![\"Remediation](\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3396\/2018\/07\/24171609\/Figure-1_Fukushima_Nuclear_Visit_Credit-Giovanni-Verlini-or-IAEA.jpg\")
Figure 1. Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency\u2019s (IAEA) Remediation Expert Mission examines Reactor Unit 3 during the team\u2019s visit to the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant.The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (Figure 2) is one of the foremost power generation sites for the Fukushima prefecture in Japan (Figure 3). In 2011, an earthquake off the coast of Japan caused major havoc for the residents inhabiting the coastal area. This destruction was a result of the <\/span>tsunami<\/span><\/a> created by the earthquake. The tsunami overwhelmed levees protecting the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant and flooded the basement levels of the facility. These levels housed the backup generators for the cooling systems at the plant. The destruction of the backup generators caused default cooling systems to go offline, and forced the Tokyo Electric Power Company to take drastic measures to prevent a catastrophic nuclear meltdown. The Tokyo Electric Power Company opted to open intakes and pump seawater into the reactors. At the time this seemed like a good alternative, however there was no system to store the contaminated water shortly after this cooling technique was implemented. With nowhere to go, the contaminated water was released, resulting in <\/span>radioactive<\/span><\/a> material dispersion into the ocean, surrounding land, and the <\/span>atmosphere<\/span><\/a>. Predictably, this can cause major, far-reaching effects despite the assurances made by parties associated with the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant.<\/span>\n Figure 2. Audio Pronunciation<\/p>\n Click here to hear the Native Japanese Pronunciation of \u201cFukushima Daiichi\u201d<\/span><\/a>.<\/span>13<\/sup><\/span>\n Theanphibian, 2011. Public Domain.<\/p>\n The original estimations of <\/span>contamination<\/span><\/a> levels were high enough to warrant concern.<\/span>1<\/sup><\/span> The levels of radiation cited in the most conservative estimates warranted the investigation of the actual dispersion of radiation and its effects. To explore and examine these far-reaching effects, quantitative data was gathered and analyzed. Researchers relied on a network of <\/span>noble gas<\/span><\/a> monitoring stations located around the globe to obtain information on <\/span>radionuclide<\/span><\/a>s<\/span> released into the atmosphere.<\/span>2<\/sup><\/span> Two stations, located in Hong Kong and Tokyo, were specifically used to gather the data.<\/span>2<\/sup><\/span> These stations reported definitive increases in radioactive <\/span>isotope<\/span><\/a>s<\/span> in the atmosphere, upwards of three degrees of magnitude compared to normal levels.<\/span>2 <\/sup><\/span> Researchers further determined that these increases in radionuclides are correlated with the release of material from the Fukushima Daiichi plant.<\/span>2<\/sup><\/span> The Hong Kong detector which is located over three thousand kilometers from the Fukushima Daiichi site detected an increase in radionuclides. Detectors often have spikes in concentrations of radionuclides shortly after explosions or the release of smoke from the reactors. Thus, the <\/span>correlation<\/span><\/a> of increased radionuclides from the Fukushima Daiichi plant disaster was easily established.<\/span>\n[caption id=\"attachment_103\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1024\"] Click Here to Explore Fukushima in Google Maps.<\/span><\/a>\n This data suggests the potential for contamination released by the Fukushima Daiichi Power Plant to travel vast distances. To further investigate the spread of contamination, researchers used computer models of air currents to map the distribution across the globe. Researchers used a similar method to also map the dispersion of radionuclides released into the ocean by using models of ocean currents. Both models predicted extensive distribution in a short amount of time. Contaminants in the atmosphere were predicted to spread around the world (Figure 4), while contaminants in the ocean would traveling as far as the coast of California.<\/p>\n Researchers also stated that the concentration of radionuclides in the northwestern region of the Pacific Ocean, at the highest predicted values, would reach levels comparable to a nuclear weapons test.<\/p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_104\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"599\"] To further determine the effects of the Fukushima Daiichi disaster, <\/span>quantifiable<\/span><\/a> tests were performed on <\/span>microorganism<\/span><\/a>s<\/span> in areas near the site. Significant levels of contamination were found in these organisms. This information can be used to predict the contamination of organisms that are useful to consumers.<\/span>3<\/sup><\/span> Researchers concluded that in ten years, contamination levels would be as high as those in a global nuclear <\/span>fallout<\/span><\/a>, and the detrimental effects of the radiation on sea life used as food sources will have diminished to a level that makes consumption by humans safe.<\/span>4,5<\/sup><\/span> Nevertheless, the short-term effects on fish products are noticeable and consumers should be aware of what they are consuming to prevent exposure.<\/span>6<\/sup><\/span>\n The contamination of the ocean and ocean dwelling organisms is easily measurable. As radionuclides were released into the atmosphere, they were absorbed by fine particles located in the surrounding environment. For example, measurements were taken from rivers located near the Fukushima Daiichi plant. Radioactive material was present in these <\/span>sediment<\/span><\/a> samples.<\/span>7<\/sup><\/span> Rainstorms were also found to accelerate the migration of contaminants from the inland mountainous regions to the coastal areas.<\/span>8<\/sup><\/span>\n Another issue related to these contaminants is their storage in the mountainous regions located near Fukushima Daiichi. The root structures of trees in the forests cover upwards of 85 percent of these mountainous areas, and this inhibits the distribution of contaminated material due to slower soil <\/span>erosion<\/span><\/a> rates. Because of this limited erosion, it can be deduced that the radioactive material will be stored for a longer period, and have a more prolonged release in these regions. Also, different materials can absorb different concentrations of radionuclides, which can result in some areas having higher contamination. Hypothetically, this could cause a major environmental issue if these highly radioactively contaminated areas were hit by a monsoon and a large amount of radionuclides were released at once.<\/span>\n This dispersion of radioactive material in the local environment, as well as the global spread of this material through the ocean currents and the atmosphere, has a direct public health impact on many populations.<\/span>9<\/sup><\/span> This is particularly evident in residents of the area surrounding Fukushima. <\/span>Bone health of people in the surrounding areas of the disaster has been shown to deteriorate due to radiation exposure.<\/span>10,11 <\/sup><\/span>\n Overall, the short-term ramifications of the Fukushima Daiichi disaster has left many concerns for both local and global populations. The long-term effect of the radioactive contamination leaves the surrounding land uninhabitable. More far-reaching environmental effects will likely occur as a result of this disaster.<\/p>\n Figure 1. Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency\u2019s (IAEA) Remediation Expert Mission examines Reactor Unit 3 during the team\u2019s visit to the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (Figure 2) is one of the foremost power generation sites for the Fukushima prefecture in Japan (Figure 3). In 2011, an earthquake off the coast of Japan caused major havoc for the residents inhabiting the coastal area. This destruction was a result of the <\/span>tsunami<\/span><\/a> created by the earthquake. The tsunami overwhelmed levees protecting the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant and flooded the basement levels of the facility. These levels housed the backup generators for the cooling systems at the plant. The destruction of the backup generators caused default cooling systems to go offline, and forced the Tokyo Electric Power Company to take drastic measures to prevent a catastrophic nuclear meltdown. The Tokyo Electric Power Company opted to open intakes and pump seawater into the reactors. At the time this seemed like a good alternative, however there was no system to store the contaminated water shortly after this cooling technique was implemented. With nowhere to go, the contaminated water was released, resulting in <\/span>radioactive<\/span><\/a> material dispersion into the ocean, surrounding land, and the <\/span>atmosphere<\/span><\/a>. Predictably, this can cause major, far-reaching effects despite the assurances made by parties associated with the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant.<\/span>\n<\/p>\n Figure 2. Audio Pronunciation<\/p>\n Click here to hear the Native Japanese Pronunciation of \u201cFukushima Daiichi\u201d<\/span><\/a>.<\/span>13<\/sup><\/span>\n<\/p>\n Theanphibian, 2011. Public Domain.<\/p>\n The original estimations of <\/span>contamination<\/span><\/a> levels were high enough to warrant concern.<\/span>1<\/sup><\/span> The levels of radiation cited in the most conservative estimates warranted the investigation of the actual dispersion of radiation and its effects. To explore and examine these far-reaching effects, quantitative data was gathered and analyzed. Researchers relied on a network of <\/span>noble gas<\/span><\/a> monitoring stations located around the globe to obtain information on <\/span>radionuclide<\/span><\/a>s<\/span> released into the atmosphere.<\/span>2<\/sup><\/span> Two stations, located in Hong Kong and Tokyo, were specifically used to gather the data.<\/span>2<\/sup><\/span> These stations reported definitive increases in radioactive <\/span>isotope<\/span><\/a>s<\/span> in the atmosphere, upwards of three degrees of magnitude compared to normal levels.<\/span>2 <\/sup><\/span> Researchers further determined that these increases in radionuclides are correlated with the release of material from the Fukushima Daiichi plant.<\/span>2<\/sup><\/span> The Hong Kong detector which is located over three thousand kilometers from the Fukushima Daiichi site detected an increase in radionuclides. Detectors often have spikes in concentrations of radionuclides shortly after explosions or the release of smoke from the reactors. Thus, the <\/span>correlation<\/span><\/a> of increased radionuclides from the Fukushima Daiichi plant disaster was easily established.<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 3. Google Map of Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. Click Here to Explore Fukushima in Google Maps.<\/span><\/a>\n<\/p>\n This data suggests the potential for contamination released by the Fukushima Daiichi Power Plant to travel vast distances. To further investigate the spread of contamination, researchers used computer models of air currents to map the distribution across the globe. Researchers used a similar method to also map the dispersion of radionuclides released into the ocean by using models of ocean currents. Both models predicted extensive distribution in a short amount of time. Contaminants in the atmosphere were predicted to spread around the world (Figure 4), while contaminants in the ocean would traveling as far as the coast of California.<\/p>\n Researchers also stated that the concentration of radionuclides in the northwestern region of the Pacific Ocean, at the highest predicted values, would reach levels comparable to a nuclear weapons test.<\/p>\n Figure 4. Large concentrations of radionuclides were released as a result of the March, 2011 incident that occurred at the Fukushima Daiichi Power Plant. This To further determine the effects of the Fukushima Daiichi disaster, <\/span>quantifiable<\/span><\/a> tests were performed on <\/span>microorganism<\/span><\/a>s<\/span> in areas near the site. Significant levels of contamination were found in these organisms. This information can be used to predict the contamination of organisms that are useful to consumers.<\/span>3<\/sup><\/span> Researchers concluded that in ten years, contamination levels would be as high as those in a global nuclear <\/span>fallout<\/span><\/a>, and the detrimental effects of the radiation on sea life used as food sources will have diminished to a level that makes consumption by humans safe.<\/span>4,5<\/sup><\/span> Nevertheless, the short-term effects on fish products are noticeable and consumers should be aware of what they are consuming to prevent exposure.<\/span>6<\/span>\n<\/p>\n The contamination of the ocean and ocean dwelling organisms is easily measurable. As radionuclides were released into the atmosphere, they were absorbed by fine particles located in the surrounding environment. For example, measurements were taken from rivers located near the Fukushima Daiichi plant. Radioactive material was present in these <\/span>sediment<\/span><\/a> samples.<\/span>7<\/sup><\/span> Rainstorms were also found to accelerate the migration of contaminants from the inland mountainous regions to the coastal areas.<\/span>8<\/span>\n<\/p>\n![\"Geographic](\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3396\/2018\/07\/24171612\/Default-2.jpg\")
Figure 3. Google Map of Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.
\nThe Fukushima Prefecture is a state-like region within Japan. The Fukushima Daiichi Power Plant provided electrical power to this region.
\nMap data \u00a92015 Google. Public Domain.[\/caption]\n![\"Colored](\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3396\/2018\/07\/24171615\/Figure_Dispersion-Model-over-time.jpg\")
Figure 4. Large concentrations of radionuclides were released as a result of the March, 2011 incident that occurred at the Fukushima Daiichi Power Plant. This
\nmodel, by Povinec et al. (2013), describes how air currents dispersed this material across the world.
\nColored points on the model indicated the height of radionuclide particles in the atmosphere
\nRed - Ground level to 3 km
\nBlack - 3 - 6 km
\nBlue - above 6 km
\nCourtesy of Povinec et al., 2013. Reprinted with permissions from Elsevier.[\/caption]\n
\nReferences<\/h4>\n
\n
Brandon S. Wator<\/h2>\n
In 2011, an earthquake off the coast of Japan set in motion a series of events that allowed radiation to escape from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. The radioactive contaminants that were released have long-term implications for residents both locally and globally.<\/h5>\n
<\/p>\n
\nPhotograph by Giovanni Verlini, 2011. CC BY-SA 2.0.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/p>\n
\nThe Fukushima Prefecture is a state-like region within Japan. The Fukushima Daiichi Power Plant provided electrical power to this region.
\nMap data \u00a92015 Google. Public Domain.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/p>\n
\nmodel, by Povinec et al. (2013), describes how air currents dispersed this material across the world.
\nColored points on the model indicated the height of radionuclide particles in the atmosphere
\nRed – Ground level to 3 km
\nBlack – 3 – 6 km
\nBlue – above 6 km
\nCourtesy of Povinec et al., 2013. Reprinted with permissions from Elsevier.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n