{"id":49,"date":"2016-11-03T16:01:15","date_gmt":"2016-11-03T16:01:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/microbiology\/?post_type=chapter&p=49"},"modified":"2016-11-15T02:15:25","modified_gmt":"2016-11-15T02:15:25","slug":"taxonomy-of-clinically-relevant-microorganisms","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-microbiology\/chapter\/taxonomy-of-clinically-relevant-microorganisms\/","title":{"raw":"Taxonomy of Clinically Relevant Microorganisms","rendered":"Taxonomy of Clinically Relevant Microorganisms"},"content":{"raw":"

Bacterial Pathogens<\/h2>\r\nThe following tables list the species, and some higher groups, of pathogenic Eubacteria mentioned in the text. The classification of Bacteria, one of the three domains of life, is in constant flux as relationships become clearer through sampling of genetic sequences. Many groups at all taxonomic levels still have an undetermined relationship with other members of the phylogenetic tree of Bacteria. Bergey\u2019s Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria<\/em> maintains a published list and descriptions of prokaryotic species. The tables here follow the taxonomic organization in the Bergey\u2019s Manual<\/em> Taxonomic Outline.[footnote]Bergey\u2019s Manual Trust. Bergey\u2019s Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria, Taxonomic Outline<\/em>. 2012. http:\/\/www.bergeys.org\/outlines.html[\/footnote]\r\n\r\nWe have divided the species into tables corresponding to different bacterial phyla. The taxonomic rank of kingdom is not used in prokaryote taxonomy, so the phyla are the subgrouping below domain. Note that many bacterial phyla not represented by these tables. The species and genera are listed only under the class within each phylum. The names given to bacteria are regulated by the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria as maintained by the International Committee on Systematics or Prokaryotes.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Table 1. Phylum Actinobacteria<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Class<\/th>\r\nGenus<\/th>\r\nSpecies<\/th>\r\nRelated Diseases<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n
Actinobacteria<\/td>\r\nCorynebacterium<\/em><\/td>\r\ndiphtheriae<\/em><\/td>\r\nDiptheria<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Gardnerella<\/em><\/td>\r\nvaginalis<\/em><\/td>\r\nBacterial vaginosis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Micrococcus<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\nOpportunistic infections<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Mycobacterium<\/em><\/td>\r\nbovis<\/em><\/td>\r\nTuberculosis, primarily in cattle<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Mycobacterium<\/em><\/td>\r\nleprae<\/em><\/td>\r\nHansen\u2019s disease<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Mycobacterium<\/em><\/td>\r\ntuberculosis<\/em><\/td>\r\nTuberculosis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Propionibacterium<\/em><\/td>\r\nacnes<\/em><\/td>\r\nAcne, blepharitis, endophthalmitis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Table 2. Phylum Bacteroidetes<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Class<\/th>\r\nGenus<\/th>\r\nSpecies<\/th>\r\nRelated Diseases<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n
Bacteroidia<\/td>\r\nPorphyromonas<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\nPeriodontal disease<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Prevotella<\/em><\/td>\r\nintermedia<\/em><\/td>\r\nPeriodontal disease<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Table 3. Phylum Chlamydiae<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Class<\/th>\r\nGenus<\/th>\r\nSpecies<\/th>\r\nRelated Diseases<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n
Chlamydiae<\/td>\r\nChlamydia<\/em><\/td>\r\npsittaci<\/em><\/td>\r\nPsittacosis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Chlamydia<\/em><\/td>\r\ntrachomatis<\/em><\/td>\r\nSexually transmitted chlamydia<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Table 4. Phylum Firmicutes<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Class<\/th>\r\nGenus<\/th>\r\nSpecies<\/th>\r\nRelated Diseases<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n
Bacilli<\/td>\r\nBacillus<\/em><\/td>\r\nanthracis<\/em><\/td>\r\nAnthrax<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Bacillus<\/em><\/td>\r\ncereus<\/em><\/td>\r\nDiarrheal and emetic food poisoning<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Listeria<\/em><\/td>\r\nmonocytogenes<\/em><\/td>\r\nListeriosis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Enterococcus<\/em><\/td>\r\nfaecalis<\/em><\/td>\r\nEndocarditis, septicemia, urinary tract infections, meningitis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Staphylococcus<\/em><\/td>\r\naureus<\/em><\/td>\r\nSkin infections, sinusitis, food poisoning<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Staphylococcus<\/em><\/td>\r\nepidermidis<\/em><\/td>\r\nNosocomial and opportunistic infections<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Staphylococcus<\/em><\/td>\r\nhominis<\/em><\/td>\r\nOpportunistic infections<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Staphylococcus<\/em><\/td>\r\nsaprophyticus<\/em><\/td>\r\nUrinary tract infections<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Streptococcus<\/em><\/td>\r\nagalactiae<\/em><\/td>\r\nPostpartum infection, neonatal sepsis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Streptococcus<\/em><\/td>\r\nmutans<\/em><\/td>\r\nTooth decay<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Streptococcus<\/em><\/td>\r\npneumoniae<\/em><\/td>\r\nPneumonia, many other infections<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Streptococcus<\/em><\/td>\r\npyogenes<\/em><\/td>\r\nPharyngitis, scarlet fever, impetigo, necrotizing fasciittis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Clostridia<\/td>\r\nClostridium<\/em><\/td>\r\nbotulinum<\/em><\/td>\r\nBotulinum poisoning<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Clostridium<\/em><\/td>\r\ndifficile<\/em><\/td>\r\nColitis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Clostridium<\/em><\/td>\r\nperfringens<\/em><\/td>\r\nFood poisoning, gas gangrene<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Clostridium<\/em><\/td>\r\ntetani<\/em><\/td>\r\nTetanus<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Table 5. Phylum Fusobacteria<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Class<\/th>\r\nGenus<\/th>\r\nSpecies<\/th>\r\nRelated Diseases<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n
Fusobacteriia<\/td>\r\nFusobacterium<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\nPeriodontal disease, Lemierre syndrome, skin ulcers<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Streptobacillus<\/em><\/td>\r\nmoniliformis<\/em><\/td>\r\nRat-bite fever<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Table 6. Phylum Proteobacteria<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Class<\/th>\r\nGenus<\/th>\r\nSpecies<\/th>\r\nRelated Diseases<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n
Alphaproteobacteria<\/td>\r\nAnaplasma<\/em><\/td>\r\nphagocytophilum<\/em><\/td>\r\nHuman granulocytic anaplasmosis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Bartonella<\/em><\/td>\r\nhenselae<\/em><\/td>\r\nPeliosis hepatitis, bacillary angiomatosis, endocarditis, bacteremia<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Bartonella<\/em><\/td>\r\nquintana<\/em><\/td>\r\nTrench fever<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Brucella<\/em><\/td>\r\nmelitensis<\/em><\/td>\r\nOvine brucellosis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Ehrlichia<\/em><\/td>\r\nchaffeensis<\/em><\/td>\r\nHuman monocytic ehrlichiosis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Rickettsia<\/em><\/td>\r\nprowazekii<\/em><\/td>\r\nEpidemic typhus<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Rickettsia<\/em><\/td>\r\nrickettsii<\/em><\/td>\r\nRocky Mountain spotted fever<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Rickettsia<\/em><\/td>\r\ntyphi<\/em><\/td>\r\nMurine typhus<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Betaproteobacteria<\/td>\r\nBordetella<\/em><\/td>\r\npertussis<\/em><\/td>\r\nPertussis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Eikenella<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\nBite-injury infections<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Neisseria<\/em><\/td>\r\ngonorrhoeae<\/em><\/td>\r\nGonorrhea<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Neisseria<\/em><\/td>\r\nmeningitidis<\/em><\/td>\r\nMeningitis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Spirillum<\/em><\/td>\r\nminus (alt. minor)<\/em><\/td>\r\nSodoku (rat-bite fever)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Epsilonproteobacteria<\/td>\r\nCampylobacter<\/em><\/td>\r\njejuni<\/em><\/td>\r\nGastroenteritis, Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Helicobacter<\/em><\/td>\r\npylori<\/em><\/td>\r\nGastric ulcers<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Gammaproteobacteria<\/td>\r\nAeromonas<\/em><\/td>\r\nhydrophila<\/em><\/td>\r\nDysenteric gastroenteritis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Coxiella<\/em><\/td>\r\nburnetii<\/em><\/td>\r\nQ fever<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Enterobacter<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\nUrinary and respiratory infections<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Escherichia<\/em><\/td>\r\n\n\ncoli<\/em>\r\n\r\nStrains:\r\n\r\nshiga toxin-producing (STEC) (e.g., O157:H7) also called enterohemorrhagic E. coli<\/em> (EHEC) or verocytotoxin-producing E. coli<\/em> (VTEC)<\/td>\r\nFoodborne diarrhea outbreaks, hemorrhagic colitis, hemolytic-uremic syndrome<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Escherichia<\/em><\/td>\r\n\n\ncoli<\/em>\r\n\r\nStrain:\r\n\r\nenterotoxigenic E. coli<\/em> (ETEC)<\/td>\r\nTraveler\u2019s diarrhea<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Escherichia<\/em><\/td>\r\n\n\ncoli<\/em>\r\n\r\nStrain:\r\n\r\nenteropathogenic E. coli<\/em> (EPEC)<\/td>\r\nDiarrhea, especially in young children<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Escherichia<\/em><\/td>\r\n\n\ncoli<\/em>\r\n\r\nStrain:\r\n\r\nenteroaggregative E. coli<\/em> (EAEC)<\/td>\r\nDiarrheal disease in children and travelers<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Escherichia<\/em><\/td>\r\n\n\ncoli<\/em>\r\n\r\nStrain:\r\n\r\ndiffusely adherent E. coli<\/em> (DAEC)<\/td>\r\nDiarrheal disease of children<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Escherichia<\/em><\/td>\r\n\n\ncoli<\/em>\r\n\r\nStrain:\r\n\r\nenteroinvasive E. coli<\/em> (EPEC)<\/td>\r\nBacillary dysentery, cells invade intestinal epithelial cells<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Francisella<\/em><\/td>\r\ntularensis<\/em><\/td>\r\nTularemia<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Haemophilus<\/em><\/td>\r\nducreyi<\/em><\/td>\r\nChancroid<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Haemophilus<\/em><\/td>\r\ninfluenzae<\/em><\/td>\r\nBacteremia, pneumonia, meningitis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Klebsiella<\/em><\/td>\r\npneumoniae<\/em><\/td>\r\nPneumonia, nosocomial infections<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Legionella<\/em><\/td>\r\npneumophila<\/em><\/td>\r\nLegionnaire\u2019s disease<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Moraxella<\/em><\/td>\r\ncatarrhalis<\/em><\/td>\r\nOtitis media, bronchitis, sinusitis, laryngitis, pneumonia<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Pasteurella<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\nPasteurellosis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Plesiomonas<\/em><\/td>\r\nshigelloides<\/em><\/td>\r\nGastroenteritis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Proteus<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\nOpportunistic urinary tract infections<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Pseudomonas<\/em><\/td>\r\naeruginosa<\/em><\/td>\r\nOpportunistic, nosocomial pneumonia and sepsis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Salmonella<\/em><\/td>\r\nbongori<\/em><\/td>\r\nSalmonellosis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Salmonella<\/em><\/td>\r\nenterica<\/em><\/td>\r\nSalmonellosis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Serratia<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\nPneumonia, urinary tract infections<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Shigella<\/em><\/td>\r\nboydii<\/em><\/td>\r\nDysentery<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Shigella<\/em><\/td>\r\ndysenteriae<\/em><\/td>\r\nDysentery<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Shigella<\/em><\/td>\r\nflexneri<\/em><\/td>\r\nDysentery<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Shigella<\/em><\/td>\r\nsonnei<\/em><\/td>\r\nDysentery<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Vibrio<\/em><\/td>\r\ncholerae<\/em><\/td>\r\nCholera<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Vibrio<\/em><\/td>\r\nparahemolyticus<\/em><\/td>\r\nSeafood gastroenteritis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Vibrio<\/em><\/td>\r\nvulnificus<\/em><\/td>\r\nSeafood gastroenteritis, necrotizing wound infections, septicemia<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Yersinia<\/em><\/td>\r\nenterocolitica<\/em><\/td>\r\nYersiniosis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Yersinia<\/em><\/td>\r\npestis<\/em><\/td>\r\nPlague<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Yersinia<\/em><\/td>\r\npseudotuberculosis<\/em><\/td>\r\nFar East scarlet-like fever<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Table 7. Phylum Spirochaetes<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Class<\/th>\r\nGenus<\/th>\r\nSpecies<\/th>\r\nRelated Diseases<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n
Spirochaetia<\/td>\r\nBorrelia<\/em><\/td>\r\nburgdorferi<\/em><\/td>\r\nLyme disease<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Borrelia<\/em><\/td>\r\nhermsii<\/em><\/td>\r\nTick-borne relapsing fever<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Borrelia<\/em><\/td>\r\nrecurrentis<\/em><\/td>\r\nLouse-borne relapsing fever<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Leptospira<\/em><\/td>\r\ninterrogans<\/em><\/td>\r\nLeptospirosis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Treponema<\/em><\/td>\r\npallidum<\/em><\/td>\r\nSyphilis, bejel, pinta, yaws<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Table 8. Phylum Tenericutes<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Class<\/th>\r\nGenus<\/th>\r\nSpecies<\/th>\r\nRelated Diseases<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n
Mollicutes<\/td>\r\nMycoplasma<\/em><\/td>\r\ngenitalium<\/em><\/td>\r\nUrethritis, cervicitis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Mycoplasma<\/em><\/td>\r\nhominis<\/em><\/td>\r\nPelvic inflammatory disease, bacterial vaginosis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Mycoplasma<\/em><\/td>\r\npneumoniae<\/em><\/td>\r\nMycoplasma<\/em> pneumonia<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Ureaplasma<\/em><\/td>\r\nurealyticum<\/em><\/td>\r\nUrethritis, fetal infections<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

Viral Pathogens<\/h2>\r\nThere are several classification systems for viruses. The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) is the international scientific body responsible for the rules of viral classification. The ICTV system used here groups viruses based on genetic similarity and presumed monophyly. The viral classification system is separate from the classification system for cellular organisms. The ICTV system groups viruses within seven orders, which contain related families. There is, presently, a large number of unassigned families with unknown affinities to the seven orders. Three of these orders infect only Eubacteria, Archaea, or plants and do not appear in this table. Some families may be divided into subfamilies. There are also many unassigned genera. Like all taxonomies, viral taxonomy is in constant flux. The latest complete species list and classification can be obtained on the ICTV website.[footnote]International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. \"ICTV Master Species List.\" http:\/\/talk.ictvonline.org\/files\/ictv_documents\/m\/msl\/default.aspx[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1300\"]\"A Table 9.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1300\"]\"A Table 10.[\/caption]\r\n

Fungal Pathogens<\/h2>\r\nThe Fungi are one of the kingdoms of the domain Eukarya. Fungi are most closely related to the animals and a few other small groups and more distantly related to the plants and other groups that formerly were categorized as protist. At present, the Fungi are divided into seven phyla (or divisions, a hold over from when fungi were studied with plants), but there are uncertainties about some relationships.[footnote]S. Hibbett et al. \"A Higher-level Phylogenetic Classification of the Fungi.\" Mycological Research<\/em> 111 no. 5 (2007):509\u2013547.[\/footnote] Many groups of fungi, particularly those that were formerly classified in the phylum Zygomycota, which was not monophyletic, have uncertain relationships to the other fungi. The one species listed in this table that falls into this category is Rhizopus arrhizus.<\/em> Fungal names are governed by the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants,[footnote]J. McNeill et al. International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (Melbourne Code)<\/em>. Oberreifenerg, Germany. Koeltz Scientific Books; 2012. http:\/\/www.iapt-taxon.org\/nomen\/main.php?[\/footnote] but the International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi (ICTF) also promotes taxonomic work on fungi. One activity of the ICTF is publicizing name changes for medically and otherwise important fungal species. Many species that formerly had two names (one for the sexual form and one for the asexual form) are now being brought together under one name.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Table 11. Fungal Pathogens<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Division<\/th>\r\nGenus<\/th>\r\nSpecies<\/th>\r\nRelated Diseases<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n
Ascomycota<\/td>\r\nAspergillus<\/em><\/td>\r\nflavus<\/em><\/td>\r\nOpportunistic aspergillosis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Aspergillus<\/em><\/td>\r\nfumigatus<\/em><\/td>\r\nOpportunistic aspergillosis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Blastomyces<\/em><\/td>\r\ndermatitidis<\/em><\/td>\r\nBlastomycosis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Candida<\/em><\/td>\r\nalbicans<\/em><\/td>\r\nThrush (candidiasis)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Coccidioides<\/em><\/td>\r\nimmitis<\/em><\/td>\r\nValley fever (coccidioidomycosis)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Epidermophyton<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\nTinea corporis (ringworm), tinea cruris (jock itch), tinea pedis (althlete\u2019s foot), tinea unguium (onychomycosis)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Histoplasma<\/em><\/td>\r\ncapsulatum<\/em><\/td>\r\nHistoplasmosis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Microsporum<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\nTinea capitis (ringworm), tinea corpus (ringworm), other dermatophytoses<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Pneumocystis<\/em><\/td>\r\njirovecii<\/em><\/td>\r\nOpportunistic pneumonia<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Sporothrix<\/em><\/td>\r\nschenckii<\/em><\/td>\r\nSporotrichosis (rose-handler\u2019s disease)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Trichophyton<\/em><\/td>\r\nmentagrophytes<\/em> var. interdigitale<\/em><\/td>\r\nTinea barbae (barber\u2019s itch), dermatophytoses<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Trichophyton<\/em><\/td>\r\nrubrum<\/em><\/td>\r\nTinea corporis (ringworm), tinea cruris (jock itch), tinea pedis (althlete\u2019s foot), tinea unguium (onychomycosis)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Basidiomycota<\/td>\r\nCryptococcus<\/em><\/td>\r\nneoformans<\/em><\/td>\r\nOpportunistic cryptococcosis, fungal meningitis, encephalitis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Malassezia<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\nDandruff, tinea versicolor<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
uncertain<\/td>\r\nRhizopus<\/em><\/td>\r\narrhizus<\/em><\/td>\r\nMucormycosis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

Protozoan Pathogens<\/h2>\r\nThe relationships among the organisms (and thus their taxonomy) previously grouped under the name Protists are better understood than they were two or three decades ago, but this is still a work in progress. In 2005, the Eukarya were divided into six supergroups.[footnote]S.M. Adl et al. \"The New Higher Level Classification of Eukaryotes with Emphasis on the Taxonomy of Protists.\" Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology<\/em> 52 no. 5 (2005):399\u2013451.[\/footnote] The latest high-level classification combined two of the previous supergroups to produce a system comprising five supergroups.[footnote]S.M. Adl et al. \"The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes.\" Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology<\/em> 59 no. 5 (2012):429\u2013514.[\/footnote] This classification was developed for the Society of Protozoologists, but it is not the only suggested approach. One of the five supergroups includes the animals, fungi, and some smaller protist groups. Another contains green plants and three algal groups. The other three supergroups (listed in the three tables below) contain the other protists, many of them which cause disease. In addition, there is a large number of protist groups whose relationships are not understood. In the three supergroups represented here we have indicated the phyla to which the listed pathogens belong.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Table 12. Supergroup Amoebozoa<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Phylum<\/th>\r\nGenus<\/th>\r\nSpecies<\/th>\r\nRelated Diseases<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n
Amoebozoa<\/td>\r\nAcanthamoeba<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\nGranulomatous amoebic encephalitis, acanthamoebic keratitis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Entamoeba<\/em><\/td>\r\nhistolytica<\/em><\/td>\r\nEnterobiasis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Table 13. Supergroup SAR (Stramenopiles, Alveolata, Rhizaria)<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Phylum<\/th>\r\nGenus<\/th>\r\nSpecies<\/th>\r\nRelated Diseases<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n
Apicomplexa<\/td>\r\nBabesia<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\nBabesiosis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Cryptosporidium<\/em><\/td>\r\nhominis<\/em><\/td>\r\nCryptosporidiosis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Cryptosporidium<\/em><\/td>\r\nparvum<\/em><\/td>\r\nCryptosporidiosis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Cyclospora<\/em><\/td>\r\ncayetanensis<\/em><\/td>\r\nGastroenteritis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Plasmodium<\/em><\/td>\r\nfalciparum<\/em><\/td>\r\nMalaria<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Plasmodium<\/em><\/td>\r\nmalariae<\/em><\/td>\r\n\"Benign\" or \"quartan\" (3-day recurrent fever) malaria<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Plasmodium<\/em><\/td>\r\novale<\/em><\/td>\r\n\"Tertian\" (2-day recurrent fever) malaria<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Plasmodium<\/em><\/td>\r\nvivax<\/em><\/td>\r\n\"Benign\" \"tertian\" (2-day recurrent fever) malaria<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Plasmodium<\/em><\/td>\r\nknowlesi<\/em><\/td>\r\nPrimate malaria capable of zoonosis, quotidian fever<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Toxoplasma<\/em><\/td>\r\ngondii<\/em><\/td>\r\nToxoplasmosis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Table 14. Supergroup Excavata<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Phylum<\/th>\r\nGenus<\/th>\r\nSpecies<\/th>\r\nRelated Diseases<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n
Metamonada<\/td>\r\nGiardia<\/em><\/td>\r\nlamblia<\/em><\/td>\r\nGiardiasis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Trichomonas<\/em><\/td>\r\nvaginalis<\/em><\/td>\r\nTrichomoniasis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Euglenozoa<\/td>\r\nLeishmania<\/em><\/td>\r\nbraziliensis<\/em><\/td>\r\nLeishmaniasis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Leishmania<\/em><\/td>\r\ndonovani<\/em><\/td>\r\nLeishmaniasis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Leishmania<\/em><\/td>\r\ntropica<\/em><\/td>\r\nCutaneous leishmaniasis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Trypanosoma<\/em><\/td>\r\nbrucei<\/em><\/td>\r\nAfrican sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Trypanosoma<\/em><\/td>\r\ncruzi<\/em><\/td>\r\nChagas disease<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Percolozoa<\/td>\r\nNaegleria<\/em><\/td>\r\nfowleri<\/em><\/td>\r\nPrimary amoebic meningoencephalitis (naegleriasis)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

Parasitic Helminths<\/h2>\r\nThe taxonomy of parasitic worms, all of which belong to the kingdom Animalia still contains many uncertainties. The pathogenic species are found in two phyla: the Nematoda, or roundworms, and the Platyhelminthes, or flat worms. The Nematoda is tentatively divided into two classes[footnote]National Center for Biotechnology Information. \"Taxonomy Browser: Nematoda.\" http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/Taxonomy\/Browser\/wwwtax.cgi?id=6231[\/footnote], one of which, Chromadorea, probably contains unrelated groups. The parasitic flatworms are contained within three classes of flatworm, of which two are important to humans, the trematodes and the cestodes.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Table 15. Phylum Nematoda<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Class<\/th>\r\nGenus<\/th>\r\nSpecies<\/th>\r\nRelated Diseases<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n
Chromadorea<\/td>\r\nAncylostoma<\/em><\/td>\r\ncaninum<\/em><\/td>\r\nDog hookworm infection<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Ancylostoma<\/em><\/td>\r\nduodenale<\/em><\/td>\r\nOld World hookworm infection<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Ascaris<\/em><\/td>\r\nlumbricoides<\/em><\/td>\r\nAscariasis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Enterobius<\/em><\/td>\r\nvermicularis<\/em><\/td>\r\nEnterobiasis (pin worm)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Loa<\/em><\/td>\r\nloa<\/em><\/td>\r\nLoa loa filariasis (eye worm)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Necator<\/em><\/td>\r\namericanus<\/em><\/td>\r\nNecatoriasis (New World hookworm infection)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Strongyloides<\/em><\/td>\r\nstercoralis<\/em><\/td>\r\nStrongyloidiasis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Enoplea<\/td>\r\nTrichinella<\/em><\/td>\r\nspiralis<\/em><\/td>\r\nTrichinosis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Trichuris<\/em><\/td>\r\ntrichiura<\/em><\/td>\r\nTrichuriasis (whip worm infection)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Table 16. Phylum Platyhelminthes<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Class<\/th>\r\nGenus<\/th>\r\nSpecies<\/th>\r\nRelated Diseases<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n
Trematoda<\/td>\r\nClonorchis<\/em><\/td>\r\nsinensis<\/em><\/td>\r\nChinese liver fluke<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Fasciolopsis<\/em><\/td>\r\nbuski<\/em><\/td>\r\nFasciolopsiasis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Fasciola<\/em><\/td>\r\ngigantica<\/em><\/td>\r\nFascioliasis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Fasciola<\/em><\/td>\r\nhepatica<\/em><\/td>\r\nFascioliasis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Opisthorchis<\/em><\/td>\r\nfelineus<\/em><\/td>\r\nOpisthorchiasis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Opisthorchis<\/em><\/td>\r\nviverrini<\/em><\/td>\r\nOpisthorchiasis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Schistosoma<\/em><\/td>\r\nhaematobium<\/em><\/td>\r\nUrinary schistosomiasis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Schistosoma<\/em><\/td>\r\njaponicum<\/em><\/td>\r\nSchistosomiasis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Schistosoma<\/em><\/td>\r\nmansoni<\/em><\/td>\r\nIntestinal schistosomiasis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Cestoda<\/td>\r\nDiphyllobothrium<\/em><\/td>\r\nlatum<\/em><\/td>\r\nDiphyllobothriosis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Echinococcus<\/em><\/td>\r\ngranulosus<\/em><\/td>\r\nHydatid cysts (cystic echinococcosis)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Echinococcus<\/em><\/td>\r\nmultilocularis<\/em><\/td>\r\nEchinococcosis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Taenia<\/em><\/td>\r\nasiatica<\/em><\/td>\r\nIntestinal taeniasis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Taenia<\/em><\/td>\r\nsaginata<\/em><\/td>\r\nIntestinal taeniasis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Taenia<\/em><\/td>\r\nsolium<\/em><\/td>\r\nIntestinal taeniasis, cysticercosis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\n
","rendered":"

Bacterial Pathogens<\/h2>\n

The following tables list the species, and some higher groups, of pathogenic Eubacteria mentioned in the text. The classification of Bacteria, one of the three domains of life, is in constant flux as relationships become clearer through sampling of genetic sequences. Many groups at all taxonomic levels still have an undetermined relationship with other members of the phylogenetic tree of Bacteria. Bergey\u2019s Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria<\/em> maintains a published list and descriptions of prokaryotic species. The tables here follow the taxonomic organization in the Bergey\u2019s Manual<\/em> Taxonomic Outline.[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

We have divided the species into tables corresponding to different bacterial phyla. The taxonomic rank of kingdom is not used in prokaryote taxonomy, so the phyla are the subgrouping below domain. Note that many bacterial phyla not represented by these tables. The species and genera are listed only under the class within each phylum. The names given to bacteria are regulated by the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria as maintained by the International Committee on Systematics or Prokaryotes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Table 1. Phylum Actinobacteria<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
Class<\/th>\nGenus<\/th>\nSpecies<\/th>\nRelated Diseases<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Actinobacteria<\/td>\nCorynebacterium<\/em><\/td>\ndiphtheriae<\/em><\/td>\nDiptheria<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gardnerella<\/em><\/td>\nvaginalis<\/em><\/td>\nBacterial vaginosis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Micrococcus<\/em><\/td>\n<\/td>\nOpportunistic infections<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mycobacterium<\/em><\/td>\nbovis<\/em><\/td>\nTuberculosis, primarily in cattle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mycobacterium<\/em><\/td>\nleprae<\/em><\/td>\nHansen\u2019s disease<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mycobacterium<\/em><\/td>\ntuberculosis<\/em><\/td>\nTuberculosis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Propionibacterium<\/em><\/td>\nacnes<\/em><\/td>\nAcne, blepharitis, endophthalmitis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Table 2. Phylum Bacteroidetes<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
Class<\/th>\nGenus<\/th>\nSpecies<\/th>\nRelated Diseases<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Bacteroidia<\/td>\nPorphyromonas<\/em><\/td>\n<\/td>\nPeriodontal disease<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Prevotella<\/em><\/td>\nintermedia<\/em><\/td>\nPeriodontal disease<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Table 3. Phylum Chlamydiae<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
Class<\/th>\nGenus<\/th>\nSpecies<\/th>\nRelated Diseases<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Chlamydiae<\/td>\nChlamydia<\/em><\/td>\npsittaci<\/em><\/td>\nPsittacosis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chlamydia<\/em><\/td>\ntrachomatis<\/em><\/td>\nSexually transmitted chlamydia<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Table 4. Phylum Firmicutes<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
Class<\/th>\nGenus<\/th>\nSpecies<\/th>\nRelated Diseases<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Bacilli<\/td>\nBacillus<\/em><\/td>\nanthracis<\/em><\/td>\nAnthrax<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Bacillus<\/em><\/td>\ncereus<\/em><\/td>\nDiarrheal and emetic food poisoning<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Listeria<\/em><\/td>\nmonocytogenes<\/em><\/td>\nListeriosis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Enterococcus<\/em><\/td>\nfaecalis<\/em><\/td>\nEndocarditis, septicemia, urinary tract infections, meningitis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Staphylococcus<\/em><\/td>\naureus<\/em><\/td>\nSkin infections, sinusitis, food poisoning<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Staphylococcus<\/em><\/td>\nepidermidis<\/em><\/td>\nNosocomial and opportunistic infections<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Staphylococcus<\/em><\/td>\nhominis<\/em><\/td>\nOpportunistic infections<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Staphylococcus<\/em><\/td>\nsaprophyticus<\/em><\/td>\nUrinary tract infections<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Streptococcus<\/em><\/td>\nagalactiae<\/em><\/td>\nPostpartum infection, neonatal sepsis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Streptococcus<\/em><\/td>\nmutans<\/em><\/td>\nTooth decay<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Streptococcus<\/em><\/td>\npneumoniae<\/em><\/td>\nPneumonia, many other infections<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Streptococcus<\/em><\/td>\npyogenes<\/em><\/td>\nPharyngitis, scarlet fever, impetigo, necrotizing fasciittis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Clostridia<\/td>\nClostridium<\/em><\/td>\nbotulinum<\/em><\/td>\nBotulinum poisoning<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Clostridium<\/em><\/td>\ndifficile<\/em><\/td>\nColitis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Clostridium<\/em><\/td>\nperfringens<\/em><\/td>\nFood poisoning, gas gangrene<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Clostridium<\/em><\/td>\ntetani<\/em><\/td>\nTetanus<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Table 5. Phylum Fusobacteria<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
Class<\/th>\nGenus<\/th>\nSpecies<\/th>\nRelated Diseases<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Fusobacteriia<\/td>\nFusobacterium<\/em><\/td>\n<\/td>\nPeriodontal disease, Lemierre syndrome, skin ulcers<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Streptobacillus<\/em><\/td>\nmoniliformis<\/em><\/td>\nRat-bite fever<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Table 6. Phylum Proteobacteria<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
Class<\/th>\nGenus<\/th>\nSpecies<\/th>\nRelated Diseases<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Alphaproteobacteria<\/td>\nAnaplasma<\/em><\/td>\nphagocytophilum<\/em><\/td>\nHuman granulocytic anaplasmosis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Bartonella<\/em><\/td>\nhenselae<\/em><\/td>\nPeliosis hepatitis, bacillary angiomatosis, endocarditis, bacteremia<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Bartonella<\/em><\/td>\nquintana<\/em><\/td>\nTrench fever<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Brucella<\/em><\/td>\nmelitensis<\/em><\/td>\nOvine brucellosis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ehrlichia<\/em><\/td>\nchaffeensis<\/em><\/td>\nHuman monocytic ehrlichiosis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rickettsia<\/em><\/td>\nprowazekii<\/em><\/td>\nEpidemic typhus<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rickettsia<\/em><\/td>\nrickettsii<\/em><\/td>\nRocky Mountain spotted fever<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rickettsia<\/em><\/td>\ntyphi<\/em><\/td>\nMurine typhus<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Betaproteobacteria<\/td>\nBordetella<\/em><\/td>\npertussis<\/em><\/td>\nPertussis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Eikenella<\/em><\/td>\n<\/td>\nBite-injury infections<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Neisseria<\/em><\/td>\ngonorrhoeae<\/em><\/td>\nGonorrhea<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Neisseria<\/em><\/td>\nmeningitidis<\/em><\/td>\nMeningitis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Spirillum<\/em><\/td>\nminus (alt. minor)<\/em><\/td>\nSodoku (rat-bite fever)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Epsilonproteobacteria<\/td>\nCampylobacter<\/em><\/td>\njejuni<\/em><\/td>\nGastroenteritis, Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Helicobacter<\/em><\/td>\npylori<\/em><\/td>\nGastric ulcers<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gammaproteobacteria<\/td>\nAeromonas<\/em><\/td>\nhydrophila<\/em><\/td>\nDysenteric gastroenteritis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Coxiella<\/em><\/td>\nburnetii<\/em><\/td>\nQ fever<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Enterobacter<\/em><\/td>\n<\/td>\nUrinary and respiratory infections<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Escherichia<\/em><\/td>\n\n

coli<\/em><\/p>\n

Strains:<\/p>\n

shiga toxin-producing (STEC) (e.g., O157:H7) also called enterohemorrhagic E. coli<\/em> (EHEC) or verocytotoxin-producing E. coli<\/em> (VTEC)<\/td>\n

Foodborne diarrhea outbreaks, hemorrhagic colitis, hemolytic-uremic syndrome<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Escherichia<\/em><\/td>\n\n

coli<\/em><\/p>\n

Strain:<\/p>\n

enterotoxigenic E. coli<\/em> (ETEC)<\/td>\n

Traveler\u2019s diarrhea<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Escherichia<\/em><\/td>\n\n

coli<\/em><\/p>\n

Strain:<\/p>\n

enteropathogenic E. coli<\/em> (EPEC)<\/td>\n

Diarrhea, especially in young children<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Escherichia<\/em><\/td>\n\n

coli<\/em><\/p>\n

Strain:<\/p>\n

enteroaggregative E. coli<\/em> (EAEC)<\/td>\n

Diarrheal disease in children and travelers<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Escherichia<\/em><\/td>\n\n

coli<\/em><\/p>\n

Strain:<\/p>\n

diffusely adherent E. coli<\/em> (DAEC)<\/td>\n

Diarrheal disease of children<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Escherichia<\/em><\/td>\n\n

coli<\/em><\/p>\n

Strain:<\/p>\n

enteroinvasive E. coli<\/em> (EPEC)<\/td>\n

Bacillary dysentery, cells invade intestinal epithelial cells<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Francisella<\/em><\/td>\ntularensis<\/em><\/td>\nTularemia<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Haemophilus<\/em><\/td>\nducreyi<\/em><\/td>\nChancroid<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Haemophilus<\/em><\/td>\ninfluenzae<\/em><\/td>\nBacteremia, pneumonia, meningitis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Klebsiella<\/em><\/td>\npneumoniae<\/em><\/td>\nPneumonia, nosocomial infections<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Legionella<\/em><\/td>\npneumophila<\/em><\/td>\nLegionnaire\u2019s disease<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Moraxella<\/em><\/td>\ncatarrhalis<\/em><\/td>\nOtitis media, bronchitis, sinusitis, laryngitis, pneumonia<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pasteurella<\/em><\/td>\n<\/td>\nPasteurellosis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Plesiomonas<\/em><\/td>\nshigelloides<\/em><\/td>\nGastroenteritis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Proteus<\/em><\/td>\n<\/td>\nOpportunistic urinary tract infections<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pseudomonas<\/em><\/td>\naeruginosa<\/em><\/td>\nOpportunistic, nosocomial pneumonia and sepsis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Salmonella<\/em><\/td>\nbongori<\/em><\/td>\nSalmonellosis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Salmonella<\/em><\/td>\nenterica<\/em><\/td>\nSalmonellosis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Serratia<\/em><\/td>\n<\/td>\nPneumonia, urinary tract infections<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Shigella<\/em><\/td>\nboydii<\/em><\/td>\nDysentery<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Shigella<\/em><\/td>\ndysenteriae<\/em><\/td>\nDysentery<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Shigella<\/em><\/td>\nflexneri<\/em><\/td>\nDysentery<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Shigella<\/em><\/td>\nsonnei<\/em><\/td>\nDysentery<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Vibrio<\/em><\/td>\ncholerae<\/em><\/td>\nCholera<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Vibrio<\/em><\/td>\nparahemolyticus<\/em><\/td>\nSeafood gastroenteritis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Vibrio<\/em><\/td>\nvulnificus<\/em><\/td>\nSeafood gastroenteritis, necrotizing wound infections, septicemia<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Yersinia<\/em><\/td>\nenterocolitica<\/em><\/td>\nYersiniosis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Yersinia<\/em><\/td>\npestis<\/em><\/td>\nPlague<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Yersinia<\/em><\/td>\npseudotuberculosis<\/em><\/td>\nFar East scarlet-like fever<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Table 7. Phylum Spirochaetes<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
Class<\/th>\nGenus<\/th>\nSpecies<\/th>\nRelated Diseases<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Spirochaetia<\/td>\nBorrelia<\/em><\/td>\nburgdorferi<\/em><\/td>\nLyme disease<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Borrelia<\/em><\/td>\nhermsii<\/em><\/td>\nTick-borne relapsing fever<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Borrelia<\/em><\/td>\nrecurrentis<\/em><\/td>\nLouse-borne relapsing fever<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Leptospira<\/em><\/td>\ninterrogans<\/em><\/td>\nLeptospirosis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Treponema<\/em><\/td>\npallidum<\/em><\/td>\nSyphilis, bejel, pinta, yaws<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Table 8. Phylum Tenericutes<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
Class<\/th>\nGenus<\/th>\nSpecies<\/th>\nRelated Diseases<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Mollicutes<\/td>\nMycoplasma<\/em><\/td>\ngenitalium<\/em><\/td>\nUrethritis, cervicitis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mycoplasma<\/em><\/td>\nhominis<\/em><\/td>\nPelvic inflammatory disease, bacterial vaginosis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mycoplasma<\/em><\/td>\npneumoniae<\/em><\/td>\nMycoplasma<\/em> pneumonia<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ureaplasma<\/em><\/td>\nurealyticum<\/em><\/td>\nUrethritis, fetal infections<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Viral Pathogens<\/h2>\n

There are several classification systems for viruses. The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) is the international scientific body responsible for the rules of viral classification. The ICTV system used here groups viruses based on genetic similarity and presumed monophyly. The viral classification system is separate from the classification system for cellular organisms. The ICTV system groups viruses within seven orders, which contain related families. There is, presently, a large number of unassigned families with unknown affinities to the seven orders. Three of these orders infect only Eubacteria, Archaea, or plants and do not appear in this table. Some families may be divided into subfamilies. There are also many unassigned genera. Like all taxonomies, viral taxonomy is in constant flux. The latest complete species list and classification can be obtained on the ICTV website.[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

\"A<\/p>\n

Table 9.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\"A<\/p>\n

Table 10.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Fungal Pathogens<\/h2>\n

The Fungi are one of the kingdoms of the domain Eukarya. Fungi are most closely related to the animals and a few other small groups and more distantly related to the plants and other groups that formerly were categorized as protist. At present, the Fungi are divided into seven phyla (or divisions, a hold over from when fungi were studied with plants), but there are uncertainties about some relationships.[3]<\/sup><\/a> Many groups of fungi, particularly those that were formerly classified in the phylum Zygomycota, which was not monophyletic, have uncertain relationships to the other fungi. The one species listed in this table that falls into this category is Rhizopus arrhizus.<\/em> Fungal names are governed by the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants,[4]<\/sup><\/a> but the International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi (ICTF) also promotes taxonomic work on fungi. One activity of the ICTF is publicizing name changes for medically and otherwise important fungal species. Many species that formerly had two names (one for the sexual form and one for the asexual form) are now being brought together under one name.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Table 11. Fungal Pathogens<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
Division<\/th>\nGenus<\/th>\nSpecies<\/th>\nRelated Diseases<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Ascomycota<\/td>\nAspergillus<\/em><\/td>\nflavus<\/em><\/td>\nOpportunistic aspergillosis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Aspergillus<\/em><\/td>\nfumigatus<\/em><\/td>\nOpportunistic aspergillosis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Blastomyces<\/em><\/td>\ndermatitidis<\/em><\/td>\nBlastomycosis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Candida<\/em><\/td>\nalbicans<\/em><\/td>\nThrush (candidiasis)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Coccidioides<\/em><\/td>\nimmitis<\/em><\/td>\nValley fever (coccidioidomycosis)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Epidermophyton<\/em><\/td>\n<\/td>\nTinea corporis (ringworm), tinea cruris (jock itch), tinea pedis (althlete\u2019s foot), tinea unguium (onychomycosis)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Histoplasma<\/em><\/td>\ncapsulatum<\/em><\/td>\nHistoplasmosis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Microsporum<\/em><\/td>\n<\/td>\nTinea capitis (ringworm), tinea corpus (ringworm), other dermatophytoses<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pneumocystis<\/em><\/td>\njirovecii<\/em><\/td>\nOpportunistic pneumonia<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sporothrix<\/em><\/td>\nschenckii<\/em><\/td>\nSporotrichosis (rose-handler\u2019s disease)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Trichophyton<\/em><\/td>\nmentagrophytes<\/em> var. interdigitale<\/em><\/td>\nTinea barbae (barber\u2019s itch), dermatophytoses<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Trichophyton<\/em><\/td>\nrubrum<\/em><\/td>\nTinea corporis (ringworm), tinea cruris (jock itch), tinea pedis (althlete\u2019s foot), tinea unguium (onychomycosis)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Basidiomycota<\/td>\nCryptococcus<\/em><\/td>\nneoformans<\/em><\/td>\nOpportunistic cryptococcosis, fungal meningitis, encephalitis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Malassezia<\/em><\/td>\n<\/td>\nDandruff, tinea versicolor<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
uncertain<\/td>\nRhizopus<\/em><\/td>\narrhizus<\/em><\/td>\nMucormycosis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Protozoan Pathogens<\/h2>\n

The relationships among the organisms (and thus their taxonomy) previously grouped under the name Protists are better understood than they were two or three decades ago, but this is still a work in progress. In 2005, the Eukarya were divided into six supergroups.[5]<\/sup><\/a> The latest high-level classification combined two of the previous supergroups to produce a system comprising five supergroups.[6]<\/sup><\/a> This classification was developed for the Society of Protozoologists, but it is not the only suggested approach. One of the five supergroups includes the animals, fungi, and some smaller protist groups. Another contains green plants and three algal groups. The other three supergroups (listed in the three tables below) contain the other protists, many of them which cause disease. In addition, there is a large number of protist groups whose relationships are not understood. In the three supergroups represented here we have indicated the phyla to which the listed pathogens belong.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Table 12. Supergroup Amoebozoa<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
Phylum<\/th>\nGenus<\/th>\nSpecies<\/th>\nRelated Diseases<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Amoebozoa<\/td>\nAcanthamoeba<\/em><\/td>\n<\/td>\nGranulomatous amoebic encephalitis, acanthamoebic keratitis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Entamoeba<\/em><\/td>\nhistolytica<\/em><\/td>\nEnterobiasis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Table 13. Supergroup SAR (Stramenopiles, Alveolata, Rhizaria)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
Phylum<\/th>\nGenus<\/th>\nSpecies<\/th>\nRelated Diseases<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Apicomplexa<\/td>\nBabesia<\/em><\/td>\n<\/td>\nBabesiosis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cryptosporidium<\/em><\/td>\nhominis<\/em><\/td>\nCryptosporidiosis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cryptosporidium<\/em><\/td>\nparvum<\/em><\/td>\nCryptosporidiosis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cyclospora<\/em><\/td>\ncayetanensis<\/em><\/td>\nGastroenteritis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Plasmodium<\/em><\/td>\nfalciparum<\/em><\/td>\nMalaria<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Plasmodium<\/em><\/td>\nmalariae<\/em><\/td>\n“Benign” or “quartan” (3-day recurrent fever) malaria<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Plasmodium<\/em><\/td>\novale<\/em><\/td>\n“Tertian” (2-day recurrent fever) malaria<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Plasmodium<\/em><\/td>\nvivax<\/em><\/td>\n“Benign” “tertian” (2-day recurrent fever) malaria<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Plasmodium<\/em><\/td>\nknowlesi<\/em><\/td>\nPrimate malaria capable of zoonosis, quotidian fever<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Toxoplasma<\/em><\/td>\ngondii<\/em><\/td>\nToxoplasmosis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Table 14. Supergroup Excavata<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
Phylum<\/th>\nGenus<\/th>\nSpecies<\/th>\nRelated Diseases<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Metamonada<\/td>\nGiardia<\/em><\/td>\nlamblia<\/em><\/td>\nGiardiasis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Trichomonas<\/em><\/td>\nvaginalis<\/em><\/td>\nTrichomoniasis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Euglenozoa<\/td>\nLeishmania<\/em><\/td>\nbraziliensis<\/em><\/td>\nLeishmaniasis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Leishmania<\/em><\/td>\ndonovani<\/em><\/td>\nLeishmaniasis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Leishmania<\/em><\/td>\ntropica<\/em><\/td>\nCutaneous leishmaniasis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Trypanosoma<\/em><\/td>\nbrucei<\/em><\/td>\nAfrican sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Trypanosoma<\/em><\/td>\ncruzi<\/em><\/td>\nChagas disease<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Percolozoa<\/td>\nNaegleria<\/em><\/td>\nfowleri<\/em><\/td>\nPrimary amoebic meningoencephalitis (naegleriasis)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Parasitic Helminths<\/h2>\n

The taxonomy of parasitic worms, all of which belong to the kingdom Animalia still contains many uncertainties. The pathogenic species are found in two phyla: the Nematoda, or roundworms, and the Platyhelminthes, or flat worms. The Nematoda is tentatively divided into two classes[7]<\/sup><\/a>, one of which, Chromadorea, probably contains unrelated groups. The parasitic flatworms are contained within three classes of flatworm, of which two are important to humans, the trematodes and the cestodes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Table 15. Phylum Nematoda<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
Class<\/th>\nGenus<\/th>\nSpecies<\/th>\nRelated Diseases<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Chromadorea<\/td>\nAncylostoma<\/em><\/td>\ncaninum<\/em><\/td>\nDog hookworm infection<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ancylostoma<\/em><\/td>\nduodenale<\/em><\/td>\nOld World hookworm infection<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ascaris<\/em><\/td>\nlumbricoides<\/em><\/td>\nAscariasis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Enterobius<\/em><\/td>\nvermicularis<\/em><\/td>\nEnterobiasis (pin worm)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Loa<\/em><\/td>\nloa<\/em><\/td>\nLoa loa filariasis (eye worm)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Necator<\/em><\/td>\namericanus<\/em><\/td>\nNecatoriasis (New World hookworm infection)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Strongyloides<\/em><\/td>\nstercoralis<\/em><\/td>\nStrongyloidiasis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Enoplea<\/td>\nTrichinella<\/em><\/td>\nspiralis<\/em><\/td>\nTrichinosis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Trichuris<\/em><\/td>\ntrichiura<\/em><\/td>\nTrichuriasis (whip worm infection)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Table 16. Phylum Platyhelminthes<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
Class<\/th>\nGenus<\/th>\nSpecies<\/th>\nRelated Diseases<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Trematoda<\/td>\nClonorchis<\/em><\/td>\nsinensis<\/em><\/td>\nChinese liver fluke<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Fasciolopsis<\/em><\/td>\nbuski<\/em><\/td>\nFasciolopsiasis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Fasciola<\/em><\/td>\ngigantica<\/em><\/td>\nFascioliasis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Fasciola<\/em><\/td>\nhepatica<\/em><\/td>\nFascioliasis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Opisthorchis<\/em><\/td>\nfelineus<\/em><\/td>\nOpisthorchiasis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Opisthorchis<\/em><\/td>\nviverrini<\/em><\/td>\nOpisthorchiasis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Schistosoma<\/em><\/td>\nhaematobium<\/em><\/td>\nUrinary schistosomiasis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Schistosoma<\/em><\/td>\njaponicum<\/em><\/td>\nSchistosomiasis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Schistosoma<\/em><\/td>\nmansoni<\/em><\/td>\nIntestinal schistosomiasis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cestoda<\/td>\nDiphyllobothrium<\/em><\/td>\nlatum<\/em><\/td>\nDiphyllobothriosis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Echinococcus<\/em><\/td>\ngranulosus<\/em><\/td>\nHydatid cysts (cystic echinococcosis)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Echinococcus<\/em><\/td>\nmultilocularis<\/em><\/td>\nEchinococcosis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Taenia<\/em><\/td>\nasiatica<\/em><\/td>\nIntestinal taeniasis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Taenia<\/em><\/td>\nsaginata<\/em><\/td>\nIntestinal taeniasis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Taenia<\/em><\/td>\nsolium<\/em><\/td>\nIntestinal taeniasis, cysticercosis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
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Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t
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