-334\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Writers Handbook. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Anonymous. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Anonymous. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/books\/writers-handbook\/\">http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/books\/writers-handbook\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":5,"menu_order":75,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Writers Handbook\",\"author\":\"Anonymous\",\"organization\":\"Anonymous\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/books\/writers-handbook\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-334","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":419,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/334","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/334\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":794,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/334\/revisions\/794"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/419"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/334\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=334"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=334"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=334"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=334"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}