{"id":473,"date":"2018-07-26T18:03:23","date_gmt":"2018-07-26T18:03:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-monroe-environmentalbiology\/?post_type=chapter&p=473"},"modified":"2018-07-30T14:34:29","modified_gmt":"2018-07-30T14:34:29","slug":"17-6-chapter-17-resources","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-monroe-environmentalbiology\/chapter\/17-6-chapter-17-resources\/","title":{"raw":"15.6 Chapter 15 Resources","rendered":"15.6 Chapter 15 Resources"},"content":{"raw":"
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Summary<\/h3>\r\n

Urbanization\u00a0is the study of the social, political, and economic relationships in cities. There are three prerequisites for the development of a city. First, good environment with fresh water and a favourable climate; second, advanced technology, which will produce a food surplus to support non-farmers; and third, strong social organization to ensure social stability and a stable economy. Urbanization levels are affected by two things \u2013 migration and natural increase.\u00a0Global urbanization reached the 50 percent mark in 2008, meaning that more than half of the global population was living in cities compared to only 30 percent 50 years ago. The access to basic services\u2014 clean water, sanitation, electricity, and roads\u2014are some of the main urbanization challenges facing the developing world.\u00a0Long commute times, observed in sprawling metropolitan areas are unsustainable from many aspects. Various negative health and environmental consequences can be identified related to these development trends. Green urbanism is a conceptual model that seeks to transform and re-engineer existing city districts and regenerate the post-industrial city centre. It promotes the development of socially and environmentally sustainable city districts. The principles of green urbanism offer practical steps on the path to sustainable cities, harmonizing growth and usage of resources.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Review Questions<\/h3>\r\n
    \r\n \t
  1. Select an aspect of your day-to-day existence that has environmental consequences. Describe the environmental consequences, and briefly discuss more sustainable alternatives.<\/li>\r\n \t
  2. Describe a sustainable neighborhood that you\u2019re familiar with and explain what makes it sustainable.<\/li>\r\n \t
  3. Briefly describe a path to reducing our dependency on fossil fuels for transportation energy consumption.<\/li>\r\n \t
  4. What are the positive and negative impacts that buildings have on the environment and society?<\/li>\r\n \t
  5. Explain the connections between the design of our cities and resource use.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

    Attributions<\/h3>\r\n

    Coolgeography.co.uk. (n.d.).\u00a0Urbanisation.<\/em>\u00a0Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.coolgeography.co.uk\/GCSE\/AQA\/Changing%20Urban\/Urbanisation\/Urbanisation.htm<\/a>. Available under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License. (CC BY-NC 3.0). Modified from original.<\/p>\r\n

    EEA. (1997).\u00a0Towards sustainable development for local authorities - approaches, experiences and sources.<\/em>\u00a0Retrieved from http:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/publications\/GH-07-97-191-EN-C. Available under Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 (CC BY 3.0). Modified from Original.<\/p>\r\n

    EEA. (2006).\u00a0Urban sprawl in Europe - The ignored challenge.\u00a0<\/em>Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/publications\/eea_report_2006_10.<\/a>\u00a0Available under Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 (CC BY 3.0). Modified from Original.<\/p>\r\n

    Energy Sector Management Assistance Program. (2014).\u00a0Planning energy efficient and livable cities<\/em>. World Bank, Washington, DC. \u00a9 World Bank. Retrieved from https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/21308 Available under Available under Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 (CC BY 3.0 IGO). Modified from original.<\/p>\r\n

    Lehmann, S. (2010).\u00a0Green urbanism: Formulating a series of holistic principles<\/em>. Sapiens. [Online], 3.2. Accessed August 31, 2015 at\u00a0http:\/\/sapiens.revues.org\/1057<\/a>. Available under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. (CC BY 4.0). Modified from original.<\/p>\r\n

    Sanchez-Triana, E., Enriquez, S., Afzal, J., Nakagawa, A. & Khan, A. S. (2014). Cleaning Pakistan's air: Policy options to address the cost of outdoor air pollution.<\/em>Washington, DC: World Bank. \u00a9 World Bank. Retrieved from\u00a0https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/1888<\/a>. Available under Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 (CC BY 3.0 IGO). Modified from original.<\/p>\r\n

    Theis, T. & Tomkin, J. (Eds.). (2015). Sustainability: A comprehensive foundation.<\/em>Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/1741effd-9cda-4b2b-a91e-003e6f587263@43.5<\/a>. Available under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. (CC BY 4.0). Modified from original.<\/p>\r\n

    World Bank. (2011).\u00a0Green cities: sustainable low-income housing in Brazil.<\/em>Washington, DC. \u00a9 World Bank. https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/12786. Available under Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 (CC BY 3.0). Modified from Original.<\/p>\r\n

    World Bank. (2013).\u00a0Planning, connecting, and financing cities--now<\/em>: Priorities for city leaders. Washington, DC: World Bank. \u00a9 World Bank. Retrieved from\u00a0https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/12238<\/a>. Available under Available under Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 (CC BY 3.0 IGO). Modified from original.<\/p>\r\n

    World Bank. (2014).\u00a0Results-based financing for municipal solid waste. W<\/em>ashington, DC. \u00a9 World Bank. Retrieved from\u00a0https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/20792<\/a>. Available under Available under Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 (CC BY 3.0 IGO). Modified from original.<\/p>\r\n

    William, L. (2012).\u00a0Introduction to sociology \u2013 1st Canadian edition<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology<\/a>\/. Available under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. (CC BY 4.0). Modified from original.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"

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    Summary<\/h3>\n

    Urbanization\u00a0is the study of the social, political, and economic relationships in cities. There are three prerequisites for the development of a city. First, good environment with fresh water and a favourable climate; second, advanced technology, which will produce a food surplus to support non-farmers; and third, strong social organization to ensure social stability and a stable economy. Urbanization levels are affected by two things \u2013 migration and natural increase.\u00a0Global urbanization reached the 50 percent mark in 2008, meaning that more than half of the global population was living in cities compared to only 30 percent 50 years ago. The access to basic services\u2014 clean water, sanitation, electricity, and roads\u2014are some of the main urbanization challenges facing the developing world.\u00a0Long commute times, observed in sprawling metropolitan areas are unsustainable from many aspects. Various negative health and environmental consequences can be identified related to these development trends. Green urbanism is a conceptual model that seeks to transform and re-engineer existing city districts and regenerate the post-industrial city centre. It promotes the development of socially and environmentally sustainable city districts. The principles of green urbanism offer practical steps on the path to sustainable cities, harmonizing growth and usage of resources.<\/p>\n

    Review Questions<\/h3>\n
      \n
    1. Select an aspect of your day-to-day existence that has environmental consequences. Describe the environmental consequences, and briefly discuss more sustainable alternatives.<\/li>\n
    2. Describe a sustainable neighborhood that you\u2019re familiar with and explain what makes it sustainable.<\/li>\n
    3. Briefly describe a path to reducing our dependency on fossil fuels for transportation energy consumption.<\/li>\n
    4. What are the positive and negative impacts that buildings have on the environment and society?<\/li>\n
    5. Explain the connections between the design of our cities and resource use.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Attributions<\/h3>\n

      Coolgeography.co.uk. (n.d.).\u00a0Urbanisation.<\/em>\u00a0Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.coolgeography.co.uk\/GCSE\/AQA\/Changing%20Urban\/Urbanisation\/Urbanisation.htm<\/a>. Available under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License. (CC BY-NC 3.0). Modified from original.<\/p>\n

      EEA. (1997).\u00a0Towards sustainable development for local authorities – approaches, experiences and sources.<\/em>\u00a0Retrieved from http:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/publications\/GH-07-97-191-EN-C. Available under Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 (CC BY 3.0). Modified from Original.<\/p>\n

      EEA. (2006).\u00a0Urban sprawl in Europe – The ignored challenge.\u00a0<\/em>Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/publications\/eea_report_2006_10.<\/a>\u00a0Available under Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 (CC BY 3.0). Modified from Original.<\/p>\n

      Energy Sector Management Assistance Program. (2014).\u00a0Planning energy efficient and livable cities<\/em>. World Bank, Washington, DC. \u00a9 World Bank. Retrieved from https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/21308 Available under Available under Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 (CC BY 3.0 IGO). Modified from original.<\/p>\n

      Lehmann, S. (2010).\u00a0Green urbanism: Formulating a series of holistic principles<\/em>. Sapiens. [Online], 3.2. Accessed August 31, 2015 at\u00a0http:\/\/sapiens.revues.org\/1057<\/a>. Available under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. (CC BY 4.0). Modified from original.<\/p>\n

      Sanchez-Triana, E., Enriquez, S., Afzal, J., Nakagawa, A. & Khan, A. S. (2014). Cleaning Pakistan’s air: Policy options to address the cost of outdoor air pollution.<\/em>Washington, DC: World Bank. \u00a9 World Bank. Retrieved from\u00a0https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/1888<\/a>. Available under Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 (CC BY 3.0 IGO). Modified from original.<\/p>\n

      Theis, T. & Tomkin, J. (Eds.). (2015). Sustainability: A comprehensive foundation.<\/em>Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/1741effd-9cda-4b2b-a91e-003e6f587263@43.5<\/a>. Available under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. (CC BY 4.0). Modified from original.<\/p>\n

      World Bank. (2011).\u00a0Green cities: sustainable low-income housing in Brazil.<\/em>Washington, DC. \u00a9 World Bank. https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/12786. Available under Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 (CC BY 3.0). Modified from Original.<\/p>\n

      World Bank. (2013).\u00a0Planning, connecting, and financing cities–now<\/em>: Priorities for city leaders. Washington, DC: World Bank. \u00a9 World Bank. Retrieved from\u00a0https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/12238<\/a>. Available under Available under Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 (CC BY 3.0 IGO). Modified from original.<\/p>\n

      World Bank. (2014).\u00a0Results-based financing for municipal solid waste. W<\/em>ashington, DC. \u00a9 World Bank. Retrieved from\u00a0https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/20792<\/a>. Available under Available under Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 (CC BY 3.0 IGO). Modified from original.<\/p>\n

      William, L. (2012).\u00a0Introduction to sociology \u2013 1st Canadian edition<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology<\/a>\/. Available under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. (CC BY 4.0). Modified from original.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t

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      Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t
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      CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div>