![\"Superstorm](\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3396\/2018\/07\/24171333\/Figure-1_1024px-Superstorm_Sandy_on_10-30-2012.png\")
Figure 1. Satellite image of Superstorm Sandy which devastated the U.S. East Coast in 2012.\nPhoto by NASA, 2013. Public Domain.[\/caption]\n
There is a difference in temperature between the sea and upper air that drives tropical storm formation (Figure 2). The air closer to the sea is warm, while the upper air is cool. The warm, moist air on the surface rises into the cooler air, and as this happens, more warm air fills in closer to the sea to take the previously risen air\u2019s place. The warm air <\/span>condense<\/span><\/a>s<\/span><\/strong> and forms clouds that release heat. This process of warm air cycling continues until the earth\u2019s rotation gives the whole system a push, causing the storm to spin.<\/span>8 <\/sup><\/span> Because tropical storms are energized by the difference in temperature between the sea\u2019s surface and the upper air, an increase in sea surface temperature means a greater difference between the temperature of the sea and the temperature of the upper air. This process adds more \u201cfuel\u201d to the storm, causing warm air to rush into the system, making it larger, faster, and more powerful.<\/span>8<\/sup><\/span>\n [caption id=\"attachment_229\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1024\"] With Earth\u2019s <\/span>population<\/span><\/a><\/strong> growing, pollution and greenhouse gas emissions are increasing. SSTs also continue to rise, which may result in stronger storms. There is a greater concentration of the global population in coastal areas and these areas are more sensitive to storm destruction.<\/span>11 <\/sup><\/span><\/span>Thus, a greater population leads to more pollution, which can lead to stronger storms, and then the stronger storms lead to more damage. These growing coastal areas have increasingly valuable <\/span>infrastructure<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong> that can be damaged. With higher populations and more expensive infrastructures, greater economic damage occurs from strong tropical storms. Tropical storm intensity is increasing and repairing infrastructure damage from storms is becoming more expensive.<\/span>\n[caption id=\"attachment_31\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1024\"] In 2012, Hurricane Sandy affected many U.S. states and demonstrated the destruction of increasingly strong tropical storms<\/span>6<\/sup><\/span> (Figure 1). According to a New York Times article by Justin Gillis, scientists cannot agree on whether this storm was intensified by climate change, however climatologists interviewed after the storm said that the surface temperatures of water in the Atlantic Ocean were higher than normal before the storm occurred.<\/span>6<\/sup><\/span> This does not necessarily mean that climate change was to blame for the storm\u2019s power. However, it does support the theory that warmer waters cause stronger storms. Although it is uncertain if Hurricane Sandy was caused by climate change, future studies may determine climate change is the primary cause of increased tropical storm intensity. SSTs can be increased by heat trapped from greenhouse gases and warmer waters cause stronger storms. So, are higher SST\u2019s caused by climate change? There is no definite answer to this, but hopefully future research can answer this question.<\/span>\n Many scientists argue that <\/span>tropical storm<\/span><\/a>s<\/span><\/strong> are becoming stronger and more destructive.<\/span>1,2,3,4,5,8<\/sup><\/span> However, there is debate whether the increase in tropical storm intensity is caused by natural weather patterns, or if <\/span>climate change<\/span><\/a><\/strong> is responsible.<\/span>6<\/sup><\/span> <\/span>Global warming<\/span><\/a><\/strong>, an increase in global surface temperature, has been attributed to <\/span>anthropogenic<\/span><\/a><\/strong> <\/span>greenhouse-gas concentrations.<\/span>4<\/sup><\/span> <\/span>Greenhouse gases<\/span><\/a><\/strong>, such as carbon dioxide (CO<\/span>2<\/sub><\/span>), trap heat on the earth\u2019s surface. This increase also affects the temperature of sea water, called sea surface temperatures (SSTs). Warmer waters create ideal conditions for more powerful storms to form, particularly in areas where tropical storms derive. Tropical storms originating in the Atlantic Ocean are called hurricanes (Figure 1), whereas tropical storms that form in the Pacific Ocean are called cyclones.<\/span>7<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 1. Satellite image of Superstorm Sandy which devastated the U.S. East Coast in 2012. There is a difference in temperature between the sea and upper air that drives tropical storm formation (Figure 2). The air closer to the sea is warm, while the upper air is cool. The warm, moist air on the surface rises into the cooler air, and as this happens, more warm air fills in closer to the sea to take the previously risen air\u2019s place. The warm air <\/span>condense<\/span><\/a>s<\/span><\/strong> and forms clouds that release heat. This process of warm air cycling continues until the earth\u2019s rotation gives the whole system a push, causing the storm to spin.<\/span>8 <\/sup><\/span> Because tropical storms are energized by the difference in temperature between the sea\u2019s surface and the upper air, an increase in sea surface temperature means a greater difference between the temperature of the sea and the temperature of the upper air. This process adds more \u201cfuel\u201d to the storm, causing warm air to rush into the system, making it larger, faster, and more powerful.<\/span>8<\/span>\n<\/p>\n Figure 2. Cross Section Diagram of a Hurricane. It is difficult to ascertain if increased storm intensity is the result of human pollution or of natural causation. It is not possible to know the exact pattern of tropical storms but by utilizing the historical record a trend emerges. Scientists have created <\/span>climate<\/span><\/a> <\/span><\/strong>models that allow synthetic weather events to be simulated and observed. These models are used to test the theory of the <\/span>correlation<\/span><\/a><\/strong> between higher SSTs and intensity of tropical storms.<\/span>9,10<\/sup><\/span> In a study conducted by Mendelsohn et. al. a scenario was created to predict greenhouse gas <\/span>emissions<\/span><\/a><\/strong> for the next century.<\/span>11<\/sup><\/span> The scenario was applied to several climate models to see how the climate might change by 2100. Climate and cyclone models are used together which allowed the authors to look at changes in frequency, intensity, and location of tropical storms. When the study was performed, the authors observed a set of 17,000 synthetic storms in each climate scenario. Tropical storm intensity was measured using minimum barometric pressure, and the results of the study indicated storms are more intense over warmer waters near the equator.<\/span>11<\/sup><\/span>\n<\/p>\n With Earth\u2019s <\/span>population<\/span><\/a><\/strong> growing, pollution and greenhouse gas emissions are increasing. SSTs also continue to rise, which may result in stronger storms. There is a greater concentration of the global population in coastal areas and these areas are more sensitive to storm destruction.<\/span>11 <\/sup><\/span><\/span>Thus, a greater population leads to more pollution, which can lead to stronger storms, and then the stronger storms lead to more damage. These growing coastal areas have increasingly valuable <\/span>infrastructure<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong> that can be damaged. With higher populations and more expensive infrastructures, greater economic damage occurs from strong tropical storms. Tropical storm intensity is increasing and repairing infrastructure damage from storms is becoming more expensive.<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 3. In 2005, Hurricane Katrina caused over $100 billion in property damage, leaving thousands without homes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n In 2012, Hurricane Sandy affected many U.S. states and demonstrated the destruction of increasingly strong tropical storms<\/span>6<\/sup><\/span> (Figure 1). According to a New York Times article by Justin Gillis, scientists cannot agree on whether this storm was intensified by climate change, however climatologists interviewed after the storm said that the surface temperatures of water in the Atlantic Ocean were higher than normal before the storm occurred.<\/span>6<\/sup><\/span> This does not necessarily mean that climate change was to blame for the storm\u2019s power. However, it does support the theory that warmer waters cause stronger storms. Although it is uncertain if Hurricane Sandy was caused by climate change, future studies may determine climate change is the primary cause of increased tropical storm intensity. SSTs can be increased by heat trapped from greenhouse gases and warmer waters cause stronger storms. So, are higher SST\u2019s caused by climate change? There is no definite answer to this, but hopefully future research can answer this question.<\/span>\n<\/p>\n![\"Cross](\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3396\/2018\/07\/24171340\/Figure-2_Hurricane-en.svg_-1024x447.png\")
Figure 2. Cross Section Diagram of a Hurricane.
\nThe difference in air temperature between the ocean's surface and in the atmosphere drives storm formation. The larger the temperature difference, the larger the storm.
\nDiagram by Kelvinsong, 2012 CC BY 3.0[\/caption]It is difficult to ascertain if increased storm intensity is the result of human pollution or of natural causation. It is not possible to know the exact pattern of tropical storms but by utilizing the historical record a trend emerges. Scientists have created <\/span>climate<\/span><\/a> <\/span><\/strong>models that allow synthetic weather events to be simulated and observed. These models are used to test the theory of the <\/span>correlation<\/span><\/a><\/strong> between higher SSTs and intensity of tropical storms.<\/span>9,10<\/sup><\/span> In a study conducted by Mendelsohn et. al. a scenario was created to predict greenhouse gas <\/span>emissions<\/span><\/a><\/strong> for the next century.<\/span>11<\/sup><\/span> The scenario was applied to several climate models to see how the climate might change by 2100. Climate and cyclone models are used together which allowed the authors to look at changes in frequency, intensity, and location of tropical storms. When the study was performed, the authors observed a set of 17,000 synthetic storms in each climate scenario. Tropical storm intensity was measured using minimum barometric pressure, and the results of the study indicated storms are more intense over warmer waters near the equator.<\/span>11<\/sup><\/span>\n![\"Extensive](\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3396\/2018\/07\/24171343\/Figure-3_521567001_2869b71a6c_b.jpg\")
Figure 3. In 2005, Hurricane Katrina caused over $100 billion in property damage, leaving thousands without homes.[\/caption]\n
\nReferences<\/h4>\n
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Sydney R. Morrison<\/h2>\n
Planet Earth\u2019s climate is changing and ocean water temperature is warming. Is this change leading to increased intensity of tropical storms?<\/h5>\n
<\/p>\n
\nPhoto by NASA, 2013. Public Domain.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/p>\n
\nThe difference in air temperature between the ocean’s surface and in the atmosphere drives storm formation. The larger the temperature difference, the larger the storm.
\nDiagram by Kelvinsong, 2012 CC BY 3.0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/p>\n
\nReferences<\/h4>\n
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