{"id":181,"date":"2018-03-19T15:53:24","date_gmt":"2018-03-19T15:53:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-orgbiochemistry\/chapter\/end-of-chapter-material-2\/"},"modified":"2018-08-06T21:01:27","modified_gmt":"2018-08-06T21:01:27","slug":"end-of-chapter-material-2","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-monroecc-orgbiochemistry\/chapter\/end-of-chapter-material-2\/","title":{"raw":"2.8 End-of-Chapter Material","rendered":"2.8 End-of-Chapter Material"},"content":{"raw":"
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Chapter Summary<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
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To ensure that you understand the material in this chapter, you should review the meanings of the following bold terms and ask yourself how they relate to the topics in the chapter.<\/em><\/p>\r\n

An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler chemical substances. Only about 90 naturally occurring elements are known. They have varying abundances on Earth and in the body. Each element has a one- or two-letter chemical symbol<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n

The modern atomic theory<\/strong> states that the smallest piece of an element is an atom<\/strong>. Individual atoms are extremely small, on the order of 10\u221210<\/sup> m across. Most elements exist in pure form as individual atoms, but some exist as diatomic molecules<\/strong>. Atoms themselves are composed of subatomic particles. The electron<\/strong> is a tiny subatomic particle with a negative charge. The proton<\/strong> has a positive charge and, while small, is much larger than the electron. The neutron<\/strong> is also much larger than an electron but has no electrical charge.<\/p>\r\n

Protons, neutrons, and electrons have a specific arrangement in an atom. The protons and neutrons are found in the center of the atom, grouped together into a nucleus<\/strong>. The electrons are found in fuzzy clouds around the nucleus.<\/p>\r\n

Each element has a characteristic number of protons in its nucleus. This number of protons is the atomic number<\/strong> of the element. An element may have different numbers of neutrons in the nuclei of its atoms; such atoms are referred to as isotopes<\/strong>. Two isotopes of hydrogen are deuterium, with a proton and a neutron in its nucleus, and tritium, with a proton and two neutrons in its nucleus. The sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons in a nucleus is called the mass number<\/strong> and is used to distinguish isotopes from each other.<\/p>\r\n

Masses of individual atoms are measured in atomic mass units<\/strong>. An atomic mass unit is equal to 1\/12th of the mass of a single carbon-12 atom. Because different isotopes of an element have different masses, the atomic mass<\/strong> of an element is a weighted average of the masses of all the element\u2019s naturally occurring isotopes.<\/p>\r\n

The modern theory of electron behavior is called quantum mechanics<\/strong>. According to this theory, electrons in atoms can only have specific, or quantized<\/strong>, energies. Electrons are grouped into general regions called shells<\/strong>, and within these into more specific regions called subshells<\/strong>. There are four types of subshells, and each type can hold up to a maximum number of electrons. The distribution of electrons into shells and subshells is the electron configuration<\/strong> of an atom. Chemistry typically occurs because of interactions between the electrons of the outermost shell of different atoms, called the valence shell electrons. Electrons in inner shells are called core electrons.<\/p>\r\n

Elements are grouped together by similar chemical properties into a chart called the periodic table<\/strong>. Vertical columns of elements are called groups<\/strong> or families<\/strong>. Some of the groups of elements have names, like the alkali metals, the alkaline earth metals, the halogens, and the noble gases. A horizontal row of elements is called a period<\/strong>. Periods and groups have differing numbers of elements in them. The periodic table separates elements into metals<\/strong>, nonmetals<\/strong>, and semimetals<\/strong>. The periodic table is also separated into main group elements<\/strong>, transition metals<\/strong>, lanthanide elements<\/strong>, and actinide elements<\/strong>. The lanthanide and actinide elements are also referred to as inner transition metal elements<\/strong>. The shape of the periodic table reflects the sequential filling of shells and subshells in atoms.<\/p>\r\n

The periodic table helps us understand trends in some of the properties of atoms. One such property is the atomic radius<\/strong> of atoms. From top to bottom of the periodic table, atoms get bigger because electrons are occupying larger and bigger shells. From left to right across the periodic table, electrons are filling the same shell but are being attracted by an increasing positive charge from the nucleus, and thus the atoms get smaller.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n \r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

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Additional Exercises<\/h3>\r\n
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    If the atomic radius of sodium atoms is 1.86 \u00d7 10\u221210<\/sup> m, how many sodium atoms are needed to make a line that is 1.00 cm in length?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t

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    If the atomic radius of osmium atoms is 1.34 \u00d7 10\u221210<\/sup> m, how many osmium atoms are needed to make a line that is 5.85 m in length?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t

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    What might be the electron configuration of K+<\/sup>, an atom that has lost an electron?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t

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    What might be the electron configuration of Cl\u2212<\/sup>, an atom that has gained an additional electron?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t

  5. \r\n
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    The electron configuration of the Ti atom is 1s<\/em>2<\/sup>2s<\/em>2<\/sup>2p<\/em>6<\/sup>3s<\/em>2<\/sup>3p<\/em>6<\/sup>4s<\/em>2<\/sup>3d<\/em>2<\/sup>. What is the valence shell electron configuration of Ti?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t

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    The electron configuration of the Ge atom is 1s<\/em>2<\/sup>2s<\/em>2<\/sup>2p<\/em>6<\/sup>3s<\/em>2<\/sup>3p<\/em>6<\/sup>4s<\/em>2<\/sup>3d<\/em>10<\/sup>4p<\/em>2<\/sup>. What is the valence shell electron configuration of Ge?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t

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    What is the mass of an electron in atomic mass units?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t

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    In a footnote in this chapter, an alpha particle was defined as a particle with 2 protons and 2 neutrons. What is the mass, in grams, of an alpha particle? (Hint: what element does an alpha particle resemble?)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t

  9. \r\n
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    A sample of the nonexistent element mythium consists of 25.59% of an isotope with mass of 579.99 u, 32.74% of an isotope with mass of 581.99 u, and 41.67% of an isotope with mass of 580.99 u. What is the atomic mass of mythium?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t

  10. \r\n
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    Because the distribution of isotopes is different on different planets in the solar system, the average atomic mass of any element differs from planet to planet. Assume that on Mercury, a rather hot planet, there is more deuterium left in the atmosphere than on Earth, so that 92.55% of the hydrogen on Mercury is H-1 (mass 1.008 u), while the remainder is H-2 (mass 2.014 u). What is the atomic mass of hydrogen on Mercury?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t

  11. \r\n
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    The compound that sodium makes with chlorine has sodium and chlorine atoms in a 1:1 ratio. Name two other elements that should make a compound having a 1:1 ratio of atoms with sodium.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t

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    The compound that magnesium makes with oxygen has magnesium to oxygen atoms in a 1:1 ratio. Name two other elements that should make a compound having a 1:1 ratio of atoms with magnesium.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

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    [reveal-answer q=\"359924\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"359924\"]<\/p>\r\n

    1. 5.38 \u00d7 107<\/sup> atoms<\/p>\r\n

    3. 1s<\/em>2<\/sup>2s<\/em>2<\/sup>2p<\/em>6<\/sup>3s<\/em>2<\/sup>3p<\/em>6<\/sup><\/p>\r\n

    5. 4s2<\/sup><\/p>\r\n

    7. 0.000545 u<\/p>\r\n

    9. 581.1 u<\/p>\r\n

    11. potassium and bromine (answers will vary) \u00a0[\/hidden-answer]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

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    Chapter Summary<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
    \n
    \n
    \n

    To ensure that you understand the material in this chapter, you should review the meanings of the following bold terms and ask yourself how they relate to the topics in the chapter.<\/em><\/p>\n

    An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler chemical substances. Only about 90 naturally occurring elements are known. They have varying abundances on Earth and in the body. Each element has a one- or two-letter chemical symbol<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

    The modern atomic theory<\/strong> states that the smallest piece of an element is an atom<\/strong>. Individual atoms are extremely small, on the order of 10\u221210<\/sup> m across. Most elements exist in pure form as individual atoms, but some exist as diatomic molecules<\/strong>. Atoms themselves are composed of subatomic particles. The electron<\/strong> is a tiny subatomic particle with a negative charge. The proton<\/strong> has a positive charge and, while small, is much larger than the electron. The neutron<\/strong> is also much larger than an electron but has no electrical charge.<\/p>\n

    Protons, neutrons, and electrons have a specific arrangement in an atom. The protons and neutrons are found in the center of the atom, grouped together into a nucleus<\/strong>. The electrons are found in fuzzy clouds around the nucleus.<\/p>\n

    Each element has a characteristic number of protons in its nucleus. This number of protons is the atomic number<\/strong> of the element. An element may have different numbers of neutrons in the nuclei of its atoms; such atoms are referred to as isotopes<\/strong>. Two isotopes of hydrogen are deuterium, with a proton and a neutron in its nucleus, and tritium, with a proton and two neutrons in its nucleus. The sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons in a nucleus is called the mass number<\/strong> and is used to distinguish isotopes from each other.<\/p>\n

    Masses of individual atoms are measured in atomic mass units<\/strong>. An atomic mass unit is equal to 1\/12th of the mass of a single carbon-12 atom. Because different isotopes of an element have different masses, the atomic mass<\/strong> of an element is a weighted average of the masses of all the element\u2019s naturally occurring isotopes.<\/p>\n

    The modern theory of electron behavior is called quantum mechanics<\/strong>. According to this theory, electrons in atoms can only have specific, or quantized<\/strong>, energies. Electrons are grouped into general regions called shells<\/strong>, and within these into more specific regions called subshells<\/strong>. There are four types of subshells, and each type can hold up to a maximum number of electrons. The distribution of electrons into shells and subshells is the electron configuration<\/strong> of an atom. Chemistry typically occurs because of interactions between the electrons of the outermost shell of different atoms, called the valence shell electrons. Electrons in inner shells are called core electrons.<\/p>\n

    Elements are grouped together by similar chemical properties into a chart called the periodic table<\/strong>. Vertical columns of elements are called groups<\/strong> or families<\/strong>. Some of the groups of elements have names, like the alkali metals, the alkaline earth metals, the halogens, and the noble gases. A horizontal row of elements is called a period<\/strong>. Periods and groups have differing numbers of elements in them. The periodic table separates elements into metals<\/strong>, nonmetals<\/strong>, and semimetals<\/strong>. The periodic table is also separated into main group elements<\/strong>, transition metals<\/strong>, lanthanide elements<\/strong>, and actinide elements<\/strong>. The lanthanide and actinide elements are also referred to as inner transition metal elements<\/strong>. The shape of the periodic table reflects the sequential filling of shells and subshells in atoms.<\/p>\n

    The periodic table helps us understand trends in some of the properties of atoms. One such property is the atomic radius<\/strong> of atoms. From top to bottom of the periodic table, atoms get bigger because electrons are occupying larger and bigger shells. From left to right across the periodic table, electrons are filling the same shell but are being attracted by an increasing positive charge from the nucleus, and thus the atoms get smaller.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

     <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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    Additional Exercises<\/h3>\n
      \n
    1. \n
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      If the atomic radius of sodium atoms is 1.86 \u00d7 10\u221210<\/sup> m, how many sodium atoms are needed to make a line that is 1.00 cm in length?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n

    2. \n
      \n

      If the atomic radius of osmium atoms is 1.34 \u00d7 10\u221210<\/sup> m, how many osmium atoms are needed to make a line that is 5.85 m in length?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n

    3. \n
      \n

      What might be the electron configuration of K+<\/sup>, an atom that has lost an electron?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n

    4. \n
      \n

      What might be the electron configuration of Cl\u2212<\/sup>, an atom that has gained an additional electron?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n

    5. \n
      \n

      The electron configuration of the Ti atom is 1s<\/em>2<\/sup>2s<\/em>2<\/sup>2p<\/em>6<\/sup>3s<\/em>2<\/sup>3p<\/em>6<\/sup>4s<\/em>2<\/sup>3d<\/em>2<\/sup>. What is the valence shell electron configuration of Ti?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n

    6. \n
      \n

      The electron configuration of the Ge atom is 1s<\/em>2<\/sup>2s<\/em>2<\/sup>2p<\/em>6<\/sup>3s<\/em>2<\/sup>3p<\/em>6<\/sup>4s<\/em>2<\/sup>3d<\/em>10<\/sup>4p<\/em>2<\/sup>. What is the valence shell electron configuration of Ge?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n

    7. \n
      \n

      What is the mass of an electron in atomic mass units?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n

    8. \n
      \n

      In a footnote in this chapter, an alpha particle was defined as a particle with 2 protons and 2 neutrons. What is the mass, in grams, of an alpha particle? (Hint: what element does an alpha particle resemble?)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n

    9. \n
      \n

      A sample of the nonexistent element mythium consists of 25.59% of an isotope with mass of 579.99 u, 32.74% of an isotope with mass of 581.99 u, and 41.67% of an isotope with mass of 580.99 u. What is the atomic mass of mythium?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n

    10. \n
      \n

      Because the distribution of isotopes is different on different planets in the solar system, the average atomic mass of any element differs from planet to planet. Assume that on Mercury, a rather hot planet, there is more deuterium left in the atmosphere than on Earth, so that 92.55% of the hydrogen on Mercury is H-1 (mass 1.008 u), while the remainder is H-2 (mass 2.014 u). What is the atomic mass of hydrogen on Mercury?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n

    11. \n
      \n

      The compound that sodium makes with chlorine has sodium and chlorine atoms in a 1:1 ratio. Name two other elements that should make a compound having a 1:1 ratio of atoms with sodium.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n

    12. \n
      \n

      The compound that magnesium makes with oxygen has magnesium to oxygen atoms in a 1:1 ratio. Name two other elements that should make a compound having a 1:1 ratio of atoms with magnesium.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n

      \n
      \n

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      Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n
      \n

      1. 5.38 \u00d7 107<\/sup> atoms<\/p>\n

      3. 1s<\/em>2<\/sup>2s<\/em>2<\/sup>2p<\/em>6<\/sup>3s<\/em>2<\/sup>3p<\/em>6<\/sup><\/p>\n

      5. 4s2<\/sup><\/p>\n

      7. 0.000545 u<\/p>\n

      9. 581.1 u<\/p>\n

      11. potassium and bromine (answers will vary) \u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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       <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t

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      Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t
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      CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div>