{"id":361,"date":"2014-07-25T20:09:58","date_gmt":"2014-07-25T20:09:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/writershandbook\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=361"},"modified":"2017-01-02T20:08:22","modified_gmt":"2017-01-02T20:08:22","slug":"18-9-knowing-when-to-use-hyphens","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/chapter\/18-9-knowing-when-to-use-hyphens\/","title":{"raw":"18.9 Knowing When to Use Hyphens","rendered":"18.9 Knowing When to Use Hyphens"},"content":{"raw":"&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"im_section\">\r\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\"><span class=\"im_title-prefix\">18.9<\/span> Knowing When to Use Hyphens<\/h2>\r\n<div id=\"mccrimmon-ch18_s09_n01\" class=\"im_learning_objectives im_editable im_block\">\r\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ol id=\"mccrimmon-ch18_s09_l01\" class=\"im_orderedlist\">\r\n \t<li>Recognize compound words that require hyphens all the time and those that require hyphens due to specific situations.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Learn how to use hyphens in writing numbers.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Learn which prefixes and suffixes require the use of a hyphen.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\nSome hyphen usage rules are set requirements, such as in certain compound words and fractions and numbers. Other hyphen usage rules are subjective or situation-specific, such as with certain compound words, prefixes, confusing situations, and continuations to the next line of text.\r\n<div id=\"mccrimmon-ch18_s09_s01\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Using Hyphens with Compound Words<\/h2>\r\nSome standing compound words are written with hyphens, some as one word without a hyphen, and some as two words without a hyphen.\r\n<div id=\"mccrimmon-ch18_s09_s01_n01\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\r\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Examples<\/h3>\r\n<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Examples of compound words that are written with hyphens:<\/strong> merry-go-round, over-the-counter, six-year-old, son-in-law\r\n\r\n<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Examples of compound words that are written as one word with no hyphen:<\/strong> drywall, firefly, softball, toothpaste\r\n\r\n<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Examples of compound words that are written as two separate words without a hyphen:<\/strong> high school, middle class, peanut butter, post office\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nOther rules for hyphens in compound words include the following:\r\n<ul id=\"mccrimmon-ch18_s09_s01_l01\" class=\"im_itemizedlist im_editable im_block\">\r\n \t<li>Hyphenate compound words when they are used together to modify the same word (e.g., \u201cScout was a quick<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">-<\/strong>witted child\u201d).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Do not turn words into a hyphenated compound adjective if words are placed after the word they modify (e.g., \u201cScout was a child who was quick witted\u201d).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Do not hyphenate -<em class=\"im_emphasis\">ly<\/em> adverbs and adjectives (e.g., \u201cGeorgie has a highly coveted first-run copy,\u201d not \u201cGeorgie has a <strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">highly-coveted<\/strong> first-run copy\u201d).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div id=\"mccrimmon-ch18_s09_s02\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Using Hyphens to Write Fractions and Numbers<\/h2>\r\nFractions and numbers are actually compound words and as such, could be included in Section 18.9.1 \"Using Hyphens with Compound Words.\" But just to be clear, let\u2019s review them briefly here.\r\n\r\nUse hyphens to write all two-word numbers between twenty-one and ninety-nine. Also, use hyphens when writing those numbers within larger numbers. Hyphenate a fraction you are expressing as a single quantity, regardless of whether you are using it as a noun or as an adjective.\r\n<div id=\"mccrimmon-ch18_s09_s02_n01\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\r\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Examples<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"mccrimmon-ch18_s09_s02_l01\" class=\"im_itemizedlist\">\r\n \t<li>twenty-one<\/li>\r\n \t<li>four hundred twenty-one<\/li>\r\n \t<li>two-thirds of the pie<\/li>\r\n \t<li>a one-quarter share of the profits<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"mccrimmon-ch18_s09_s03\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Using Hyphens with Prefixes and Suffixes<\/h2>\r\nUse hyphens in certain situations to add prefixes and suffixes to words.\r\n<ul id=\"mccrimmon-ch18_s09_s03_l01\" class=\"im_itemizedlist im_editable im_block\">\r\n \t<li>To join a capitalized word to a prefixanti-American\r\n\r\npost-Renaissance<\/li>\r\n \t<li>To join a number to a prefixpre-1960<\/li>\r\n \t<li>To join a single capital letter to a wordA-team\r\n\r\nT-shirt<\/li>\r\n \t<li>To join the prefixes <em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">all-<\/em>, <em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">ex-<\/em>, <em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">quasi-<\/em>, and <em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">self-<\/em> to wordsex-neighbor\r\n\r\nself-aware<\/li>\r\n \t<li>To join the suffixes -<em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">elect<\/em>, -<em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">odd<\/em>, and -<em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">something<\/em> to wordspresident-elect\r\n\r\nfifty-odd<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"mccrimmon-ch18_s09_s04\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Using Hyphens to Avoid Confusion<\/h2>\r\nSometimes a hyphen can separate two visually alike words from each other. Consider that the use of the hyphen in the first of the following two sentences helps to avoid confusion that would be generated without the hyphen.\r\n<ul id=\"mccrimmon-ch18_s09_s04_l01\" class=\"im_itemizedlist im_editable im_block\">\r\n \t<li>I think the assistant prosecutor should re-sign.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>I think the assistant prosecutor should resign.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div id=\"mccrimmon-ch18_s09_s04_n01\" class=\"im_key_takeaways im_editable im_block\">\r\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Key Takeaways<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"mccrimmon-ch18_s09_s04_l02\" class=\"im_itemizedlist\">\r\n \t<li>Some compound words are always in compound form and some are hyphenated. Writers create other hyphenated compound words for situational needs when two or more words modify the same word and are placed before that word in a sentence.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Hyphens are used to separate the words in the numbers twenty-one through ninety-nine and in fractions.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>You should use a hyphen when adding prefixes to proper nouns or numbers. Also, use a hyphen to join a capital letter to a word and to join certain prefixes (<em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">all-<\/em>, <em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">ex-<\/em>, <em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">quasi-<\/em>, and <em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">self-<\/em>) and suffixes (-<em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">elect<\/em>, -<em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">odd<\/em>, and -<em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">something<\/em>).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"mccrimmon-ch18_s09_s04_n02\" class=\"im_exercises im_editable im_block\">\r\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Exercises<\/h3>\r\n<ol id=\"mccrimmon-ch18_s09_s04_l03\" class=\"im_orderedlist\">\r\n \t<li>Try these exercises without using any words that were given as examples in this section.\r\n<ol id=\"mccrimmon-ch18_s09_s04_l04\" class=\"im_orderedlist\">\r\n \t<li>Make a list of ten compound words that are always written with hyphens.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Write two sentences that include situational compound adjectives that modify nouns.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Write these numbers in words: 42, 89, 265, 1725.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Write these fractions in words: \u00be, 7\u00bd.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Write three words that each use one of these prefixes and suffixes: <em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">all<\/em>-, <em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">ex<\/em>-, <em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">quasi<\/em>-, -<em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">self<\/em>, -<em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">elect<\/em>, -<em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">odd<\/em>, -<em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">something<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"im_section\">\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\"><span class=\"im_title-prefix\">18.9<\/span> Knowing When to Use Hyphens<\/h2>\n<div id=\"mccrimmon-ch18_s09_n01\" class=\"im_learning_objectives im_editable im_block\">\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ol id=\"mccrimmon-ch18_s09_l01\" class=\"im_orderedlist\">\n<li>Recognize compound words that require hyphens all the time and those that require hyphens due to specific situations.<\/li>\n<li>Learn how to use hyphens in writing numbers.<\/li>\n<li>Learn which prefixes and suffixes require the use of a hyphen.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p>Some hyphen usage rules are set requirements, such as in certain compound words and fractions and numbers. Other hyphen usage rules are subjective or situation-specific, such as with certain compound words, prefixes, confusing situations, and continuations to the next line of text.<\/p>\n<div id=\"mccrimmon-ch18_s09_s01\" class=\"im_section\">\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Using Hyphens with Compound Words<\/h2>\n<p>Some standing compound words are written with hyphens, some as one word without a hyphen, and some as two words without a hyphen.<\/p>\n<div id=\"mccrimmon-ch18_s09_s01_n01\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Examples<\/h3>\n<p><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Examples of compound words that are written with hyphens:<\/strong> merry-go-round, over-the-counter, six-year-old, son-in-law<\/p>\n<p><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Examples of compound words that are written as one word with no hyphen:<\/strong> drywall, firefly, softball, toothpaste<\/p>\n<p><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Examples of compound words that are written as two separate words without a hyphen:<\/strong> high school, middle class, peanut butter, post office<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Other rules for hyphens in compound words include the following:<\/p>\n<ul id=\"mccrimmon-ch18_s09_s01_l01\" class=\"im_itemizedlist im_editable im_block\">\n<li>Hyphenate compound words when they are used together to modify the same word (e.g., \u201cScout was a quick<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">&#8211;<\/strong>witted child\u201d).<\/li>\n<li>Do not turn words into a hyphenated compound adjective if words are placed after the word they modify (e.g., \u201cScout was a child who was quick witted\u201d).<\/li>\n<li>Do not hyphenate &#8211;<em class=\"im_emphasis\">ly<\/em> adverbs and adjectives (e.g., \u201cGeorgie has a highly coveted first-run copy,\u201d not \u201cGeorgie has a <strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">highly-coveted<\/strong> first-run copy\u201d).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"mccrimmon-ch18_s09_s02\" class=\"im_section\">\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Using Hyphens to Write Fractions and Numbers<\/h2>\n<p>Fractions and numbers are actually compound words and as such, could be included in Section 18.9.1 &#8220;Using Hyphens with Compound Words.&#8221; But just to be clear, let\u2019s review them briefly here.<\/p>\n<p>Use hyphens to write all two-word numbers between twenty-one and ninety-nine. Also, use hyphens when writing those numbers within larger numbers. Hyphenate a fraction you are expressing as a single quantity, regardless of whether you are using it as a noun or as an adjective.<\/p>\n<div id=\"mccrimmon-ch18_s09_s02_n01\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Examples<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"mccrimmon-ch18_s09_s02_l01\" class=\"im_itemizedlist\">\n<li>twenty-one<\/li>\n<li>four hundred twenty-one<\/li>\n<li>two-thirds of the pie<\/li>\n<li>a one-quarter share of the profits<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mccrimmon-ch18_s09_s03\" class=\"im_section\">\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Using Hyphens with Prefixes and Suffixes<\/h2>\n<p>Use hyphens in certain situations to add prefixes and suffixes to words.<\/p>\n<ul id=\"mccrimmon-ch18_s09_s03_l01\" class=\"im_itemizedlist im_editable im_block\">\n<li>To join a capitalized word to a prefixanti-American\n<p>post-Renaissance<\/li>\n<li>To join a number to a prefixpre-1960<\/li>\n<li>To join a single capital letter to a wordA-team\n<p>T-shirt<\/li>\n<li>To join the prefixes <em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">all-<\/em>, <em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">ex-<\/em>, <em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">quasi-<\/em>, and <em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">self-<\/em> to wordsex-neighbor\n<p>self-aware<\/li>\n<li>To join the suffixes &#8211;<em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">elect<\/em>, &#8211;<em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">odd<\/em>, and &#8211;<em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">something<\/em> to wordspresident-elect\n<p>fifty-odd<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mccrimmon-ch18_s09_s04\" class=\"im_section\">\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Using Hyphens to Avoid Confusion<\/h2>\n<p>Sometimes a hyphen can separate two visually alike words from each other. Consider that the use of the hyphen in the first of the following two sentences helps to avoid confusion that would be generated without the hyphen.<\/p>\n<ul id=\"mccrimmon-ch18_s09_s04_l01\" class=\"im_itemizedlist im_editable im_block\">\n<li>I think the assistant prosecutor should re-sign.<\/li>\n<li>I think the assistant prosecutor should resign.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"mccrimmon-ch18_s09_s04_n01\" class=\"im_key_takeaways im_editable im_block\">\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Key Takeaways<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"mccrimmon-ch18_s09_s04_l02\" class=\"im_itemizedlist\">\n<li>Some compound words are always in compound form and some are hyphenated. Writers create other hyphenated compound words for situational needs when two or more words modify the same word and are placed before that word in a sentence.<\/li>\n<li>Hyphens are used to separate the words in the numbers twenty-one through ninety-nine and in fractions.<\/li>\n<li>You should use a hyphen when adding prefixes to proper nouns or numbers. Also, use a hyphen to join a capital letter to a word and to join certain prefixes (<em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">all-<\/em>, <em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">ex-<\/em>, <em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">quasi-<\/em>, and <em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">self-<\/em>) and suffixes (-<em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">elect<\/em>, &#8211;<em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">odd<\/em>, and &#8211;<em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">something<\/em>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mccrimmon-ch18_s09_s04_n02\" class=\"im_exercises im_editable im_block\">\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Exercises<\/h3>\n<ol id=\"mccrimmon-ch18_s09_s04_l03\" class=\"im_orderedlist\">\n<li>Try these exercises without using any words that were given as examples in this section.\n<ol id=\"mccrimmon-ch18_s09_s04_l04\" class=\"im_orderedlist\">\n<li>Make a list of ten compound words that are always written with hyphens.<\/li>\n<li>Write two sentences that include situational compound adjectives that modify nouns.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>Write these numbers in words: 42, 89, 265, 1725.<\/li>\n<li>Write these fractions in words: \u00be, 7\u00bd.<\/li>\n<li>Write three words that each use one of these prefixes and suffixes: <em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">all<\/em>-, <em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">ex<\/em>-, <em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">quasi<\/em>-, &#8211;<em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">self<\/em>, &#8211;<em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">elect<\/em>, &#8211;<em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">odd<\/em>, &#8211;<em class=\"im_emphasis im_bolditalic\">something<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-361\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Writers Handbook. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Anonymous. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Anonymous. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/books\/writers-handbook\/\">http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/books\/writers-handbook\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":5,"menu_order":10,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Writers Handbook\",\"author\":\"Anonymous\",\"organization\":\"Anonymous\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/books\/writers-handbook\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-361","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":422,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/361","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/361\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":802,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/361\/revisions\/802"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/422"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/361\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=361"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=361"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=361"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=361"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}