{"id":572,"date":"2017-10-26T14:56:55","date_gmt":"2017-10-26T14:56:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunynutrition\/?post_type=chapter&p=572"},"modified":"2017-11-13T20:27:47","modified_gmt":"2017-11-13T20:27:47","slug":"7-4-metabolic-conditions","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-nutrition\/chapter\/7-4-metabolic-conditions\/","title":{"raw":"7.4 Metabolic Conditions","rendered":"7.4 Metabolic Conditions"},"content":{"raw":"
\r\n\r\nYou have learned about the pathways and the tissue metabolic capabilities, so now we\u2019re going to apply that knowledge to three conditions: fasting, the Atkins diet, and the Ornish\/Pritikin diet, as ways to illustrate how you can use this knowledge. In fasting, we\u2019re going to be considering what is happening metabolically during a prolonged period without food. This is a catabolic condition. The Atkins diet is a carbohydrate-restricted diet, so we are going to consider what happens metabolically when someone is eating a diet that essentially only contains protein and lipids over an extended period of time. This is an anabolic condition. Finally the Ornish\/Pritikin diet is a very low fat diet, so we\u2019re going to consider what happens metabolically when someone is eating a diet that is essentially only carbohydrates and protein over an extended period of time. This is an anabolic condition. For each of these conditions, we\u2019re going to consider what is happening in the liver, muscle, adipose, and brain.\r\n\r\nNow that you should have an understanding of the glycemic response and macronutrient metabolism, you should be able to understand the broader effects of insulin and glucagon that are summarized in the following tables. Knowing what hormone is elevated in the different conditions helps you to understand the metabolism that occurs in different conditions.\r\n\r\nTable 7.41 Insulin\u2019s effects on targets in tissues1,2<\/sup>\r\n<\/colgroup>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Effect<\/b><\/td>\r\nTissue<\/b><\/td>\r\nTarget<\/b><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u2191 Glucose Uptake<\/td>\r\nMuscle, Adipose<\/td>\r\n\u2191 GLUT4<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u2191 Glucose Uptake<\/td>\r\nLiver<\/td>\r\n\u2191 Glucokinase<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u2191 Glycogen Synthesis<\/td>\r\nLiver, Muscle<\/td>\r\n\u2191 Glycogen Synthase<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u2193 Glycogen Breakdown<\/td>\r\nLiver, Muscle<\/td>\r\n\u2193 Glycogen Phosphorylase<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u2191 Glycolysis,\r\n\r\n\u2191 Transition Reaction<\/td>\r\nLiver, Muscle<\/td>\r\n\u2191 Phosphofructokinase-1\r\n\r\n\u2191 Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u2191 Fatty Acid Synthesis<\/td>\r\nLiver<\/td>\r\n\u2191 Fatty Acid Synthase<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u2191 Triglyceride Synthesis<\/td>\r\nAdipose<\/td>\r\n\u2191 Lipoprotein Lipase<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\nTable 7.42 Glucagon\u2019s effects on targets in tissues2<\/sup>\r\n<\/colgroup>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Effect<\/b><\/td>\r\nTissue<\/b><\/td>\r\nTarget<\/b><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u2191 Glycogen Breakdown<\/td>\r\nLiver<\/td>\r\n\u2191 Glycogen Phosphorylase<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u2193 Glycogen Synthesis<\/td>\r\nLiver<\/td>\r\n\u2193 Glycogen Synthase<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u2191 Gluconeogenesis<\/td>\r\nLiver<\/td>\r\nMultiple Enzymes<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u2193 Glycolysis<\/td>\r\nLiver<\/td>\r\n\u2193 Phosphofructokinase-1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u2191 Ketone Body Synthesis<\/td>\r\nLiver<\/td>\r\n\u2191 Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u2191 Triglyceride Breakdown<\/td>\r\nAdipose<\/td>\r\n\u2191 Hormone-Sensitive Lipase<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\nSubsections:\r\n\r\n7.41 Fasting<\/a>\r\n\r\n7.42 Atkins Diet<\/a>\r\n\r\n7.43 Ornish\/Pritikin Diet<\/a>\r\n\r\n

References & Links<\/h3>\r\n\r\n1. Gropper SS, Smith JL, Groff JL. (2008) Advanced nutrition and human metabolism. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.\r\n\r\n2. http:\/\/jpkc.gmu.cn\/swhx\/book\/shyl\/23.pdf\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"
\n

You have learned about the pathways and the tissue metabolic capabilities, so now we\u2019re going to apply that knowledge to three conditions: fasting, the Atkins diet, and the Ornish\/Pritikin diet, as ways to illustrate how you can use this knowledge. In fasting, we\u2019re going to be considering what is happening metabolically during a prolonged period without food. This is a catabolic condition. The Atkins diet is a carbohydrate-restricted diet, so we are going to consider what happens metabolically when someone is eating a diet that essentially only contains protein and lipids over an extended period of time. This is an anabolic condition. Finally the Ornish\/Pritikin diet is a very low fat diet, so we\u2019re going to consider what happens metabolically when someone is eating a diet that is essentially only carbohydrates and protein over an extended period of time. This is an anabolic condition. For each of these conditions, we\u2019re going to consider what is happening in the liver, muscle, adipose, and brain.<\/p>\n

Now that you should have an understanding of the glycemic response and macronutrient metabolism, you should be able to understand the broader effects of insulin and glucagon that are summarized in the following tables. Knowing what hormone is elevated in the different conditions helps you to understand the metabolism that occurs in different conditions.<\/p>\n

Table 7.41 Insulin\u2019s effects on targets in tissues1,2<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Effect<\/b><\/td>\nTissue<\/b><\/td>\nTarget<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u2191 Glucose Uptake<\/td>\nMuscle, Adipose<\/td>\n\u2191 GLUT4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u2191 Glucose Uptake<\/td>\nLiver<\/td>\n\u2191 Glucokinase<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u2191 Glycogen Synthesis<\/td>\nLiver, Muscle<\/td>\n\u2191 Glycogen Synthase<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u2193 Glycogen Breakdown<\/td>\nLiver, Muscle<\/td>\n\u2193 Glycogen Phosphorylase<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u2191 Glycolysis,<\/p>\n

\u2191 Transition Reaction<\/td>\n

Liver, Muscle<\/td>\n\u2191 Phosphofructokinase-1<\/p>\n

\u2191 Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\u2191 Fatty Acid Synthesis<\/td>\nLiver<\/td>\n\u2191 Fatty Acid Synthase<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u2191 Triglyceride Synthesis<\/td>\nAdipose<\/td>\n\u2191 Lipoprotein Lipase<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Table 7.42 Glucagon\u2019s effects on targets in tissues2<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Effect<\/b><\/td>\nTissue<\/b><\/td>\nTarget<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u2191 Glycogen Breakdown<\/td>\nLiver<\/td>\n\u2191 Glycogen Phosphorylase<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u2193 Glycogen Synthesis<\/td>\nLiver<\/td>\n\u2193 Glycogen Synthase<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u2191 Gluconeogenesis<\/td>\nLiver<\/td>\nMultiple Enzymes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u2193 Glycolysis<\/td>\nLiver<\/td>\n\u2193 Phosphofructokinase-1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u2191 Ketone Body Synthesis<\/td>\nLiver<\/td>\n\u2191 Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u2191 Triglyceride Breakdown<\/td>\nAdipose<\/td>\n\u2191 Hormone-Sensitive Lipase<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Subsections:<\/p>\n

7.41 Fasting<\/a><\/p>\n

7.42 Atkins Diet<\/a><\/p>\n

7.43 Ornish\/Pritikin Diet<\/a><\/p>\n

References & Links<\/h3>\n

1. Gropper SS, Smith JL, Groff JL. (2008) Advanced nutrition and human metabolism. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.<\/p>\n

2. http:\/\/jpkc.gmu.cn\/swhx\/book\/shyl\/23.pdf<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t

Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div>