{"id":548,"date":"2018-03-20T14:48:36","date_gmt":"2018-03-20T14:48:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-orgbiochemistry\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=548"},"modified":"2018-08-08T19:19:58","modified_gmt":"2018-08-08T19:19:58","slug":"4-6-introduction-to-organic-chemistry","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-monroecc-orgbiochemistry\/chapter\/4-6-introduction-to-organic-chemistry\/","title":{"raw":"4.6 Introduction to Organic Chemistry","rendered":"4.6 Introduction to Organic Chemistry"},"content":{"raw":"<div id=\"navbar-top\" class=\"navbar\">\r\n<div class=\"navbar-part left\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<div id=\"book-content\">\r\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06\" class=\"section\" xml:lang=\"en\">\r\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_n01\" class=\"learning_objectives editable block\">\r\n<ol id=\"gob-ch04_s06_l01\" class=\"orderedlist\">\r\n \t<li>Define <em class=\"emphasis\">organic chemistry<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Identify organic molecules as alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, or carboxylic acids.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"book-content\">\r\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06\" class=\"section\" xml:lang=\"en\">\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">When methane was mentioned at the end of <a class=\"xref\" href=\"gob-ch04_s02#gob-ch04_s02\">Section 4.2 \"Covalent Compounds: Formulas and Names\"<\/a>, we described it as the simplest organic compound. In this section, we introduce organic chemistry more formally.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p02\" class=\"para editable block\"><span class=\"margin_term\"><span class=\"glossterm\">Organic chemistry<\/span><\/span>\u00a0is the study of the chemistry of carbon compounds. Carbon is singled out because it has a chemical diversity unrivaled by any other chemical element. Its diversity is based on the following:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul id=\"gob-ch04_s06_l02\" class=\"itemizedlist editable block\">\r\n \t<li>Carbon atoms bond reasonably strongly with other carbon atoms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Carbon atoms bond reasonably strongly with atoms of other elements.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Carbon atoms make a large number of covalent bonds (four).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p03\" class=\"para editable block\">Curiously, elemental carbon is not particularly abundant. It does not even appear in the list of the most common elements in Earth\u2019s crust. (See <a class=\"xref\" href=\"gob-ch02_s01#gob-ch02_s01_s01_t01\">Table 2.1 \"Elemental Composition of Earth\"<\/a> in <a class=\"xref\" href=\"..\/suny-orgbiochemistry\/chapter\/introduction-2\">Chapter 2 \"Elements, Atoms, and the Periodic Table\"<\/a>.) Nevertheless, organic compounds perform vital functions for all living things..<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p04\" class=\"para editable block\">Most organic chemicals are covalent compounds, which is why we introduce organic chemistry here. By convention, compounds containing carbonate ions and bicarbonate ions, as well as carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, are not considered part of organic chemistry, even though they contain carbon.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p05\" class=\"para editable block\">The simplest organic compounds are the <span class=\"margin_term\"><span class=\"glossterm\">hydrocarbons,<\/span><\/span>\u00a0compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms only. Some hydrocarbons have only single bonds and appear as a chain (which can be a continuous chain or can have branches) of carbon atoms also bonded to hydrogen atoms. These hydrocarbons are called <span class=\"margin_term\"><span class=\"glossterm\">alkanes (saturated hydrocarbons)<\/span><\/span>. Each alkane has a characteristic, systematic name depending on the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. These names consist of a stem that indicates the number of carbon atoms in the chain plus the ending -<em class=\"emphasis\">ane<\/em>. The stem <em class=\"emphasis\">meth<\/em>- means one carbon atom, so methane is an alkane with one carbon atom. Similarly, the stem <em class=\"emphasis\">eth<\/em>- means two carbon atoms; ethane is an alkane with two carbon atoms. Continuing, the stem <em class=\"emphasis\">prop<\/em>- means three carbon atoms, so propane is an alkane with three carbon atoms. <a class=\"xref\" href=\"#gob-ch04_s06_f01\">Figure 4.6 \"Formulas and Molecular Models of the Three Simplest Alkanes\"<\/a> gives the formulas and the molecular models of the three simplest alkanes. (For more information about alkanes, see <a class=\"xref\" href=\"..\/suny-orgbiochemistry\/chapter\/introduction-12\">Chapter 12 \"Organic Chemistry: Alkanes and Halogenated Hydrocarbons\"<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_f01\" class=\"figure large editable block\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1169\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144509\/92cfa5ee0e72208794d60b47a81733ea.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"1169\" height=\"877\" \/> Figure 4.6 Formulas and Molecular Models of the Three Simplest Alkanes[\/caption]\r\n<p class=\"para\">The three smallest alkanes are methane, ethane, and propane.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p06\" class=\"para editable block\">Some hydrocarbons have one or more carbon\u2013carbon double bonds (denoted C=C). These hydrocarbons are called <span class=\"margin_term\"><span class=\"glossterm\">alkenes<\/span><\/span>. <a class=\"xref\" href=\"#gob-ch04_s06_f02\">Figure 4.7 \"Formulas and Molecular Models of the Two Simplest Alkenes\"<\/a> shows the formulas and the molecular models of the two simplest alkenes. Note that the names of alkenes have the same stem as the alkane with the same number of carbon atoms in its chain but have the ending -<em class=\"emphasis\">ene<\/em>. Thus, ethene is an alkene with two carbon atoms per molecule, and propene is a compound with three carbon atoms and one double bond.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_f02\" class=\"figure large editable block\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1500\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144512\/388292d2cba1612531fc7ce68f3329a3.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"1500\" height=\"671\" \/> Figure 4.7 Formulas and Molecular Models of the Two Simplest Alkenes[\/caption]\r\n<p class=\"para\">Ethene is commonly called ethylene, while propene is commonly called propylene.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p07\" class=\"para editable block\"><span class=\"margin_term\"><span class=\"glossterm\">Alkynes<\/span><\/span>\u00a0are hydrocarbons with a carbon\u2013carbon triple bond (denoted C\u2261C) as part of their carbon skeleton. <a class=\"xref\" href=\"#gob-ch04_s06_f03\">Figure 4.8 \"Formulas and Molecular Models of the Two Simplest Alkynes\"<\/a> shows the formulas and the molecular models of the two simplest alkynes and their systematic names. The names for alkynes have the same stems as for alkanes but with the ending -<em class=\"emphasis\">yne<\/em>. (For more information about alkenes and alkynes, see <a class=\"xref\" href=\"..\/suny-orgbiochemistry\/chapter\/introduction-13\">Chapter 13 \"Unsaturated and Aromatic Hydrocarbons\"<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_f03\" class=\"figure large editable block\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1500\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144515\/44d0f85d59419c94e39e71feed3baa54.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"1500\" height=\"523\" \/> Figure 4.8 Formulas and Molecular Models of the Two Simplest Alkynes[\/caption]\r\n<p class=\"para\">Ethyne is more commonly called acetylene.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_n02\" class=\"callout editable block\">\r\n<h3 class=\"title\">Note<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p08\" class=\"para\">The compound acetylene, with its carbon\u2013carbon triple bond, was introduced in <a class=\"xref\" href=\"gob-ch04_s03#gob-ch04_s03\">Section 4.3 \"Multiple Covalent Bonds\"<\/a> and is an alkyne.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_n03\" class=\"callout block\">\r\n<h3 class=\"title\">To Your Health: Saturated and Unsaturated Fats<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p09\" class=\"para\">Hydrocarbons are not the only compounds that can have carbon\u2013carbon double bonds. A group of compounds called fats can have them as well, and their presence or absence in the human diet is becoming increasingly correlated with health issues.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p10\" class=\"para\">Fats are combinations of long-chain organic compounds (fatty acids) and glycerol (C<sub class=\"subscript\">3<\/sub>H<sub class=\"subscript\">8<\/sub>O<sub class=\"subscript\">3<\/sub>). (For more information on fats, see <a class=\"xref\" href=\"..\/suny-orgbiochemistry\/chapter\/introduction-17\">Chapter 17 \"Lipids\"<\/a>, <a class=\"xref\" href=\"gob-ch17_s01#gob-ch17_s01\">Section 17.1 \"Fatty Acids\"<\/a>.) The long carbon chains can have either all single bonds, in which case the fat is classified as <em class=\"emphasis\">saturated<\/em>, or one or more double bonds, in which case it is a <em class=\"emphasis\">monounsaturated<\/em> or a <em class=\"emphasis\">polyunsaturated<\/em> fat, respectively. Saturated fats are typically solids at room temperature; beef fat (tallow) is one example. Mono- or polyunsaturated fats are likely to be liquids at room temperature and are often called oils. Olive oil, flaxseed oil, and many fish oils are mono- or polyunsaturated fats.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p11\" class=\"para\">Studies have linked higher amounts of saturated fats in people\u2019s diets with a greater likelihood of developing heart disease, high cholesterol, and other diet-related diseases. In contrast, increases in unsaturated fats (either mono- or polyunsaturated) have been linked to a lower incidence of certain diseases. Thus, there have been an increasing number of recommendations by government bodies and health associations to decrease the proportion of saturated fat and increase the proportion of unsaturated fat in the diet. Most of these organizations also recommend decreasing the total amount of fat in the diet.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p12\" class=\"para\">Recently, certain fats called trans fats have been implicated in the presence of heart disease. These are fats from animal sources and are also produced when liquid oils are exposed to partial hydrogenation, an industrial process that increases their saturation. Trans fats are used in many prepared and fried foods. Because they bring with them the health risks that naturally occurring saturated fats do, there has been some effort to better quantify the presence of trans fats in food products. US law now requires that food labels list the amount of trans fat in each serving.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p14\" class=\"para editable block\">The carbon\u2013carbon double and triple bonds are examples of <span class=\"margin_term\"><span class=\"glossterm\">functional groups<\/span><\/span>\u00a0in organic chemistry. A <strong>functional group<\/strong> is a specific structural arrangement of atoms or bonds that imparts a characteristic chemical reactivity to a molecule. Alkanes have no functional group. A carbon\u2013carbon double bond is considered a functional group because carbon\u2013carbon double bonds chemically react in specific ways that differ from reactions of alkanes (for example, under certain circumstances, alkenes react with water); a carbon\u2013carbon triple bond also undergoes certain specific chemical reactions. In the remainder of this section, we introduce two other common functional groups.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p15\" class=\"para editable block\">If an OH group (also called a hydroxyl group) is substituted for a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon molecule, the compound is an <span class=\"margin_term\"><span class=\"glossterm\">alcohol<\/span><\/span>. Alcohols are named using the parent hydrocarbon name but with the final -<em class=\"emphasis\">e<\/em> dropped and the suffix -<em class=\"emphasis\">ol<\/em> attached. The two simplest alcohols are methanol and ethanol. <a class=\"xref\" href=\"#gob-ch04_s06_f04\">Figure 4.9 \"The Two Simplest Organic Alcohol Compounds\"<\/a> shows their formulas along with a molecular model of each.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_f04\" class=\"figure large editable block\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1500\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144522\/df0037bec7a798b1168f544b4499340d.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"1500\" height=\"755\" \/> <em>Figure 4.9 The Two Simplest Organic Alcohol Compounds<\/em>[\/caption]\r\n<p class=\"para\">Alcohols have an OH functional group in the molecule.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_n04\" class=\"callout editable block\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n<h3 class=\"title\">Note<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p16\" class=\"para\">Cholesterol, described in the chapter-opening essay, has an alcohol functional group, as its name implies.<span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_n05\" class=\"callout editable block\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n<h3 class=\"title\">Note<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p17\" class=\"para\">Ethanol (also called ethyl alcohol) is the alcohol in alcoholic beverages. Other alcohols include methanol (or methyl alcohol), which is used as a solvent and a cleaner, and isopropyl alcohol (or rubbing alcohol), which is used as a medicinal disinfectant. Neither methanol nor isopropyl alcohol should be ingested, as they are toxic even in small quantities.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p18\" class=\"para editable block\">Another important family of organic compounds has a <span class=\"margin_term\"><span class=\"glossterm\">carboxyl group<\/span><\/span>, in which a carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom and to an OH group. Compounds with a carboxyl functional group are called <span class=\"margin_term\"><span class=\"glossterm\">carboxylic acids<\/span><\/span>, and their names end in -<em class=\"emphasis\">oic acid<\/em>. <a class=\"xref\" href=\"#gob-ch04_s06_f05\">Figure 4.10 \"The Two Smallest Organic Acids\"<\/a> shows the formulas and the molecular models of the two simplest carboxylic acids, perhaps best known by the common names formic acid and acetic acid. The carboxyl group is sometimes written in molecules as \u2014COOH.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_f05\" class=\"figure large editable block\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1500\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144524\/e7fb6ec74a9613f4e9df9890d48bb4a0.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"1500\" height=\"730\" \/> Figure 4.10 The Two Smallest Organic Acids[\/caption]\r\n<p class=\"para\">The two smallest carboxylic acids are formic acid (found in the stingers of ants) and acetic acid (found in vinegar).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p19\" class=\"para editable block\">Many organic compounds are considerably more complex than the examples described here. Many compounds, such as cholesterol discussed in the chapter-opening essay, contain more than one functional group. The formal names can also be quite complex. In <a class=\"xref\" href=\"..\/suny-orgbiochemistry\/chapter\/introduction-12\">Chapter 12 \"Organic Chemistry: Alkanes and Halogenated Hydrocarbons\"<\/a> through <a class=\"xref\" href=\"..\/suny-orgbiochemistry\/chapter\/introduction-15\">Chapter 15 \"Organic Acids and Bases and Some of Their Derivatives\"<\/a>, we will examine the characteristics and chemistry of other important organic compounds and functional groups.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_n06\" class=\"exercises editable block\">\r\n<h3 class=\"title\">Example 9<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p20\" class=\"para\">Identify the functional group(s) in each molecule as a double bond, a triple bond, an alcohol, or a carboxyl.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol id=\"gob-ch04_s06_l03\" class=\"orderedlist\">\r\n \t<li>CH<sub class=\"subscript\">3<\/sub>CH<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>CH<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>CH<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>OH<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144527\/b398bf617efc6276f4d064ff67fdb9b2.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144529\/6ff3ed44437ff5d4a8dcbdd44b659351.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144532\/2eed86ef8d47f868931068ffc54450a9.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"408351\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"408351\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>This molecule has an alcohol functional group.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>This molecule has a double bond and a carboxyl functional group.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>This molecule has an alcohol functional group.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>This molecule has a double bond and a carboxyl functional group.[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs01\" class=\"qandaset block\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3 class=\"title\">Skill-Building Exercise<\/h3>\r\nIdentify the functional group(s) in each molecule as a double bond, a triple bond, an alcohol, or a carboxyl.\r\n<ol id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs01_qd01\" class=\"qandadiv\">\r\n \t<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs01_qd01_qa01\" class=\"qandaentry\">\r\n<div class=\"question\">\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144534\/3802941d5534289b0a97beca854a6343.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs01_qd01_qa02\" class=\"qandaentry\">\r\n<div class=\"question\">\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144537\/64d0f95b65074c869bbf6a862099c22d.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs01_qd01_qa03\" class=\"qandaentry\">\r\n<div class=\"question\">\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144540\/ddfd6b94addb3a7fa255a46a0875061c.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs01_qd01_qa04\" class=\"qandaentry\">\r\n<div class=\"question\">\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144543\/8e994eaf896cb72e423625e76471b41b.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_n08\" class=\"callout editable block\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<h3 class=\"title\">Career Focus: Forensic Chemist<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p26\" class=\"para\">The main job of a forensic chemist is to identify unknown materials and their origins. Although forensic chemists are most closely associated in the public mind with crime labs, they are employed in pursuits as diverse as tracing evolutionary patterns in living organisms, identifying environmental contaminants, and determining the origin of manufactured chemicals.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p27\" class=\"para\">In a crime lab, the forensic chemist has the job of identifying the evidence so that a crime can be solved. The unknown samples may consist of almost anything\u2014for example, paint chips, blood, glass, cloth fibers, drugs, or human remains. The forensic chemist subjects them to a variety of chemical and instrumental tests to discover what the samples are. Sometimes these samples are extremely small, but sophisticated forensic labs have state-of-the-art equipment capable of identifying the smallest amount of unknown sample.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p28\" class=\"para\">Another aspect of a forensic chemist\u2019s job is testifying in court. Judges and juries need to be informed about the results of forensic analyses, and it is the forensic chemist\u2019s job to explain those results. Good public-speaking skills, along with a broad background in chemistry, are necessary to be a successful forensic chemist.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs02\" class=\"qandaset block\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs02\" class=\"qandaset block\">\r\n<h3 class=\"title\">Concept Review Exercises<\/h3>\r\n<ol id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs02_qd01\" class=\"qandadiv\">\r\n \t<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs02_qd01_qa01\" class=\"qandaentry\">\r\n<div class=\"question\">\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs02_p01\" class=\"para\">What is organic chemistry?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs02_qd01_qa02\" class=\"qandaentry\">\r\n<div class=\"question\">\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs02_p03\" class=\"para\">What is a functional group? Give at least two examples of functional groups.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs02_ans\" class=\"qandaset block\">\r\n<div class=\"answer\">\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs02_p02_ans\" class=\"para\">[reveal-answer q=\"374434\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"374434\"]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li class=\"para\">Organic chemistry is the study of the chemistry of carbon compounds.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"para\">A functional group is a specific structural arrangement of atoms or bonds that imparts a characteristic chemical reactivity to the molecule; alcohol group and carboxylic group (answers will vary).[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_n10\" class=\"key_takeaways editable block\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3 class=\"title\">Key Takeaways<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"gob-ch04_s06_l07\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\r\n \t<li>Organic chemistry is the study of the chemistry of carbon compounds.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Organic molecules can be classified according to the types of elements and bonds in the molecules.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03\" class=\"qandaset block\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<div id=\"book-content\">\r\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06\" class=\"section\" xml:lang=\"en\">\r\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03\" class=\"qandaset block\">\r\n<h3 class=\"title\">Exercises<\/h3>\r\n<ol id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01\" class=\"qandadiv\">\r\n \t<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01_qa01\" class=\"qandaentry\">\r\n<div class=\"question\">\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_p01\" class=\"para\">Give three reasons why carbon is the central element in organic chemistry.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01_qa02\" class=\"qandaentry\">\r\n<div class=\"question\">\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_p03\" class=\"para\">Are organic compounds based more on ionic bonding or covalent bonding? Explain.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01_qa03\" class=\"qandaentry\">\r\n<div class=\"question\">\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_p05\" class=\"para\">Identify the type of hydrocarbon in each structure.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_l01\" class=\"orderedlist\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144546\/b58c4e1c2bebf52822af71ad89aafed8.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144550\/c6e4a40b76b8c22c1e70b2fe335b7df8.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144552\/7733dbbcdb5d44dd6915124fff901e99.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144555\/4ee9c304271e80446e9588a8c17a7ad7.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01_qa04\" class=\"qandaentry\">\r\n<div class=\"question\">\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_p06\" class=\"para\">Identify the type of hydrocarbon in each structure.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_l03\" class=\"orderedlist\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144557\/c88ed6bb56a33246a45c5dafa3567ae3.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144600\/8c102bc6b826571563f43f82f298df69.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144602\/19711784f729d53f416220da791cd97f.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144604\/28cf1da37c0547e63e10a40b2bf3fab7.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01_qa05\" class=\"qandaentry\">\r\n<div class=\"question\">\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_p07\" class=\"para\">Identify the functional group(s) in each molecule.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_l05\" class=\"orderedlist\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144607\/14b05e7e95f733fd2e2a0a422b994d4f.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144609\/1cf2d67dc542e4014b1c5cda37cd35b4.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144611\/edd227c793f861cc9b94d1ea7e4222f9.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144614\/c349e369f883916c09ca07ed30a42778.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01_qa06\" class=\"qandaentry\">\r\n<div class=\"question\">\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_p08\" class=\"para\">Identify the functional group(s) in each molecule.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_l07\" class=\"orderedlist\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144617\/2759f948bec3023eda3c8d4c9c986fd0.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144623\/188c3699b616d3aed430f828a5326999.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144625\/9c82c99b443244af717f813dc4a88883.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144628\/55913bc245b5e841bce28b79c54383b4.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01_qa07\" class=\"qandaentry\">\r\n<div class=\"question\">\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_p09\" class=\"para\">How many functional groups described in this section contain carbon and hydrogen atoms only? Name them.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01_qa08\" class=\"qandaentry\">\r\n<div class=\"question\">\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_p11\" class=\"para\">What is the difference in the ways the two oxygen atoms in the carboxyl group are bonded to the carbon atom?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_ans\" class=\"qandaset block\">\r\n<div class=\"answer\">\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_p02_ans\" class=\"para\">[reveal-answer q=\"796440\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"796440\"]<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"para\">1. Carbon atoms bond reasonably strongly with other carbon atoms. Carbon atoms bond reasonably strongly with atoms of other elements. Carbon atoms make a large number of covalent bonds (four).<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"para\">3. a. alkane\u00a0 b. alkene\u00a0 c. alkene\u00a0 d. alkyne<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"para\">5. a. alcohol\u00a0 b. carboxyl\u00a0 c. alcohol\u00a0 d. carbon-carbon double bond and carbon-carbon triple bond<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"para\">7. two; carbon-carbon double bonds and carbon-carbon triple bonds \u00a0[\/hidden-answer]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div id=\"navbar-top\" class=\"navbar\">\n<div class=\"navbar-part left\">\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<div id=\"book-content\">\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06\" class=\"section\" xml:lang=\"en\">\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_n01\" class=\"learning_objectives editable block\">\n<ol id=\"gob-ch04_s06_l01\" class=\"orderedlist\">\n<li>Define <em class=\"emphasis\">organic chemistry<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>Identify organic molecules as alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, or carboxylic acids.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"book-content\">\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06\" class=\"section\" xml:lang=\"en\">\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">When methane was mentioned at the end of <a class=\"xref\" href=\"gob-ch04_s02#gob-ch04_s02\">Section 4.2 &#8220;Covalent Compounds: Formulas and Names&#8221;<\/a>, we described it as the simplest organic compound. In this section, we introduce organic chemistry more formally.<\/p>\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p02\" class=\"para editable block\"><span class=\"margin_term\"><span class=\"glossterm\">Organic chemistry<\/span><\/span>\u00a0is the study of the chemistry of carbon compounds. Carbon is singled out because it has a chemical diversity unrivaled by any other chemical element. Its diversity is based on the following:<\/p>\n<ul id=\"gob-ch04_s06_l02\" class=\"itemizedlist editable block\">\n<li>Carbon atoms bond reasonably strongly with other carbon atoms.<\/li>\n<li>Carbon atoms bond reasonably strongly with atoms of other elements.<\/li>\n<li>Carbon atoms make a large number of covalent bonds (four).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p03\" class=\"para editable block\">Curiously, elemental carbon is not particularly abundant. It does not even appear in the list of the most common elements in Earth\u2019s crust. (See <a class=\"xref\" href=\"gob-ch02_s01#gob-ch02_s01_s01_t01\">Table 2.1 &#8220;Elemental Composition of Earth&#8221;<\/a> in <a class=\"xref\" href=\"..\/suny-orgbiochemistry\/chapter\/introduction-2\">Chapter 2 &#8220;Elements, Atoms, and the Periodic Table&#8221;<\/a>.) Nevertheless, organic compounds perform vital functions for all living things..<\/p>\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p04\" class=\"para editable block\">Most organic chemicals are covalent compounds, which is why we introduce organic chemistry here. By convention, compounds containing carbonate ions and bicarbonate ions, as well as carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, are not considered part of organic chemistry, even though they contain carbon.<\/p>\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p05\" class=\"para editable block\">The simplest organic compounds are the <span class=\"margin_term\"><span class=\"glossterm\">hydrocarbons,<\/span><\/span>\u00a0compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms only. Some hydrocarbons have only single bonds and appear as a chain (which can be a continuous chain or can have branches) of carbon atoms also bonded to hydrogen atoms. These hydrocarbons are called <span class=\"margin_term\"><span class=\"glossterm\">alkanes (saturated hydrocarbons)<\/span><\/span>. Each alkane has a characteristic, systematic name depending on the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. These names consist of a stem that indicates the number of carbon atoms in the chain plus the ending &#8211;<em class=\"emphasis\">ane<\/em>. The stem <em class=\"emphasis\">meth<\/em>&#8211; means one carbon atom, so methane is an alkane with one carbon atom. Similarly, the stem <em class=\"emphasis\">eth<\/em>&#8211; means two carbon atoms; ethane is an alkane with two carbon atoms. Continuing, the stem <em class=\"emphasis\">prop<\/em>&#8211; means three carbon atoms, so propane is an alkane with three carbon atoms. <a class=\"xref\" href=\"#gob-ch04_s06_f01\">Figure 4.6 &#8220;Formulas and Molecular Models of the Three Simplest Alkanes&#8221;<\/a> gives the formulas and the molecular models of the three simplest alkanes. (For more information about alkanes, see <a class=\"xref\" href=\"..\/suny-orgbiochemistry\/chapter\/introduction-12\">Chapter 12 &#8220;Organic Chemistry: Alkanes and Halogenated Hydrocarbons&#8221;<\/a>.)<\/p>\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_f01\" class=\"figure large editable block\">\n<div style=\"width: 1179px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144509\/92cfa5ee0e72208794d60b47a81733ea.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"1169\" height=\"877\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 4.6 Formulas and Molecular Models of the Three Simplest Alkanes<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"para\">The three smallest alkanes are methane, ethane, and propane.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p06\" class=\"para editable block\">Some hydrocarbons have one or more carbon\u2013carbon double bonds (denoted C=C). These hydrocarbons are called <span class=\"margin_term\"><span class=\"glossterm\">alkenes<\/span><\/span>. <a class=\"xref\" href=\"#gob-ch04_s06_f02\">Figure 4.7 &#8220;Formulas and Molecular Models of the Two Simplest Alkenes&#8221;<\/a> shows the formulas and the molecular models of the two simplest alkenes. Note that the names of alkenes have the same stem as the alkane with the same number of carbon atoms in its chain but have the ending &#8211;<em class=\"emphasis\">ene<\/em>. Thus, ethene is an alkene with two carbon atoms per molecule, and propene is a compound with three carbon atoms and one double bond.<\/p>\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_f02\" class=\"figure large editable block\">\n<div style=\"width: 1510px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144512\/388292d2cba1612531fc7ce68f3329a3.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"1500\" height=\"671\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 4.7 Formulas and Molecular Models of the Two Simplest Alkenes<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"para\">Ethene is commonly called ethylene, while propene is commonly called propylene.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p07\" class=\"para editable block\"><span class=\"margin_term\"><span class=\"glossterm\">Alkynes<\/span><\/span>\u00a0are hydrocarbons with a carbon\u2013carbon triple bond (denoted C\u2261C) as part of their carbon skeleton. <a class=\"xref\" href=\"#gob-ch04_s06_f03\">Figure 4.8 &#8220;Formulas and Molecular Models of the Two Simplest Alkynes&#8221;<\/a> shows the formulas and the molecular models of the two simplest alkynes and their systematic names. The names for alkynes have the same stems as for alkanes but with the ending &#8211;<em class=\"emphasis\">yne<\/em>. (For more information about alkenes and alkynes, see <a class=\"xref\" href=\"..\/suny-orgbiochemistry\/chapter\/introduction-13\">Chapter 13 &#8220;Unsaturated and Aromatic Hydrocarbons&#8221;<\/a>.)<\/p>\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_f03\" class=\"figure large editable block\">\n<div style=\"width: 1510px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144515\/44d0f85d59419c94e39e71feed3baa54.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"1500\" height=\"523\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 4.8 Formulas and Molecular Models of the Two Simplest Alkynes<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"para\">Ethyne is more commonly called acetylene.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_n02\" class=\"callout editable block\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">Note<\/h3>\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p08\" class=\"para\">The compound acetylene, with its carbon\u2013carbon triple bond, was introduced in <a class=\"xref\" href=\"gob-ch04_s03#gob-ch04_s03\">Section 4.3 &#8220;Multiple Covalent Bonds&#8221;<\/a> and is an alkyne.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_n03\" class=\"callout block\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">To Your Health: Saturated and Unsaturated Fats<\/h3>\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p09\" class=\"para\">Hydrocarbons are not the only compounds that can have carbon\u2013carbon double bonds. A group of compounds called fats can have them as well, and their presence or absence in the human diet is becoming increasingly correlated with health issues.<\/p>\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p10\" class=\"para\">Fats are combinations of long-chain organic compounds (fatty acids) and glycerol (C<sub class=\"subscript\">3<\/sub>H<sub class=\"subscript\">8<\/sub>O<sub class=\"subscript\">3<\/sub>). (For more information on fats, see <a class=\"xref\" href=\"..\/suny-orgbiochemistry\/chapter\/introduction-17\">Chapter 17 &#8220;Lipids&#8221;<\/a>, <a class=\"xref\" href=\"gob-ch17_s01#gob-ch17_s01\">Section 17.1 &#8220;Fatty Acids&#8221;<\/a>.) The long carbon chains can have either all single bonds, in which case the fat is classified as <em class=\"emphasis\">saturated<\/em>, or one or more double bonds, in which case it is a <em class=\"emphasis\">monounsaturated<\/em> or a <em class=\"emphasis\">polyunsaturated<\/em> fat, respectively. Saturated fats are typically solids at room temperature; beef fat (tallow) is one example. Mono- or polyunsaturated fats are likely to be liquids at room temperature and are often called oils. Olive oil, flaxseed oil, and many fish oils are mono- or polyunsaturated fats.<\/p>\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p11\" class=\"para\">Studies have linked higher amounts of saturated fats in people\u2019s diets with a greater likelihood of developing heart disease, high cholesterol, and other diet-related diseases. In contrast, increases in unsaturated fats (either mono- or polyunsaturated) have been linked to a lower incidence of certain diseases. Thus, there have been an increasing number of recommendations by government bodies and health associations to decrease the proportion of saturated fat and increase the proportion of unsaturated fat in the diet. Most of these organizations also recommend decreasing the total amount of fat in the diet.<\/p>\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p12\" class=\"para\">Recently, certain fats called trans fats have been implicated in the presence of heart disease. These are fats from animal sources and are also produced when liquid oils are exposed to partial hydrogenation, an industrial process that increases their saturation. Trans fats are used in many prepared and fried foods. Because they bring with them the health risks that naturally occurring saturated fats do, there has been some effort to better quantify the presence of trans fats in food products. US law now requires that food labels list the amount of trans fat in each serving.<\/p>\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p14\" class=\"para editable block\">The carbon\u2013carbon double and triple bonds are examples of <span class=\"margin_term\"><span class=\"glossterm\">functional groups<\/span><\/span>\u00a0in organic chemistry. A <strong>functional group<\/strong> is a specific structural arrangement of atoms or bonds that imparts a characteristic chemical reactivity to a molecule. Alkanes have no functional group. A carbon\u2013carbon double bond is considered a functional group because carbon\u2013carbon double bonds chemically react in specific ways that differ from reactions of alkanes (for example, under certain circumstances, alkenes react with water); a carbon\u2013carbon triple bond also undergoes certain specific chemical reactions. In the remainder of this section, we introduce two other common functional groups.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p15\" class=\"para editable block\">If an OH group (also called a hydroxyl group) is substituted for a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon molecule, the compound is an <span class=\"margin_term\"><span class=\"glossterm\">alcohol<\/span><\/span>. Alcohols are named using the parent hydrocarbon name but with the final &#8211;<em class=\"emphasis\">e<\/em> dropped and the suffix &#8211;<em class=\"emphasis\">ol<\/em> attached. The two simplest alcohols are methanol and ethanol. <a class=\"xref\" href=\"#gob-ch04_s06_f04\">Figure 4.9 &#8220;The Two Simplest Organic Alcohol Compounds&#8221;<\/a> shows their formulas along with a molecular model of each.<\/p>\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_f04\" class=\"figure large editable block\">\n<div style=\"width: 1510px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144522\/df0037bec7a798b1168f544b4499340d.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"1500\" height=\"755\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Figure 4.9 The Two Simplest Organic Alcohol Compounds<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"para\">Alcohols have an OH functional group in the molecule.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_n04\" class=\"callout editable block\">\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">Note<\/h3>\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p16\" class=\"para\">Cholesterol, described in the chapter-opening essay, has an alcohol functional group, as its name implies.<span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_n05\" class=\"callout editable block\">\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">Note<\/h3>\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p17\" class=\"para\">Ethanol (also called ethyl alcohol) is the alcohol in alcoholic beverages. Other alcohols include methanol (or methyl alcohol), which is used as a solvent and a cleaner, and isopropyl alcohol (or rubbing alcohol), which is used as a medicinal disinfectant. Neither methanol nor isopropyl alcohol should be ingested, as they are toxic even in small quantities.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p18\" class=\"para editable block\">Another important family of organic compounds has a <span class=\"margin_term\"><span class=\"glossterm\">carboxyl group<\/span><\/span>, in which a carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom and to an OH group. Compounds with a carboxyl functional group are called <span class=\"margin_term\"><span class=\"glossterm\">carboxylic acids<\/span><\/span>, and their names end in &#8211;<em class=\"emphasis\">oic acid<\/em>. <a class=\"xref\" href=\"#gob-ch04_s06_f05\">Figure 4.10 &#8220;The Two Smallest Organic Acids&#8221;<\/a> shows the formulas and the molecular models of the two simplest carboxylic acids, perhaps best known by the common names formic acid and acetic acid. The carboxyl group is sometimes written in molecules as \u2014COOH.<\/p>\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_f05\" class=\"figure large editable block\">\n<div style=\"width: 1510px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144524\/e7fb6ec74a9613f4e9df9890d48bb4a0.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"1500\" height=\"730\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 4.10 The Two Smallest Organic Acids<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"para\">The two smallest carboxylic acids are formic acid (found in the stingers of ants) and acetic acid (found in vinegar).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p19\" class=\"para editable block\">Many organic compounds are considerably more complex than the examples described here. Many compounds, such as cholesterol discussed in the chapter-opening essay, contain more than one functional group. The formal names can also be quite complex. In <a class=\"xref\" href=\"..\/suny-orgbiochemistry\/chapter\/introduction-12\">Chapter 12 &#8220;Organic Chemistry: Alkanes and Halogenated Hydrocarbons&#8221;<\/a> through <a class=\"xref\" href=\"..\/suny-orgbiochemistry\/chapter\/introduction-15\">Chapter 15 &#8220;Organic Acids and Bases and Some of Their Derivatives&#8221;<\/a>, we will examine the characteristics and chemistry of other important organic compounds and functional groups.<\/p>\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_n06\" class=\"exercises editable block\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">Example 9<\/h3>\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p20\" class=\"para\">Identify the functional group(s) in each molecule as a double bond, a triple bond, an alcohol, or a carboxyl.<\/p>\n<ol id=\"gob-ch04_s06_l03\" class=\"orderedlist\">\n<li>CH<sub class=\"subscript\">3<\/sub>CH<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>CH<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>CH<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>OH<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144527\/b398bf617efc6276f4d064ff67fdb9b2.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144529\/6ff3ed44437ff5d4a8dcbdd44b659351.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144532\/2eed86ef8d47f868931068ffc54450a9.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q408351\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q408351\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>This molecule has an alcohol functional group.<\/li>\n<li>This molecule has a double bond and a carboxyl functional group.<\/li>\n<li>This molecule has an alcohol functional group.<\/li>\n<li>This molecule has a double bond and a carboxyl functional group.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs01\" class=\"qandaset block\">\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">Skill-Building Exercise<\/h3>\n<p>Identify the functional group(s) in each molecule as a double bond, a triple bond, an alcohol, or a carboxyl.<\/p>\n<ol id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs01_qd01\" class=\"qandadiv\">\n<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs01_qd01_qa01\" class=\"qandaentry\">\n<div class=\"question\">\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144534\/3802941d5534289b0a97beca854a6343.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs01_qd01_qa02\" class=\"qandaentry\">\n<div class=\"question\">\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144537\/64d0f95b65074c869bbf6a862099c22d.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs01_qd01_qa03\" class=\"qandaentry\">\n<div class=\"question\">\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144540\/ddfd6b94addb3a7fa255a46a0875061c.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs01_qd01_qa04\" class=\"qandaentry\">\n<div class=\"question\">\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144543\/8e994eaf896cb72e423625e76471b41b.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_n08\" class=\"callout editable block\">\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">Career Focus: Forensic Chemist<\/h3>\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p26\" class=\"para\">The main job of a forensic chemist is to identify unknown materials and their origins. Although forensic chemists are most closely associated in the public mind with crime labs, they are employed in pursuits as diverse as tracing evolutionary patterns in living organisms, identifying environmental contaminants, and determining the origin of manufactured chemicals.<\/p>\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p27\" class=\"para\">In a crime lab, the forensic chemist has the job of identifying the evidence so that a crime can be solved. The unknown samples may consist of almost anything\u2014for example, paint chips, blood, glass, cloth fibers, drugs, or human remains. The forensic chemist subjects them to a variety of chemical and instrumental tests to discover what the samples are. Sometimes these samples are extremely small, but sophisticated forensic labs have state-of-the-art equipment capable of identifying the smallest amount of unknown sample.<\/p>\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p28\" class=\"para\">Another aspect of a forensic chemist\u2019s job is testifying in court. Judges and juries need to be informed about the results of forensic analyses, and it is the forensic chemist\u2019s job to explain those results. Good public-speaking skills, along with a broad background in chemistry, are necessary to be a successful forensic chemist.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs02\" class=\"qandaset block\">\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs02\" class=\"qandaset block\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">Concept Review Exercises<\/h3>\n<ol id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs02_qd01\" class=\"qandadiv\">\n<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs02_qd01_qa01\" class=\"qandaentry\">\n<div class=\"question\">\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs02_p01\" class=\"para\">What is organic chemistry?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs02_qd01_qa02\" class=\"qandaentry\">\n<div class=\"question\">\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs02_p03\" class=\"para\">What is a functional group? Give at least two examples of functional groups.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs02_ans\" class=\"qandaset block\">\n<div class=\"answer\">\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs02_p02_ans\" class=\"para\">\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q374434\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q374434\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li class=\"para\">Organic chemistry is the study of the chemistry of carbon compounds.<\/li>\n<li class=\"para\">A functional group is a specific structural arrangement of atoms or bonds that imparts a characteristic chemical reactivity to the molecule; alcohol group and carboxylic group (answers will vary).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_n10\" class=\"key_takeaways editable block\">\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">Key Takeaways<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"gob-ch04_s06_l07\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\n<li>Organic chemistry is the study of the chemistry of carbon compounds.<\/li>\n<li>Organic molecules can be classified according to the types of elements and bonds in the molecules.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03\" class=\"qandaset block\">\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<div id=\"book-content\">\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06\" class=\"section\" xml:lang=\"en\">\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03\" class=\"qandaset block\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">Exercises<\/h3>\n<ol id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01\" class=\"qandadiv\">\n<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01_qa01\" class=\"qandaentry\">\n<div class=\"question\">\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_p01\" class=\"para\">Give three reasons why carbon is the central element in organic chemistry.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01_qa02\" class=\"qandaentry\">\n<div class=\"question\">\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_p03\" class=\"para\">Are organic compounds based more on ionic bonding or covalent bonding? Explain.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01_qa03\" class=\"qandaentry\">\n<div class=\"question\">\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_p05\" class=\"para\">Identify the type of hydrocarbon in each structure.<\/p>\n<ol id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_l01\" class=\"orderedlist\">\n<li>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144546\/b58c4e1c2bebf52822af71ad89aafed8.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144550\/c6e4a40b76b8c22c1e70b2fe335b7df8.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144552\/7733dbbcdb5d44dd6915124fff901e99.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144555\/4ee9c304271e80446e9588a8c17a7ad7.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01_qa04\" class=\"qandaentry\">\n<div class=\"question\">\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_p06\" class=\"para\">Identify the type of hydrocarbon in each structure.<\/p>\n<ol id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_l03\" class=\"orderedlist\">\n<li>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144557\/c88ed6bb56a33246a45c5dafa3567ae3.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144600\/8c102bc6b826571563f43f82f298df69.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144602\/19711784f729d53f416220da791cd97f.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144604\/28cf1da37c0547e63e10a40b2bf3fab7.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01_qa05\" class=\"qandaentry\">\n<div class=\"question\">\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_p07\" class=\"para\">Identify the functional group(s) in each molecule.<\/p>\n<ol id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_l05\" class=\"orderedlist\">\n<li>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144607\/14b05e7e95f733fd2e2a0a422b994d4f.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144609\/1cf2d67dc542e4014b1c5cda37cd35b4.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144611\/edd227c793f861cc9b94d1ea7e4222f9.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144614\/c349e369f883916c09ca07ed30a42778.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01_qa06\" class=\"qandaentry\">\n<div class=\"question\">\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_p08\" class=\"para\">Identify the functional group(s) in each molecule.<\/p>\n<ol id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_l07\" class=\"orderedlist\">\n<li>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144617\/2759f948bec3023eda3c8d4c9c986fd0.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144623\/188c3699b616d3aed430f828a5326999.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144625\/9c82c99b443244af717f813dc4a88883.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3101\/2018\/03\/20144628\/55913bc245b5e841bce28b79c54383b4.jpg\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01_qa07\" class=\"qandaentry\">\n<div class=\"question\">\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_p09\" class=\"para\">How many functional groups described in this section contain carbon and hydrogen atoms only? Name them.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01_qa08\" class=\"qandaentry\">\n<div class=\"question\">\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_p11\" class=\"para\">What is the difference in the ways the two oxygen atoms in the carboxyl group are bonded to the carbon atom?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_ans\" class=\"qandaset block\">\n<div class=\"answer\">\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_p02_ans\" class=\"para\">\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q796440\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q796440\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p class=\"para\">1. Carbon atoms bond reasonably strongly with other carbon atoms. Carbon atoms bond reasonably strongly with atoms of other elements. Carbon atoms make a large number of covalent bonds (four).<\/p>\n<p class=\"para\">3. a. alkane\u00a0 b. alkene\u00a0 c. alkene\u00a0 d. alkyne<\/p>\n<p class=\"para\">5. a. alcohol\u00a0 b. carboxyl\u00a0 c. alcohol\u00a0 d. carbon-carbon double bond and carbon-carbon triple bond<\/p>\n<p class=\"para\">7. two; carbon-carbon double bonds and carbon-carbon triple bonds \u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-548\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>The Basics of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry v. 1.0. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Saylor Academy. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/\">https:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC: Attribution-NonCommercial<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: This text was adapted by Saylor Academy under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License without attribution as requested by the work&#039;s original creator or licensor.<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":44985,"menu_order":7,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"The Basics of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry v. 1.0\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Saylor Academy\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc\",\"license_terms\":\"This text was adapted by Saylor Academy under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License without attribution as requested by the work\\'s original creator or licensor.\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-548","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":257,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-monroecc-orgbiochemistry\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/548","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-monroecc-orgbiochemistry\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-monroecc-orgbiochemistry\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-monroecc-orgbiochemistry\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/44985"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-monroecc-orgbiochemistry\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/548\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3171,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-monroecc-orgbiochemistry\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/548\/revisions\/3171"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-monroecc-orgbiochemistry\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/257"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-monroecc-orgbiochemistry\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/548\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-monroecc-orgbiochemistry\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=548"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-monroecc-orgbiochemistry\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=548"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-monroecc-orgbiochemistry\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=548"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-monroecc-orgbiochemistry\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=548"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}