{"id":747,"date":"2016-09-19T19:33:40","date_gmt":"2016-09-19T19:33:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/styleguide1x30master\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=747"},"modified":"2016-09-19T19:35:11","modified_gmt":"2016-09-19T19:35:11","slug":"apa-quick-reference-guide","status":"web-only","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/chapter\/apa-quick-reference-guide\/","title":{"raw":"APA Quick Reference Guide","rendered":"APA Quick Reference Guide"},"content":{"raw":"<strong>American Psychological Association (APA) Citation<\/strong>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Printed book, one author<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<em>Shows author, date, title, place of publication, and publisher<\/em>\r\n\r\nNeath, I. (1998). <em>Human memory: An introduction to research, data, and theory. <\/em>Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks\/Cole.\r\n\r\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>Printed book, one author, edition other than first\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>\r\n\r\n<em>Shows author, date, title, edition number, place of publication, and publisher<\/em>\r\n\r\nFullan, M. (2001). <em>The new meaning of educational change<\/em> (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Teachers College Press.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Chapter or article in a book<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<em>Some books are compilations of chapters or articles written by various authors; shows chapter author(s), date of book, chapter title, book\u2019s editor(s), book\u2019s title, page numbers of chapter, and publication place and publisher<\/em>\r\n\r\nMarkus, G. (2015). The computational brain. In G. Marcus &amp; J. Freeman (Eds.) <em>The future of the brain: Essays by the world\u2019s leading neuroscientists<\/em> (pp. 205-215). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Article paginated by volume and accessed through an online database<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<em>Shows author(s), date, title, journal, volume number, pages, and doi (paginated by volume means each new issue starts with a page number where the previous issue left off; most academic journals follow this structure)<\/em><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>\r\n\r\nJenaro, C., Flores, N., G\u00f3mez-Vela, M., Gonz\u00e1lez-Gil, F., &amp; Caballo, C. (2007). Problematic internet and cell-phone use: Psychological, behavioral, and health correlates. <em>Addiction Research &amp; Theory<\/em>, <em>15<\/em>, 309-320. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/16066350701350247\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Article in a print periodical paginated by issue<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<em>Shows author(s), date, title, journal, volume number, issue number, pages, and doi (paginated by issue means each new issue starts at page 1; although from a print copy, show doi if available)<\/em>\r\n\r\nBell, R. G., Mathur, K., Narain, U., &amp; Simpson, D. (2004). Clearing the air: How Delhi broke the logjam on air quality reforms. <em>Environment, <\/em><em>46(3),<\/em> 22-39.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Article accessed through an online database, but no doi (digital object identifier) available<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<em>Shows author(s), date, title, journal, volume number, pages, and the home URL of the journal (which may require an online search to find)<\/em>\r\n\r\nJenaro, C., Flores, N., G\u00f3mez-Vela, M., Gonz\u00e1lez-Gil, F., &amp; Caballo, C. (2007). Problematic internet and cell-phone use: Psychological, behavioral, and health correlates. <em>Addiction Research &amp; Theory<\/em>, <em>15<\/em>, 309-320. Retrieved from http:\/\/informahealthcare.com\/journal\/art\r\n\r\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>Article in a periodical, by two authors<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<em>Although only two authors, there is a comma and ampersand between their names; notice the alternative method of showing the doi <\/em>\r\n\r\nEzzy, D., &amp; Berger, H. (2009). Witchcraft: Changing patterns of participation in the early twenty-first century. <em>The Pomegranate, 11, <\/em>165-180. doi:10.1558\/pome.v11i2.165\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Article in a periodical, by eight or more authors <\/strong>\r\n\r\n<em>Shows the first six authors, an ellipsis, the last author, and the usual publication information<\/em>\r\n\r\nOzarda, Y., Ichihara, K., Aslan, D., Aybek, H., Ari, Z., Taneli, F.,\u2026 &amp; Evliyaoglu, O. (2014). A multicenter nationwide reference intervals study for common biochemical analytes in Turkey using Abbott analyzers. <em>Clinical Chemistry &amp; Laboratory Medicine, <\/em><em>52, <\/em>1823-1833. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/ 10.1515\/cclm-2014-0228\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Article from an online periodical<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<em>An online periodical is published online, but not in print; shows URL of the periodical\u2019s home page<\/em>\r\n\r\nWorl, C. (2014). Will the real paleo diet please stand up? Amylase variation between human and non-human primates. <em>Scholars\u2019 Day Review, 2,<\/em> 55-59. Retrieved from http:\/\/web.monroecc.edu\/manila\/webfiles\/scholarsday\/SDR.html\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Magazine article<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<em>Shows author, issue date, title, magazine, volume, issue, and pages<\/em>\r\n\r\nAlexander, C. (2015, February). The invisible war on the brain. <em>National Geographic, 224(2), <\/em>30-53.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Online magazine article<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<em>Shows author(s), issue date, title, magazine, volume (if available), issue (if available), and URL<\/em>\r\n\r\nRoach, J. (2004, August). Friday the 13th phobia rooted in ancient history. <em>National Geographic<\/em>. Retrieved from http:\/\/news.nationalgeographic.com\/\r\n\r\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>Article or page from a website\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>\r\n\r\n<em>Shows author(s), date, page title, description of source, and URL<\/em>\r\n\r\nOfsowitz, M. S. (2012). <em>Making the most of APA: Citing Internet sources without getting into trouble<\/em> [Website]. Retrieved from http:\/\/web.monroecc.edu\/mofsowitz\/e-cite\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Article or page from a website, with no date<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<em>Use the abbreviation n.d. (for no date) in place of the date<\/em>\r\n\r\nKelly, M. (n.d.). <em>Integrating the Internet: Concerns and issues <\/em>[Website]<em>.<\/em> Retrieved from http:\/\/712educators.about.com\/cs\/technology\/a\/integratetech_2.htm\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Article or page from a website with corporate owner but no author<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<em>Shows website owner, date, page title, description of source, and URL<\/em>\r\n\r\nW3schools.com (2015). CSS tutorial [Website]. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.w3schools.com\/css\/\r\n\r\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>Wikipedia page<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<em>Shows page title, date, Wikipedia, date of retrieval, and URL<\/em>\r\n\r\nArtificial intelligence. (n.d.) In<em> Wikipedia.<\/em> Retrieved June 4, 2015 from http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Artificial_intelligence\r\n\r\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>Motion picture (movie)<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<em>Shows producer (labeled), director (labeled), date, movie title, description of source, country, and studio<\/em>\r\n\r\nAbbott, S. (Producer), &amp; Herman, M. (Director). (1996). <em>Brassed off<\/em> \u00a0[Motion picture]. United Kingdom: Prominent Features.\r\n\r\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>Newspaper article, no author<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<em>Shows title, date (specific), and URL (to cite in text, shorten title to first two or three words)<\/em>\r\n\r\n'Beautiful Mind' mathematician John Nash killed in crash. (2015, May 26). <em>BBC.<\/em> Retrieved from http:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-us-canada-32865248\r\n\r\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>Personal communication (e-mail) [Presented in text, but not included in bibliography.]<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<em>This is shown in the in-text citation but not in the references list<\/em>\r\n<ol start=\"2009\">\r\n \t<li>Kennedy, personal communication, June 25, 2009.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Personal communication [Presented in text, but not included in bibliography.]<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<em>This is shown in the in-text citation but not in the references list (also use this format for lecture notes from class)<\/em>\r\n<ol start=\"2010\">\r\n \t<li>Stanforth, personal communication, July 17, 2010.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nFor more examples and details, see\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/owl.english.purdue.edu\/owl\/resource\/560\/01\/\">https:\/\/owl.english.purdue.edu\/owl\/resource\/560\/01\/<\/a>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Questions psychologists ask<\/strong>\r\n\r\nMost of the questions in academic psychology focus on some piece of the large puzzle of explaining how people in normal circumstances react, from observable behavior to the mind and brain, how those reactions come about, and why it all happens. Psychologists also ask questions about people with abnormal reactions to normal circumstances, and about normal people to abnormal circumstances. Because the large puzzle of explaining human behavior and mental process is infinitely complex, the questions psychologists ask are bounded by a reasonable expectation that extensive study can approach relatively durable answers by capturing details, one small verifiable piece at a time. For example, a student who comes to psychology with an interest in good and evil might begin by focusing on moral thought, then realize how complex that topic is and narrow the question to the influence of emotion in moral thought, then realize how complex that topic is and narrow the question to the influence only of fear in moral thought, then realize how complex that topic is and narrow the question to the influence of fear of uncertainty in moral thought, and then find some detail related to that, such as the relationship between \u201ctolerance for ambiguity\u201d (a component of fear of uncertainty) and \u201cbelief in a just world\u201d (a specific moral judgment about justice in life). And so the student asks this very detailed question (how do those two concepts relate?) because there is a reasonable expectation that extensive study can approach a relatively durable answer. Meanwhile, somebody else might be asking about a slightly different piece of the puzzle of moral thought, and eventually we possess enough collected knowledge to address the larger questions by putting the pieces together.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Writing in psychology<\/strong>\r\n\r\nReviews of specific topics, lab reports, and anecdotal reports of personal experiences make up the bulk of student writing in psychology.\r\n\r\nReviews, known more formally as literature reviews, combine information from as many previously published papers and books as the author thinks necessary to make a coherent case about some topic, perhaps just summarizing what is known, or maybe arguing in favor of one interpretation over another about something in psychology. Most traditional college research papers in psychology are literature reviews. These and lab reports are expected to follow APA style for overall formatting, citation methods, and listing full bibliographic references.\r\n\r\nLab reports are professionally-structured science papers describing a research project that collects some data (evidence) to see if a specific hypothesis (prediction) is true or not. Essentially, you are using evidence to support the implied claim that your hypothesis is worth considering. The lab report is the place to describe an experiment or a correlational study, following a standard organization of first introducing the topic and explaining its background, then describing in detail the methods of the current investigation, then presenting the results of that investigation, and finally commenting on the meaning of the results.\r\n\r\nAnecdotal reports include assignments ranging from a personal journal describing one\u2019s ongoing experiences to formal descriptions of one\u2019s reactions, impressions, or experiences relating to a specific situation. Many faculty assign anecdotal papers when experiential learning is a core component of the course. Although professors might not care about following APA style for papers like these, care should still be taken to write clearly and precisely.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nMike Ofsowitz, <em>Psychology Faculty<\/em>","rendered":"<p><strong>American Psychological Association (APA) Citation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Printed book, one author<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>Shows author, date, title, place of publication, and publisher<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Neath, I. (1998). <em>Human memory: An introduction to research, data, and theory. <\/em>Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks\/Cole.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Printed book, one author, edition other than first\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>Shows author, date, title, edition number, place of publication, and publisher<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Fullan, M. (2001). <em>The new meaning of educational change<\/em> (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Teachers College Press.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Chapter or article in a book<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>Some books are compilations of chapters or articles written by various authors; shows chapter author(s), date of book, chapter title, book\u2019s editor(s), book\u2019s title, page numbers of chapter, and publication place and publisher<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Markus, G. (2015). The computational brain. In G. Marcus &amp; J. Freeman (Eds.) <em>The future of the brain: Essays by the world\u2019s leading neuroscientists<\/em> (pp. 205-215). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Article paginated by volume and accessed through an online database<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>Shows author(s), date, title, journal, volume number, pages, and doi (paginated by volume means each new issue starts with a page number where the previous issue left off; most academic journals follow this structure)<\/em><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Jenaro, C., Flores, N., G\u00f3mez-Vela, M., Gonz\u00e1lez-Gil, F., &amp; Caballo, C. (2007). Problematic internet and cell-phone use: Psychological, behavioral, and health correlates. <em>Addiction Research &amp; Theory<\/em>, <em>15<\/em>, 309-320. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/16066350701350247<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Article in a print periodical paginated by issue<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>Shows author(s), date, title, journal, volume number, issue number, pages, and doi (paginated by issue means each new issue starts at page 1; although from a print copy, show doi if available)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Bell, R. G., Mathur, K., Narain, U., &amp; Simpson, D. (2004). Clearing the air: How Delhi broke the logjam on air quality reforms. <em>Environment, <\/em><em>46(3),<\/em> 22-39.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Article accessed through an online database, but no doi (digital object identifier) available<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>Shows author(s), date, title, journal, volume number, pages, and the home URL of the journal (which may require an online search to find)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Jenaro, C., Flores, N., G\u00f3mez-Vela, M., Gonz\u00e1lez-Gil, F., &amp; Caballo, C. (2007). Problematic internet and cell-phone use: Psychological, behavioral, and health correlates. <em>Addiction Research &amp; Theory<\/em>, <em>15<\/em>, 309-320. Retrieved from http:\/\/informahealthcare.com\/journal\/art<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Article in a periodical, by two authors<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>Although only two authors, there is a comma and ampersand between their names; notice the alternative method of showing the doi <\/em><\/p>\n<p>Ezzy, D., &amp; Berger, H. (2009). Witchcraft: Changing patterns of participation in the early twenty-first century. <em>The Pomegranate, 11, <\/em>165-180. doi:10.1558\/pome.v11i2.165<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Article in a periodical, by eight or more authors <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>Shows the first six authors, an ellipsis, the last author, and the usual publication information<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Ozarda, Y., Ichihara, K., Aslan, D., Aybek, H., Ari, Z., Taneli, F.,\u2026 &amp; Evliyaoglu, O. (2014). A multicenter nationwide reference intervals study for common biochemical analytes in Turkey using Abbott analyzers. <em>Clinical Chemistry &amp; Laboratory Medicine, <\/em><em>52, <\/em>1823-1833. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/ 10.1515\/cclm-2014-0228<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Article from an online periodical<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>An online periodical is published online, but not in print; shows URL of the periodical\u2019s home page<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Worl, C. (2014). Will the real paleo diet please stand up? Amylase variation between human and non-human primates. <em>Scholars\u2019 Day Review, 2,<\/em> 55-59. Retrieved from http:\/\/web.monroecc.edu\/manila\/webfiles\/scholarsday\/SDR.html<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Magazine article<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>Shows author, issue date, title, magazine, volume, issue, and pages<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Alexander, C. (2015, February). The invisible war on the brain. <em>National Geographic, 224(2), <\/em>30-53.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Online magazine article<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>Shows author(s), issue date, title, magazine, volume (if available), issue (if available), and URL<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Roach, J. (2004, August). Friday the 13th phobia rooted in ancient history. <em>National Geographic<\/em>. Retrieved from http:\/\/news.nationalgeographic.com\/<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Article or page from a website\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>Shows author(s), date, page title, description of source, and URL<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Ofsowitz, M. S. (2012). <em>Making the most of APA: Citing Internet sources without getting into trouble<\/em> [Website]. Retrieved from http:\/\/web.monroecc.edu\/mofsowitz\/e-cite<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Article or page from a website, with no date<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>Use the abbreviation n.d. (for no date) in place of the date<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Kelly, M. (n.d.). <em>Integrating the Internet: Concerns and issues <\/em>[Website]<em>.<\/em> Retrieved from http:\/\/712educators.about.com\/cs\/technology\/a\/integratetech_2.htm<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Article or page from a website with corporate owner but no author<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>Shows website owner, date, page title, description of source, and URL<\/em><\/p>\n<p>W3schools.com (2015). CSS tutorial [Website]. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.w3schools.com\/css\/<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Wikipedia page<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>Shows page title, date, Wikipedia, date of retrieval, and URL<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Artificial intelligence. (n.d.) In<em> Wikipedia.<\/em> Retrieved June 4, 2015 from http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Artificial_intelligence<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Motion picture (movie)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>Shows producer (labeled), director (labeled), date, movie title, description of source, country, and studio<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Abbott, S. (Producer), &amp; Herman, M. (Director). (1996). <em>Brassed off<\/em> \u00a0[Motion picture]. United Kingdom: Prominent Features.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Newspaper article, no author<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>Shows title, date (specific), and URL (to cite in text, shorten title to first two or three words)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&#8216;Beautiful Mind&#8217; mathematician John Nash killed in crash. (2015, May 26). <em>BBC.<\/em> Retrieved from http:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-us-canada-32865248<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Personal communication (e-mail) [Presented in text, but not included in bibliography.]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>This is shown in the in-text citation but not in the references list<\/em><\/p>\n<ol start=\"2009\">\n<li>Kennedy, personal communication, June 25, 2009.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Personal communication [Presented in text, but not included in bibliography.]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>This is shown in the in-text citation but not in the references list (also use this format for lecture notes from class)<\/em><\/p>\n<ol start=\"2010\">\n<li>Stanforth, personal communication, July 17, 2010.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>For more examples and details, see\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/owl.english.purdue.edu\/owl\/resource\/560\/01\/\">https:\/\/owl.english.purdue.edu\/owl\/resource\/560\/01\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Questions psychologists ask<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Most of the questions in academic psychology focus on some piece of the large puzzle of explaining how people in normal circumstances react, from observable behavior to the mind and brain, how those reactions come about, and why it all happens. Psychologists also ask questions about people with abnormal reactions to normal circumstances, and about normal people to abnormal circumstances. Because the large puzzle of explaining human behavior and mental process is infinitely complex, the questions psychologists ask are bounded by a reasonable expectation that extensive study can approach relatively durable answers by capturing details, one small verifiable piece at a time. For example, a student who comes to psychology with an interest in good and evil might begin by focusing on moral thought, then realize how complex that topic is and narrow the question to the influence of emotion in moral thought, then realize how complex that topic is and narrow the question to the influence only of fear in moral thought, then realize how complex that topic is and narrow the question to the influence of fear of uncertainty in moral thought, and then find some detail related to that, such as the relationship between \u201ctolerance for ambiguity\u201d (a component of fear of uncertainty) and \u201cbelief in a just world\u201d (a specific moral judgment about justice in life). And so the student asks this very detailed question (how do those two concepts relate?) because there is a reasonable expectation that extensive study can approach a relatively durable answer. Meanwhile, somebody else might be asking about a slightly different piece of the puzzle of moral thought, and eventually we possess enough collected knowledge to address the larger questions by putting the pieces together.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Writing in psychology<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Reviews of specific topics, lab reports, and anecdotal reports of personal experiences make up the bulk of student writing in psychology.<\/p>\n<p>Reviews, known more formally as literature reviews, combine information from as many previously published papers and books as the author thinks necessary to make a coherent case about some topic, perhaps just summarizing what is known, or maybe arguing in favor of one interpretation over another about something in psychology. Most traditional college research papers in psychology are literature reviews. These and lab reports are expected to follow APA style for overall formatting, citation methods, and listing full bibliographic references.<\/p>\n<p>Lab reports are professionally-structured science papers describing a research project that collects some data (evidence) to see if a specific hypothesis (prediction) is true or not. Essentially, you are using evidence to support the implied claim that your hypothesis is worth considering. The lab report is the place to describe an experiment or a correlational study, following a standard organization of first introducing the topic and explaining its background, then describing in detail the methods of the current investigation, then presenting the results of that investigation, and finally commenting on the meaning of the results.<\/p>\n<p>Anecdotal reports include assignments ranging from a personal journal describing one\u2019s ongoing experiences to formal descriptions of one\u2019s reactions, impressions, or experiences relating to a specific situation. Many faculty assign anecdotal papers when experiential learning is a core component of the course. Although professors might not care about following APA style for papers like these, care should still be taken to write clearly and precisely.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Mike Ofsowitz, <em>Psychology Faculty<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1214,"menu_order":8,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-747","chapter","type-chapter","status-web-only","hentry"],"part":704,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/747","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1214"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/747\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":760,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/747\/revisions\/760"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/704"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/747\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=747"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=747"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=747"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-mcc-styleguide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=747"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}