{"id":450,"date":"2018-07-26T17:42:07","date_gmt":"2018-07-26T17:42:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-monroe-environmentalbiology\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=450"},"modified":"2018-07-30T14:32:07","modified_gmt":"2018-07-30T14:32:07","slug":"16-0-environmental-economics-and-policies","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-monroe-environmentalbiology\/chapter\/16-0-environmental-economics-and-policies\/","title":{"raw":"14.0 Environmental Economics and Policies","rendered":"14.0 Environmental Economics and Policies"},"content":{"raw":"<div id=\"chapter_intro\">\r\n<div class=\"ck12-content-container\">\r\n<div id=\"x-ck12-YzUzNThmNDhjNDc1MGMxMGJhNjU5NTJkNDI2NzUxMTg.-xyd\" class=\"x-ck12-img-fullpage x-ck12-nofloat\">[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"3264\"]<img id=\"x-ck12-MTM5ODQ5LTE0NDEyMDk1MjYtNDEtNDgtTG9va2luZ19kb3duX3RoZV9DdXlhaG9nYV9SaXZlcl9pbl9QZW5pbnN1bGEsX09I\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ck12.org\/flx\/show\/default\/image\/user%3AZG9yc25lckBnbWFpbC5jb20.\/139849-1441209526-41-48-Looking_down_the_Cuyahoga_River_in_Peninsula%2C_OH.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"3264\" height=\"1840\" longdesc=\"https:\/\/www.ck12.org\/user:zg9yc25lckbnbwfpbc5jb20.\/book\/Essentials-of-Environmental-Science\/section\/16.0\/Cuyahoga%20River%20in%20Peninsula%2C%20OH.%20Thanks%20to%20the%20Clear%20Water%20Act%2C%20billions%20of%20pounds%20of%20pollution%20have%20been%20kept%20out%20of%20the%20river.%20\" \/> [Figure 1] Cuyahoga River in Peninsula, OH. Thanks to the Clear Water Act, billions of pounds of pollution have been kept out of the river.[\/caption]<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3 id=\"x-ck12-MmIyZDljNjI4YmRlZWQwYTZhZjc1YTMzYjBlZmQ4YzA.-psu\">Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZjRlZmY4OGI5NWUzODY5M2FiNDIyOWUyZWUwNmQ0MWQ.-gyt\" class=\"\">After studying this chapter, you should be able to:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-MGVmZWE5YmU4ZDZhZGFjNmYxZjQwNDNhZmU0M2E4M2I.-d0l\" class=\"\">\r\n \t<li>Define cost-benefit analysis.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Explain why discounting is controversial.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Explain the concept of external cost.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Know what incentive policies are, what they do, and what their strengths\u00a0and weaknesses are.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>List major international and US environmental laws and regulations.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Chapter Outline<\/h2>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div class=\"tocrow\">\r\n\r\n<a class=\"undefined flexbooklink\" title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ck12.org\/user:zg9yc25lckbnbwfpbc5jb20.\/book\/Essentials-of-Environmental-Science\/section\/16.1\/\" target=\"_self\">16.1\u00a0Environmental Economics<\/a>\r\n<div><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"tocrow\">\r\n\r\n<a class=\"undefined flexbooklink\" title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ck12.org\/user:zg9yc25lckbnbwfpbc5jb20.\/book\/Essentials-of-Environmental-Science\/section\/16.2\/\" target=\"_self\">16.2\u00a0Environmental Laws and Regulations<\/a>\r\n<div><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"tocrow\"><a class=\"undefined flexbooklink\" title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ck12.org\/user:zg9yc25lckbnbwfpbc5jb20.\/book\/Essentials-of-Environmental-Science\/section\/16.3\/\" target=\"_self\">16.3\u00a0Chapter 16 Resources<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div id=\"chapter_intro\">\n<div class=\"ck12-content-container\">\n<div id=\"x-ck12-YzUzNThmNDhjNDc1MGMxMGJhNjU5NTJkNDI2NzUxMTg.-xyd\" class=\"x-ck12-img-fullpage x-ck12-nofloat\">\n<div style=\"width: 3274px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"x-ck12-MTM5ODQ5LTE0NDEyMDk1MjYtNDEtNDgtTG9va2luZ19kb3duX3RoZV9DdXlhaG9nYV9SaXZlcl9pbl9QZW5pbnN1bGEsX09I\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ck12.org\/flx\/show\/default\/image\/user%3AZG9yc25lckBnbWFpbC5jb20.\/139849-1441209526-41-48-Looking_down_the_Cuyahoga_River_in_Peninsula%2C_OH.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"3264\" height=\"1840\" longdesc=\"https:\/\/www.ck12.org\/user:zg9yc25lckbnbwfpbc5jb20.\/book\/Essentials-of-Environmental-Science\/section\/16.0\/Cuyahoga%20River%20in%20Peninsula%2C%20OH.%20Thanks%20to%20the%20Clear%20Water%20Act%2C%20billions%20of%20pounds%20of%20pollution%20have%20been%20kept%20out%20of%20the%20river.%20\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">[Figure 1] Cuyahoga River in Peninsula, OH. Thanks to the Clear Water Act, billions of pounds of pollution have been kept out of the river.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3 id=\"x-ck12-MmIyZDljNjI4YmRlZWQwYTZhZjc1YTMzYjBlZmQ4YzA.-psu\">Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\n<p id=\"x-ck12-ZjRlZmY4OGI5NWUzODY5M2FiNDIyOWUyZWUwNmQ0MWQ.-gyt\" class=\"\">After studying this chapter, you should be able to:<\/p>\n<ul id=\"x-ck12-MGVmZWE5YmU4ZDZhZGFjNmYxZjQwNDNhZmU0M2E4M2I.-d0l\" class=\"\">\n<li>Define cost-benefit analysis.<\/li>\n<li>Explain why discounting is controversial.<\/li>\n<li>Explain the concept of external cost.<\/li>\n<li>Know what incentive policies are, what they do, and what their strengths\u00a0and weaknesses are.<\/li>\n<li>List major international and US environmental laws and regulations.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Chapter Outline<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"tocrow\">\n<p><a class=\"undefined flexbooklink\" title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ck12.org\/user:zg9yc25lckbnbwfpbc5jb20.\/book\/Essentials-of-Environmental-Science\/section\/16.1\/\" target=\"_self\">16.1\u00a0Environmental Economics<\/a><\/p>\n<div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tocrow\">\n<p><a class=\"undefined flexbooklink\" title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ck12.org\/user:zg9yc25lckbnbwfpbc5jb20.\/book\/Essentials-of-Environmental-Science\/section\/16.2\/\" target=\"_self\">16.2\u00a0Environmental Laws and Regulations<\/a><\/p>\n<div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tocrow\"><a class=\"undefined flexbooklink\" title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ck12.org\/user:zg9yc25lckbnbwfpbc5jb20.\/book\/Essentials-of-Environmental-Science\/section\/16.3\/\" target=\"_self\">16.3\u00a0Chapter 16 Resources<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-450\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div 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