{"id":192,"date":"2018-04-05T00:15:13","date_gmt":"2018-04-05T00:15:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/os-microecon-e2\/chapter\/how-to-organize-economies-an-overview-of-economic-systems\/"},"modified":"2018-06-25T14:40:38","modified_gmt":"2018-06-25T14:40:38","slug":"how-to-organize-economies-an-overview-of-economic-systems","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-microeconomics2\/chapter\/how-to-organize-economies-an-overview-of-economic-systems\/","title":{"raw":"How To Organize Economies: An Overview of Economic Systems","rendered":"How To Organize Economies: An Overview of Economic Systems"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Contrast traditional economies, command economies, and market economies<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Explain gross domestic product (GDP)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Assess the importance and effects of globalization<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm116325952\">Think about what a complex system a modern economy is. It includes all production of goods and services, all buying and selling, all employment. The economic life of every individual is interrelated, at least to a small extent, with the economic lives of thousands or even millions of other individuals. Who organizes and coordinates this system? Who insures that, for example, the number of televisions a society provides is the same as the amount it needs and wants? Who insures that the right number of employees work in the electronics industry? Who insures that televisions are produced in the best way possible? How does it all get done?<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm2603472\">There are at least three ways that societies organize an economy. The first is the <strong>traditional economy<\/strong>, which is the oldest economic system and is used in parts of Asia, Africa, and South America. Traditional economies organize their economic affairs the way they have always done (i.e., tradition). Occupations stay in the family. Most families are farmers who grow the crops using traditional methods. What you produce is what you consume. Because tradition drives the way of life, there is little economic progress or development.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<figure id=\"CNX_Econ_C01_005\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"390\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3164\/2018\/04\/05001506\/CNX_Econ_C01_005.jpg\" alt=\"The image is a photograph of people riding camels in front of two pyramids in Egypt.\" width=\"390\" height=\"259\" \/> A Command Economy Ancient Egypt was an example of a command economy. (Credit: Jay Bergesen\/Flickr Creative Commons)[\/caption]<\/figure>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm22896400\">Command economies are very different. In a <strong>command economy<\/strong>, economic effort is devoted to goals passed down from a ruler or ruling class. Ancient Egypt was a good example: a large part of economic life was devoted to building pyramids, like those in <a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#CNX_Econ_C01_005\">[link]<\/a>, for the pharaohs. Medieval manor life is another example: the lord provided the land for growing crops and protection in the event of war. In return, vassals provided labor and soldiers to do the lord\u2019s bidding. In the last century, communism emphasized command economies.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp38251936\">In a command economy, the government decides what goods and services will be produced and what prices it will charge for them. The government decides what methods of production to use and sets wages for workers. The government provides many necessities like healthcare and education for free. Currently, Cuba and North Korea have command economies.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<figure id=\"CNX_Econ_C01_006\"><figcaption><\/figcaption>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"195\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3164\/2018\/04\/05001508\/CNX_Econ_C01_006.jpg\" alt=\"The image is a photograph of the New York Stock Exchange\u2019s entrance\" width=\"195\" height=\"196\" \/> A Market Economy Nothing says \"market\" more than The New York Stock Exchange. (Credit: Erik Drost\/Flickr Creative Commons)[\/caption]<\/figure>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp41834384\">Although command economies have a very centralized structure for economic decisions, market economies have a very decentralized structure. A<strong> market<\/strong> is an institution that brings together buyers and sellers of goods or services, who may be either individuals or businesses. The New York Stock Exchange (<a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#CNX_Econ_C01_006\">[link]<\/a>) is a prime example of a market which brings buyers and sellers together. In a <strong>market economy<\/strong>, decision-making is decentralized. Market economies are based on <strong>private enterprise<\/strong>: the private individuals or groups of private individuals own and operate the means of production (resources and businesses). Businesses supply goods and services based on demand. (In a command economy, by contrast, the government owns resources and businesses.) Supply of goods and services depends on what the demands. A person\u2019s income is based on his or her ability to convert resources (especially labor) into something that society values. The more society values the person\u2019s output, the higher the income (think Lady Gaga or LeBron James). In this scenario, market forces, not governments, determine economic decisions.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm91198544\">Most economies in the real world are mixed. They combine elements of command and market (and even traditional) systems. The U.S. economy is positioned toward the market-oriented end of the spectrum. Many countries in Europe and Latin America, while primarily market-oriented, have a greater degree of government involvement in economic decisions than the U.S. economy. China and Russia, while over the past several decades have moved more in the direction of having a market-oriented system, remain closer to the command economy end of the spectrum. The Heritage Foundation provides information about how free and thus market-oriented different countries' are, as the following Clear It Up feature discusses. For a similar ranking, but one that defines freedom more broadly, see the Cato Foundation's Human Freedom <a href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/l\/cato\">Index<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Clear it up<\/h3>\r\n<h4><span style=\"color: #6c64ad;font-size: 1.2em;font-weight: 600\">What countries are considered economically free?<\/span><\/h4>\r\n<span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">Who is in control of economic decisions? Are people free to do what they want and to work where they want? Are businesses free to produce when they want and what they choose, and to hire and fire as they wish? Are banks free to choose who will receive loans, or does the government control these kinds of choices? Each year, researchers at the Heritage Foundation and the <\/span><em style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial;background-color: #eeeeee\">Wall Street Journal<\/em><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\"> look at 50 different categories of economic freedom for countries around the world. They give each nation a score based on the extent of economic freedom in each category.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">The 2016 Heritage Foundation\u2019s Index of Economic Freedom report ranked 178 countries around the world: <\/span><a class=\"autogenerated-content\" style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\" href=\"#Table_01_01\">[link]<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\"> lists some examples of the most free and the least free countries. Several additional countries were not ranked because of extreme instability that made judgments about economic freedom impossible. These countries include Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya, Syria, Somalia, and Yemen.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">The assigned rankings are inevitably based on estimates, yet even these rough measures can be useful for discerning trends. In 2015, 101 of the 178 included countries shifted toward greater economic freedom, although 77 of the countries shifted toward less economic freedom. In recent decades, the overall trend has been a <\/span><em style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial;background-color: #eeeeee\">higher level of economic freedom around the world<\/em><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm78296032\" class=\"economics clearup\">\r\n<table id=\"Table_01_01\" summary=\"This table has two columns and ten rows. The first row is a header row and it labels each column, 'Most Economic Freedom' and 'Least Economic Freedom'. Under the 'Most Economic Freedom' column are the values: 1. Hong Kong; 2. Singapore; 3. New Zealand; 4. Australia; 5. Switzerland; 6. Canada; 7. Chile; 8. Estonia; 9. Ireland; 10. Mauritius; 11. Denmark; and 12. United States. Under the 'Least Economic Freedom' column are the values: 167. Timor-Leste; 168. Democratic Republic of Congo; 169. Argentina; 170. Republic of Congo; 171. Iran; 172. Turkmenistan; 173. Equatorial Guinea; 174. Eritrea; 175. Zimbabwe; 176. Venezuela; 177. Cuba; and 178. North Korea.\"><caption>Economic Freedoms, 2016(Source: The Heritage Foundation, 2016 Index of Economic Freedom, Country Rankings, http:\/\/www.heritage.org\/index\/ranking)<\/caption>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Most Economic Freedom<\/th>\r\n<th>Least Economic Freedom<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>1. Hong Kong<\/td>\r\n<td>167. Timor-Leste<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>2. Singapore<\/td>\r\n<td>168. Democratic Republic of Congo<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>3. New Zealand<\/td>\r\n<td>169. Argentina<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>4. Switzerland<\/td>\r\n<td>170. Equatorial Guinea<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>5. Australia<\/td>\r\n<td>171. Iran<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>6. Canada<\/td>\r\n<td>172. Republic of Congo<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>7. Chile<\/td>\r\n<td>173. Eritrea<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>8. Ireland<\/td>\r\n<td>174. Turkmenistan<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>9. Estonia<\/td>\r\n<td>175. Zimbabwe<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>10. United Kingdom<\/td>\r\n<td>176. Venezuela<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>11. United States<\/td>\r\n<td>177. Cuba<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>12. Denmark<\/td>\r\n<td>178. North Korea<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<section id=\"fs-idp6932112\">\r\n<h3>Regulations: The Rules of the Game<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp121002496\">Markets and government regulations are always entangled. There is no such thing as an absolutely free market. Regulations always define the \"rules of the game\" in the economy. Economies that are primarily market-oriented have fewer regulations\u2014ideally just enough to maintain an even playing field for participants. At a minimum, these laws govern matters like safeguarding private property against theft, protecting people from violence, enforcing legal contracts, preventing fraud, and collecting taxes. Conversely, even the most command-oriented economies operate using markets. How else would buying and selling occur? The government heavily regulates decisions of what to produce and prices to charge. Heavily regulated economies often have <strong>underground economies<\/strong> (or black markets), which are markets where the buyers and sellers make transactions without the government\u2019s approval.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp9942944\">The question of how to organize economic institutions is typically not a black-or-white choice between all market or all government, but instead involves a balancing act over the appropriate combination of market freedom and government rules.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<figure id=\"CNX_Econ_C01_007\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"390\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3164\/2018\/04\/05001511\/CNX_Econ_C01_007.jpg\" alt=\"The image is a photograph of a cargo ship transporting goods.\" width=\"390\" height=\"260\" \/> Globalization Cargo ships are one mode of transportation for shipping goods in the global economy. (Credit: Raul Valdez\/Flickr Creative Commons)[\/caption]<\/figure>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-idm87109856\">\r\n<h3>The Rise of Globalization<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm66053168\">Recent decades have seen a trend toward <strong>globalization<\/strong>, which is the expanding cultural, political, and economic connections between people around the world. One measure of this is the increased buying and selling of goods, services, and assets across national borders\u2014in other words, international trade and financial capital flows.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm185091664\">Globalization has occurred for a number of reasons. Improvements in shipping, as illustrated by the container ship in <a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#CNX_Econ_C01_007\">[link]<\/a>, and air cargo have driven down transportation costs. Innovations in computing and telecommunications have made it easier and cheaper to manage long-distance economic connections of production and sales. Many valuable products and services in the modern economy can take the form of information\u2014for example: computer software; financial advice; travel planning; music, books and movies; and blueprints for designing a building. These products and many others can be transported over telephones and computer networks at ever-lower costs. Finally, international agreements and treaties between countries have encouraged greater trade.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm189846048\"><a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#Table_01_02\">[link]<\/a> presents one measure of globalization. It shows the percentage of domestic economic production that was exported for a selection of countries from 2010 to 2015, according to an entity known as The World Bank. <strong>Exports<\/strong> are the goods and services that one produces domestically and sells abroad. <strong>Imports<\/strong> are the goods and services that one produces abroad and then sells domestically. <strong>Gross domestic product (GDP) <\/strong>measures the size of total production in an economy. Thus, the ratio of exports divided by GDP measures what share of a country\u2019s total economic production is sold in other countries.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<table id=\"Table_01_02\" summary=\" This table has five columns and fifteen rows. The first two rows are header rows and it labels each column, \"><caption>The Extent of Globalization (exports\/GDP)(Source: http:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/data\/)<\/caption>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Country<\/th>\r\n<th>2010<\/th>\r\n<th>2011<\/th>\r\n<th>2012<\/th>\r\n<th>2013<\/th>\r\n<th>2014<\/th>\r\n<th>2015<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"8\"><strong>Higher Income Countries<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>United States<\/td>\r\n<td>12.4<\/td>\r\n<td>13.6<\/td>\r\n<td>13.6<\/td>\r\n<td>13.5<\/td>\r\n<td>13.5<\/td>\r\n<td>12.6<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Belgium<\/td>\r\n<td>76.2<\/td>\r\n<td>81.4<\/td>\r\n<td>82.2<\/td>\r\n<td>82.8<\/td>\r\n<td>84.0<\/td>\r\n<td>84.4<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Canada<\/td>\r\n<td>29.1<\/td>\r\n<td>30.7<\/td>\r\n<td>30.0<\/td>\r\n<td>30.1<\/td>\r\n<td>31.7<\/td>\r\n<td>31.5<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>France<\/td>\r\n<td>26.0<\/td>\r\n<td>27.8<\/td>\r\n<td>28.1<\/td>\r\n<td>28.3<\/td>\r\n<td>29.0<\/td>\r\n<td>30.0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"8\"><strong>Middle Income Countries<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Brazil<\/td>\r\n<td>10.9<\/td>\r\n<td>11.9<\/td>\r\n<td>12.6<\/td>\r\n<td>12.6<\/td>\r\n<td>11.2<\/td>\r\n<td>13.0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Mexico<\/td>\r\n<td>29.9<\/td>\r\n<td>31.2<\/td>\r\n<td>32.6<\/td>\r\n<td>31.7<\/td>\r\n<td>32.3<\/td>\r\n<td>35.3<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>South Korea<\/td>\r\n<td>49.4<\/td>\r\n<td>55.7<\/td>\r\n<td>56.3<\/td>\r\n<td>53.9<\/td>\r\n<td>50.3<\/td>\r\n<td>45.9<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"8\"><strong>Lower Income Countries<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Chad<\/td>\r\n<td>36.8<\/td>\r\n<td>38.9<\/td>\r\n<td>36.9<\/td>\r\n<td>32.2<\/td>\r\n<td>34.2<\/td>\r\n<td>29.8<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>China<\/td>\r\n<td>29.4<\/td>\r\n<td>28.5<\/td>\r\n<td>27.3<\/td>\r\n<td>26.4<\/td>\r\n<td>23.9<\/td>\r\n<td>22.4<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>India<\/td>\r\n<td>22.0<\/td>\r\n<td>23.9<\/td>\r\n<td>24.0<\/td>\r\n<td>24.8<\/td>\r\n<td>22.9<\/td>\r\n<td>-<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Nigeria<\/td>\r\n<td>25.3<\/td>\r\n<td>31.3<\/td>\r\n<td>31.4<\/td>\r\n<td>18.0<\/td>\r\n<td>18.4<\/td>\r\n<td>-<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm154635744\">In recent decades, the export\/GDP ratio has generally risen, both worldwide and for the U.S. economy. Interestingly, the share of U.S. exports in proportion to the U.S. economy is well below the global average, in part because large economies like the United States can contain more of the division of labor inside their national borders. However, smaller economies like Belgium, Korea, and Canada need to trade across their borders with other countries to take full advantage of division of labor, specialization, and economies of scale. In this sense, the enormous U.S. economy is less affected by globalization than most other countries.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm149456880\"><a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#Table_01_02\">[link]<\/a> indicates that many medium and low income countries around the world, like Mexico and China, have also experienced a surge of globalization in recent decades. If an astronaut in orbit could put on special glasses that make all economic transactions visible as brightly colored lines and look down at Earth, the astronaut would see the planet covered with connections.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"eip-856\">Despite the rise in globalization over the last few decades, in recent years we've seen significant pushback against globalization from people across the world concerned about loss of jobs, loss of political sovereignty, and increased economic inequality. Prominent examples of this pushback include the 2016 vote in Great Britain to exit the European Union (i.e. Brexit), and the election of Donald J. Trump for President of the United States.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm6274640\">Hopefully, you now have an idea about economics. Before you move to any other chapter of study, be sure to read the very important appendix to this chapter called The Use of Mathematics in Principles of Economics. It is essential that you learn more about how to read and use models in economics.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 1.2em;font-weight: 600;text-align: center\">Bring it home<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<h4><span style=\"color: #6c64ad;font-size: 1.2em;font-weight: 600\">Decisions ... Decisions in the Social Media Age<\/span><\/h4>\r\n<span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">The world we live in today provides nearly instant access to a wealth of information. Consider that as recently as the late 1970s, the <\/span><em style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial;background-color: #eeeeee\">Farmer\u2019s Almanac<\/em><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">, along with the Weather Bureau of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, were the primary sources American farmers used to determine when to plant and harvest their crops. Today, farmers are more likely to access, online, weather forecasts from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration or watch the Weather Channel. After all, knowing the upcoming forecast could drive when to harvest crops. Consequently, knowing the upcoming weather could change the amount of crop harvested.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">Some relatively new information forums, such as Facebook, are rapidly changing how information is distributed; hence, influencing decision making. In 2014, the Pew Research Center reported that 71% of online adults use Facebook. This social media forum posts topics ranging from the National Basketball Association, to celebrity singers and performers, to farmers.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">Information helps us make decisions as simple as what to wear today to how many reporters the media should send to cover a crash. Each of these decisions is an economic decision. After all, resources are scarce. If the media send ten reporters to cover an accident, they are not available to cover other stories or complete other tasks. Information provides the necessary knowledge to make the best possible decisions on how to utilize scarce resources. Welcome to the world of economics!<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp835232\" class=\"economics bringhome\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\"><section id=\"fs-idm87109856\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp835232\" class=\"economics bringhome\">\r\n<h3>Key Concepts and Summary<\/h3>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-idm92450368\" class=\"summary\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm103589280\">We can organize societies as traditional, command, or market-oriented economies. Most societies are a mix. The last few decades have seen globalization evolve as a result of growth in commercial and financial networks that cross national borders, making businesses and workers from different economies increasingly interdependent.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-idm57604096\" class=\"self-check-questions\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Self-Check Questions<\/h3>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm62491568\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm110072224\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm70460592\">The chapter defines <em>private enterprise<\/em> as a characteristic of market-oriented economies. What would <em>public enterprise<\/em> be? <em>Hint<\/em>: It is a characteristic of command economies.<\/p>\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"888932\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"888932\"]\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm62491568\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm109674128\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm72495856\">Public enterprise means the factors of production (resources and businesses) are owned and operated by the government.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm109674128\"><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm186615616\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm126416448\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm114052736\">Why might Belgium, France, Italy, and Sweden have a higher export to GDP ratio than the United States?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm123273760\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm129158624\">\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"369330\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"369330\"]<\/p>\r\nThe United States is a large country economically speaking, so it has less need to trade internationally than the other countries mentioned. (This is the same reason that France and Italy have lower ratios than Belgium or Sweden.) One additional reason is that each of the other countries is a member of the European Union, where trade between members occurs without barriers to trade, like tariffs and quotas.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-idm61831872\" class=\"review-questions\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\"><section id=\"fs-idm61831872\" class=\"review-questions\">\r\n<h3>Review Questions<\/h3>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm92845024\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm93474464\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm84841664\">What are the three ways that societies can organize themselves economically?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm138984640\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm105344368\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm97261408\">What is globalization? How do you think it might have affected the economy over the past decade?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-idm147095744\" class=\"critical-thinking\">\r\n<h3>Critical Thinking Questions<\/h3>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm95755568\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm52705296\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm99670784\">Why do you think that most modern countries\u2019 economies are a mix of command and market types?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm39592128\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm97018000\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm13126832\">Can you think of ways that globalization has helped you economically? Can you think of ways that it has not?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-idm85289280\" class=\"references\">\r\n<h3>References<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm107991200\">The Heritage Foundation. 2015. \"2015 Index of Economic Freedom.\" Accessed March 11, 2015. http:\/\/www.heritage.org\/index\/ranking.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm94933472\">Garling, Caleb. \"S.F. plane crash: Reporting, emotions on social media,\" <em>The San Francisco Chronicle<\/em>. July 7, 2013. http:\/\/www.sfgate.com\/news\/article\/S-F-plane-crash-Reporting-emotions-on-social-4651639.php.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp27053392\">Irvine, Jessica. \"Social Networking Sites are Factories of Modern Ideas.\" <em>The Sydney Morning Herald<\/em>. November 25, 2011.http:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/federal-politics\/society-and-culture\/social-networking-sites-are-factories-of-modern-ideas-20111124-1nwy3.html#ixzz2YZhPYeME.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"eip-779\">Pew Research Center. 2015. \"Social Networking Fact Sheet.\" Accessed March 11, 2015. http:\/\/www.pewinternet.org\/fact-sheets\/social-networking-fact-sheet\/.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm105339360\">The World Bank Group. 2015. \"World Data Bank.\" Accessed March 30, 2014. http:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/data\/.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/section>\r\n<div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<div>\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm123842624\">\r\n \t<dt>command economy<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm80154688\">an economy where economic decisions are passed down from government authority and where the government owns the resources<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm82645136\">\r\n \t<dt>exports<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idp44320656\">products (goods and services) made domestically and sold abroad<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm100191536\">\r\n \t<dt>globalization<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm85246288\">the trend in which buying and selling in markets have increasingly crossed national borders<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm92695216\">\r\n \t<dt>gross domestic product (GDP)<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm108013808\">measure of the size of total production in an economy<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm15699792\">\r\n \t<dt>imports<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm39019584\">products (goods and services) made abroad and then sold domestically<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm40814048\">\r\n \t<dt>market<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm94958432\">interaction between potential buyers and sellers; a combination of demand and supply<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm123891872\">\r\n \t<dt>market economy<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm12996880\">an economy where economic decisions are decentralized, private individuals own resources, and businesses supply goods and services based on demand<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm131671600\">\r\n \t<dt>private enterprise<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm41735952\">system where private individuals or groups of private individuals own and operate the means of production (resources and businesses)<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm23825504\">\r\n \t<dt>traditional economy<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idp46023728\">typically an agricultural economy where things are done the same as they have always been done<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm71669392\">\r\n \t<dt>underground economy<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm80170416\">a market where the buyers and sellers make transactions in violation of one or more government regulations<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<p>By the end of this section, you will be able to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Contrast traditional economies, command economies, and market economies<\/li>\n<li>Explain gross domestic product (GDP)<\/li>\n<li>Assess the importance and effects of globalization<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idm116325952\">Think about what a complex system a modern economy is. It includes all production of goods and services, all buying and selling, all employment. The economic life of every individual is interrelated, at least to a small extent, with the economic lives of thousands or even millions of other individuals. Who organizes and coordinates this system? Who insures that, for example, the number of televisions a society provides is the same as the amount it needs and wants? Who insures that the right number of employees work in the electronics industry? Who insures that televisions are produced in the best way possible? How does it all get done?<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm2603472\">There are at least three ways that societies organize an economy. The first is the <strong>traditional economy<\/strong>, which is the oldest economic system and is used in parts of Asia, Africa, and South America. Traditional economies organize their economic affairs the way they have always done (i.e., tradition). Occupations stay in the family. Most families are farmers who grow the crops using traditional methods. What you produce is what you consume. Because tradition drives the way of life, there is little economic progress or development.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"CNX_Econ_C01_005\">\n<div style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3164\/2018\/04\/05001506\/CNX_Econ_C01_005.jpg\" alt=\"The image is a photograph of people riding camels in front of two pyramids in Egypt.\" width=\"390\" height=\"259\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Command Economy Ancient Egypt was an example of a command economy. (Credit: Jay Bergesen\/Flickr Creative Commons)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<p id=\"fs-idm22896400\">Command economies are very different. In a <strong>command economy<\/strong>, economic effort is devoted to goals passed down from a ruler or ruling class. Ancient Egypt was a good example: a large part of economic life was devoted to building pyramids, like those in <a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#CNX_Econ_C01_005\">[link]<\/a>, for the pharaohs. Medieval manor life is another example: the lord provided the land for growing crops and protection in the event of war. In return, vassals provided labor and soldiers to do the lord\u2019s bidding. In the last century, communism emphasized command economies.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp38251936\">In a command economy, the government decides what goods and services will be produced and what prices it will charge for them. The government decides what methods of production to use and sets wages for workers. The government provides many necessities like healthcare and education for free. Currently, Cuba and North Korea have command economies.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"CNX_Econ_C01_006\"><figcaption><\/figcaption><div style=\"width: 205px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3164\/2018\/04\/05001508\/CNX_Econ_C01_006.jpg\" alt=\"The image is a photograph of the New York Stock Exchange\u2019s entrance\" width=\"195\" height=\"196\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Market Economy Nothing says &#8220;market&#8221; more than The New York Stock Exchange. (Credit: Erik Drost\/Flickr Creative Commons)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<p id=\"fs-idp41834384\">Although command economies have a very centralized structure for economic decisions, market economies have a very decentralized structure. A<strong> market<\/strong> is an institution that brings together buyers and sellers of goods or services, who may be either individuals or businesses. The New York Stock Exchange (<a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#CNX_Econ_C01_006\">[link]<\/a>) is a prime example of a market which brings buyers and sellers together. In a <strong>market economy<\/strong>, decision-making is decentralized. Market economies are based on <strong>private enterprise<\/strong>: the private individuals or groups of private individuals own and operate the means of production (resources and businesses). Businesses supply goods and services based on demand. (In a command economy, by contrast, the government owns resources and businesses.) Supply of goods and services depends on what the demands. A person\u2019s income is based on his or her ability to convert resources (especially labor) into something that society values. The more society values the person\u2019s output, the higher the income (think Lady Gaga or LeBron James). In this scenario, market forces, not governments, determine economic decisions.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm91198544\">Most economies in the real world are mixed. They combine elements of command and market (and even traditional) systems. The U.S. economy is positioned toward the market-oriented end of the spectrum. Many countries in Europe and Latin America, while primarily market-oriented, have a greater degree of government involvement in economic decisions than the U.S. economy. China and Russia, while over the past several decades have moved more in the direction of having a market-oriented system, remain closer to the command economy end of the spectrum. The Heritage Foundation provides information about how free and thus market-oriented different countries&#8217; are, as the following Clear It Up feature discusses. For a similar ranking, but one that defines freedom more broadly, see the Cato Foundation&#8217;s Human Freedom <a href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/l\/cato\">Index<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Clear it up<\/h3>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #6c64ad;font-size: 1.2em;font-weight: 600\">What countries are considered economically free?<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">Who is in control of economic decisions? Are people free to do what they want and to work where they want? Are businesses free to produce when they want and what they choose, and to hire and fire as they wish? Are banks free to choose who will receive loans, or does the government control these kinds of choices? Each year, researchers at the Heritage Foundation and the <\/span><em style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial;background-color: #eeeeee\">Wall Street Journal<\/em><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\"> look at 50 different categories of economic freedom for countries around the world. They give each nation a score based on the extent of economic freedom in each category.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">The 2016 Heritage Foundation\u2019s Index of Economic Freedom report ranked 178 countries around the world: <\/span><a class=\"autogenerated-content\" style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\" href=\"#Table_01_01\">[link]<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\"> lists some examples of the most free and the least free countries. Several additional countries were not ranked because of extreme instability that made judgments about economic freedom impossible. These countries include Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya, Syria, Somalia, and Yemen.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">The assigned rankings are inevitably based on estimates, yet even these rough measures can be useful for discerning trends. In 2015, 101 of the 178 included countries shifted toward greater economic freedom, although 77 of the countries shifted toward less economic freedom. In recent decades, the overall trend has been a <\/span><em style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial;background-color: #eeeeee\">higher level of economic freedom around the world<\/em><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-idm78296032\" class=\"economics clearup\">\n<table id=\"Table_01_01\" summary=\"This table has two columns and ten rows. The first row is a header row and it labels each column, 'Most Economic Freedom' and 'Least Economic Freedom'. Under the 'Most Economic Freedom' column are the values: 1. Hong Kong; 2. Singapore; 3. New Zealand; 4. Australia; 5. Switzerland; 6. Canada; 7. Chile; 8. Estonia; 9. Ireland; 10. Mauritius; 11. Denmark; and 12. United States. Under the 'Least Economic Freedom' column are the values: 167. Timor-Leste; 168. Democratic Republic of Congo; 169. Argentina; 170. Republic of Congo; 171. Iran; 172. Turkmenistan; 173. Equatorial Guinea; 174. Eritrea; 175. Zimbabwe; 176. Venezuela; 177. Cuba; and 178. North Korea.\">\n<caption>Economic Freedoms, 2016(Source: The Heritage Foundation, 2016 Index of Economic Freedom, Country Rankings, http:\/\/www.heritage.org\/index\/ranking)<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Most Economic Freedom<\/th>\n<th>Least Economic Freedom<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>1. Hong Kong<\/td>\n<td>167. Timor-Leste<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2. Singapore<\/td>\n<td>168. Democratic Republic of Congo<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3. New Zealand<\/td>\n<td>169. Argentina<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>4. Switzerland<\/td>\n<td>170. Equatorial Guinea<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>5. Australia<\/td>\n<td>171. Iran<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>6. Canada<\/td>\n<td>172. Republic of Congo<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>7. Chile<\/td>\n<td>173. Eritrea<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>8. Ireland<\/td>\n<td>174. Turkmenistan<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>9. Estonia<\/td>\n<td>175. Zimbabwe<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>10. United Kingdom<\/td>\n<td>176. Venezuela<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>11. United States<\/td>\n<td>177. Cuba<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>12. Denmark<\/td>\n<td>178. North Korea<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"fs-idp6932112\">\n<h3>Regulations: The Rules of the Game<\/h3>\n<p id=\"fs-idp121002496\">Markets and government regulations are always entangled. There is no such thing as an absolutely free market. Regulations always define the &#8220;rules of the game&#8221; in the economy. Economies that are primarily market-oriented have fewer regulations\u2014ideally just enough to maintain an even playing field for participants. At a minimum, these laws govern matters like safeguarding private property against theft, protecting people from violence, enforcing legal contracts, preventing fraud, and collecting taxes. Conversely, even the most command-oriented economies operate using markets. How else would buying and selling occur? The government heavily regulates decisions of what to produce and prices to charge. Heavily regulated economies often have <strong>underground economies<\/strong> (or black markets), which are markets where the buyers and sellers make transactions without the government\u2019s approval.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp9942944\">The question of how to organize economic institutions is typically not a black-or-white choice between all market or all government, but instead involves a balancing act over the appropriate combination of market freedom and government rules.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"CNX_Econ_C01_007\">\n<div style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3164\/2018\/04\/05001511\/CNX_Econ_C01_007.jpg\" alt=\"The image is a photograph of a cargo ship transporting goods.\" width=\"390\" height=\"260\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Globalization Cargo ships are one mode of transportation for shipping goods in the global economy. (Credit: Raul Valdez\/Flickr Creative Commons)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-idm87109856\">\n<h3>The Rise of Globalization<\/h3>\n<p id=\"fs-idm66053168\">Recent decades have seen a trend toward <strong>globalization<\/strong>, which is the expanding cultural, political, and economic connections between people around the world. One measure of this is the increased buying and selling of goods, services, and assets across national borders\u2014in other words, international trade and financial capital flows.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm185091664\">Globalization has occurred for a number of reasons. Improvements in shipping, as illustrated by the container ship in <a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#CNX_Econ_C01_007\">[link]<\/a>, and air cargo have driven down transportation costs. Innovations in computing and telecommunications have made it easier and cheaper to manage long-distance economic connections of production and sales. Many valuable products and services in the modern economy can take the form of information\u2014for example: computer software; financial advice; travel planning; music, books and movies; and blueprints for designing a building. These products and many others can be transported over telephones and computer networks at ever-lower costs. Finally, international agreements and treaties between countries have encouraged greater trade.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm189846048\"><a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#Table_01_02\">[link]<\/a> presents one measure of globalization. It shows the percentage of domestic economic production that was exported for a selection of countries from 2010 to 2015, according to an entity known as The World Bank. <strong>Exports<\/strong> are the goods and services that one produces domestically and sells abroad. <strong>Imports<\/strong> are the goods and services that one produces abroad and then sells domestically. <strong>Gross domestic product (GDP) <\/strong>measures the size of total production in an economy. Thus, the ratio of exports divided by GDP measures what share of a country\u2019s total economic production is sold in other countries.<\/p>\n<table id=\"Table_01_02\" summary=\"This table has five columns and fifteen rows. The first two rows are header rows and it labels each column,\">\n<caption>The Extent of Globalization (exports\/GDP)(Source: http:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/data\/)<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Country<\/th>\n<th>2010<\/th>\n<th>2011<\/th>\n<th>2012<\/th>\n<th>2013<\/th>\n<th>2014<\/th>\n<th>2015<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"8\"><strong>Higher Income Countries<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>United States<\/td>\n<td>12.4<\/td>\n<td>13.6<\/td>\n<td>13.6<\/td>\n<td>13.5<\/td>\n<td>13.5<\/td>\n<td>12.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Belgium<\/td>\n<td>76.2<\/td>\n<td>81.4<\/td>\n<td>82.2<\/td>\n<td>82.8<\/td>\n<td>84.0<\/td>\n<td>84.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Canada<\/td>\n<td>29.1<\/td>\n<td>30.7<\/td>\n<td>30.0<\/td>\n<td>30.1<\/td>\n<td>31.7<\/td>\n<td>31.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>France<\/td>\n<td>26.0<\/td>\n<td>27.8<\/td>\n<td>28.1<\/td>\n<td>28.3<\/td>\n<td>29.0<\/td>\n<td>30.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"8\"><strong>Middle Income Countries<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Brazil<\/td>\n<td>10.9<\/td>\n<td>11.9<\/td>\n<td>12.6<\/td>\n<td>12.6<\/td>\n<td>11.2<\/td>\n<td>13.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Mexico<\/td>\n<td>29.9<\/td>\n<td>31.2<\/td>\n<td>32.6<\/td>\n<td>31.7<\/td>\n<td>32.3<\/td>\n<td>35.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>South Korea<\/td>\n<td>49.4<\/td>\n<td>55.7<\/td>\n<td>56.3<\/td>\n<td>53.9<\/td>\n<td>50.3<\/td>\n<td>45.9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"8\"><strong>Lower Income Countries<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Chad<\/td>\n<td>36.8<\/td>\n<td>38.9<\/td>\n<td>36.9<\/td>\n<td>32.2<\/td>\n<td>34.2<\/td>\n<td>29.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>China<\/td>\n<td>29.4<\/td>\n<td>28.5<\/td>\n<td>27.3<\/td>\n<td>26.4<\/td>\n<td>23.9<\/td>\n<td>22.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>India<\/td>\n<td>22.0<\/td>\n<td>23.9<\/td>\n<td>24.0<\/td>\n<td>24.8<\/td>\n<td>22.9<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nigeria<\/td>\n<td>25.3<\/td>\n<td>31.3<\/td>\n<td>31.4<\/td>\n<td>18.0<\/td>\n<td>18.4<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p id=\"fs-idm154635744\">In recent decades, the export\/GDP ratio has generally risen, both worldwide and for the U.S. economy. Interestingly, the share of U.S. exports in proportion to the U.S. economy is well below the global average, in part because large economies like the United States can contain more of the division of labor inside their national borders. However, smaller economies like Belgium, Korea, and Canada need to trade across their borders with other countries to take full advantage of division of labor, specialization, and economies of scale. In this sense, the enormous U.S. economy is less affected by globalization than most other countries.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm149456880\"><a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#Table_01_02\">[link]<\/a> indicates that many medium and low income countries around the world, like Mexico and China, have also experienced a surge of globalization in recent decades. If an astronaut in orbit could put on special glasses that make all economic transactions visible as brightly colored lines and look down at Earth, the astronaut would see the planet covered with connections.<\/p>\n<p id=\"eip-856\">Despite the rise in globalization over the last few decades, in recent years we&#8217;ve seen significant pushback against globalization from people across the world concerned about loss of jobs, loss of political sovereignty, and increased economic inequality. Prominent examples of this pushback include the 2016 vote in Great Britain to exit the European Union (i.e. Brexit), and the election of Donald J. Trump for President of the United States.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm6274640\">Hopefully, you now have an idea about economics. Before you move to any other chapter of study, be sure to read the very important appendix to this chapter called The Use of Mathematics in Principles of Economics. It is essential that you learn more about how to read and use models in economics.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 1.2em;font-weight: 600;text-align: center\">Bring it home<\/span><\/h3>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #6c64ad;font-size: 1.2em;font-weight: 600\">Decisions &#8230; Decisions in the Social Media Age<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">The world we live in today provides nearly instant access to a wealth of information. Consider that as recently as the late 1970s, the <\/span><em style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial;background-color: #eeeeee\">Farmer\u2019s Almanac<\/em><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">, along with the Weather Bureau of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, were the primary sources American farmers used to determine when to plant and harvest their crops. Today, farmers are more likely to access, online, weather forecasts from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration or watch the Weather Channel. After all, knowing the upcoming forecast could drive when to harvest crops. Consequently, knowing the upcoming weather could change the amount of crop harvested.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">Some relatively new information forums, such as Facebook, are rapidly changing how information is distributed; hence, influencing decision making. In 2014, the Pew Research Center reported that 71% of online adults use Facebook. This social media forum posts topics ranging from the National Basketball Association, to celebrity singers and performers, to farmers.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">Information helps us make decisions as simple as what to wear today to how many reporters the media should send to cover a crash. Each of these decisions is an economic decision. After all, resources are scarce. If the media send ten reporters to cover an accident, they are not available to cover other stories or complete other tasks. Information provides the necessary knowledge to make the best possible decisions on how to utilize scarce resources. Welcome to the world of economics!<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idp835232\" class=\"economics bringhome\">\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<section id=\"fs-idm87109856\">\n<div id=\"fs-idp835232\" class=\"economics bringhome\">\n<h3>Key Concepts and Summary<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-idm92450368\" class=\"summary\">\n<p id=\"fs-idm103589280\">We can organize societies as traditional, command, or market-oriented economies. Most societies are a mix. The last few decades have seen globalization evolve as a result of growth in commercial and financial networks that cross national borders, making businesses and workers from different economies increasingly interdependent.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-idm57604096\" class=\"self-check-questions\">\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Self-Check Questions<\/h3>\n<div id=\"fs-idm62491568\">\n<div id=\"fs-idm110072224\">\n<p id=\"fs-idm70460592\">The chapter defines <em>private enterprise<\/em> as a characteristic of market-oriented economies. What would <em>public enterprise<\/em> be? <em>Hint<\/em>: It is a characteristic of command economies.<\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q888932\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q888932\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<div id=\"fs-idm62491568\">\n<div id=\"fs-idm109674128\">\n<p id=\"fs-idm72495856\">Public enterprise means the factors of production (resources and businesses) are owned and operated by the government.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idm109674128\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idm186615616\">\n<div id=\"fs-idm126416448\">\n<p id=\"fs-idm114052736\">Why might Belgium, France, Italy, and Sweden have a higher export to GDP ratio than the United States?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idm123273760\">\n<p id=\"fs-idm129158624\">\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q369330\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q369330\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p>The United States is a large country economically speaking, so it has less need to trade internationally than the other countries mentioned. (This is the same reason that France and Italy have lower ratios than Belgium or Sweden.) One additional reason is that each of the other countries is a member of the European Union, where trade between members occurs without barriers to trade, like tariffs and quotas.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-idm61831872\" class=\"review-questions\">\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<section id=\"fs-idm61831872\" class=\"review-questions\">\n<h3>Review Questions<\/h3>\n<div id=\"fs-idm92845024\">\n<div id=\"fs-idm93474464\">\n<p id=\"fs-idm84841664\">What are the three ways that societies can organize themselves economically?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idm138984640\">\n<div id=\"fs-idm105344368\">\n<p id=\"fs-idm97261408\">What is globalization? How do you think it might have affected the economy over the past decade?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-idm147095744\" class=\"critical-thinking\">\n<h3>Critical Thinking Questions<\/h3>\n<div id=\"fs-idm95755568\">\n<div id=\"fs-idm52705296\">\n<p id=\"fs-idm99670784\">Why do you think that most modern countries\u2019 economies are a mix of command and market types?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idm39592128\">\n<div id=\"fs-idm97018000\">\n<p id=\"fs-idm13126832\">Can you think of ways that globalization has helped you economically? Can you think of ways that it has not?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-idm85289280\" class=\"references\">\n<h3>References<\/h3>\n<p id=\"fs-idm107991200\">The Heritage Foundation. 2015. &#8220;2015 Index of Economic Freedom.&#8221; Accessed March 11, 2015. http:\/\/www.heritage.org\/index\/ranking.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm94933472\">Garling, Caleb. &#8220;S.F. plane crash: Reporting, emotions on social media,&#8221; <em>The San Francisco Chronicle<\/em>. July 7, 2013. http:\/\/www.sfgate.com\/news\/article\/S-F-plane-crash-Reporting-emotions-on-social-4651639.php.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp27053392\">Irvine, Jessica. &#8220;Social Networking Sites are Factories of Modern Ideas.&#8221; <em>The Sydney Morning Herald<\/em>. November 25, 2011.http:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/federal-politics\/society-and-culture\/social-networking-sites-are-factories-of-modern-ideas-20111124-1nwy3.html#ixzz2YZhPYeME.<\/p>\n<p id=\"eip-779\">Pew Research Center. 2015. &#8220;Social Networking Fact Sheet.&#8221; Accessed March 11, 2015. http:\/\/www.pewinternet.org\/fact-sheets\/social-networking-fact-sheet\/.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm105339360\">The World Bank Group. 2015. &#8220;World Data Bank.&#8221; Accessed March 30, 2014. http:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/data\/.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div>\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm123842624\">\n<dt>command economy<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm80154688\">an economy where economic decisions are passed down from government authority and where the government owns the resources<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm82645136\">\n<dt>exports<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idp44320656\">products (goods and services) made domestically and sold abroad<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm100191536\">\n<dt>globalization<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm85246288\">the trend in which buying and selling in markets have increasingly crossed national borders<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm92695216\">\n<dt>gross domestic product (GDP)<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm108013808\">measure of the size of total production in an economy<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm15699792\">\n<dt>imports<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm39019584\">products (goods and services) made abroad and then sold domestically<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm40814048\">\n<dt>market<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm94958432\">interaction between potential buyers and sellers; a combination of demand and supply<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm123891872\">\n<dt>market economy<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm12996880\">an economy where economic decisions are decentralized, private individuals own resources, and businesses supply goods and services based on demand<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm131671600\">\n<dt>private enterprise<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm41735952\">system where private individuals or groups of private individuals own and operate the means of production (resources and businesses)<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm23825504\">\n<dt>traditional economy<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idp46023728\">typically an agricultural economy where things are done the same as they have always been done<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm71669392\">\n<dt>underground economy<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm80170416\">a market where the buyers and sellers make transactions in violation of one or more government regulations<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-192\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Specific attribution<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Edition. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: OpenStax. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Rice University. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/5c09762c-b540-47d3-9541-dda1f44f16e5@8.1.\">http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/5c09762c-b540-47d3-9541-dda1f44f16e5@8.1.<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/5c09762c-b540-47d3-9541-dda1f44f16e5@8.1.<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":2,"menu_order":5,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc-attribution\",\"description\":\"Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd Edition\",\"author\":\"OpenStax\",\"organization\":\"Rice University\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/5c09762c-b540-47d3-9541-dda1f44f16e5@8.1.\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/5c09762c-b540-47d3-9541-dda1f44f16e5@8.1.\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-192","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":176,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-microeconomics2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/192","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-microeconomics2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-microeconomics2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-microeconomics2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-microeconomics2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/192\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":879,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-microeconomics2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/192\/revisions\/879"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-microeconomics2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/176"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-microeconomics2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/192\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-microeconomics2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=192"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-microeconomics2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=192"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-microeconomics2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=192"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-microeconomics2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=192"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}