{"id":4,"date":"2018-03-21T19:52:21","date_gmt":"2018-03-21T19:52:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oneonta-latinamericanciv\/2018\/03\/21\/introduction\/"},"modified":"2021-05-18T23:17:29","modified_gmt":"2021-05-18T23:17:29","slug":"introduction","status":"publish","type":"front-matter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oneonta-latinamericanciv\/front-matter\/introduction\/","title":{"raw":"Introducci\u00f3n","rendered":"Introducci\u00f3n"},"content":{"raw":"<h1 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><span style=\"color: #993300;text-decoration: underline\">Orientaci\u00f3n geogr\u00e1fica y temporal del curso<\/span><\/span><\/h1>\r\n<img class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-27\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3123\/2018\/03\/03081341\/rdg-1-header-map-and-timeline.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"4922\" height=\"978\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>\u2022 \u00e9poca[footnote]\u00e9poca (sust. fem.) = time period[\/footnote]:\u00a0 toda la historia\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u2022 lugar[footnote]lugar (sust. masc.) = place[\/footnote]:\u00a0 toda Hispanoam\u00e9rica<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<img class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-137\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3123\/2018\/04\/24061244\/horizontal-dividing-line-1024x42.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"42\" \/>\r\n<h2><span style=\"color: #993300\">Introducci\u00f3n<\/span><\/h2>\r\nEn este curso vas a aprender sobre la civilizaci\u00f3n de las regiones hispanohablantes[footnote]hispanohablante (adj.) = of or relating to to the people who speak Spanish[\/footnote] de las Am\u00e9ricas, con el doble fin[footnote]fin (sust. masc.) = end; doble fin = dual goal[\/footnote] de mejorar[footnote]mejorar = to improve[\/footnote] tus abilidades en la lengua espa\u00f1ola y tambi\u00e9n prepararte para futuros contactos con personas hispanohablantes.\r\n\r\n\u00bfQu\u00e9 queremos decir[footnote]decir = to say, tell; \u00bfqu\u00e9 queremos decir por civilizaci\u00f3n? = what do we mean by 'civilization'?[\/footnote] por civilizaci\u00f3n? Para los prop\u00f3sitos[footnote]prop\u00f3sito (sust. masc.) = purpose, goal[\/footnote] de este curso as\u00ed[footnote]as\u00ed (adv.) = thus, in this way[\/footnote] referimos de manera breve[footnote]breve (adj.) = brief, short[\/footnote] a todos los elementos de la historia social y pol\u00edtica, el arte, la literatura, la m\u00fasica, las tradiciones y creencias[footnote]creencias (sust. fem.) = beliefs[\/footnote], las comidas, las lenguas, et c\u00e9tera, que se combinan para formar la cultura humana.\r\n\r\nComo habr\u00e1s visto[footnote]visto (participio pasado de ver) = seen; habr\u00e1s visto (futuro perfecto) = you will have seen[\/footnote] en la cabecera[footnote]cabecera (sust. fem.) = heading[\/footnote] de esta lectura[footnote]lectura (sust. fem.) = reading, text, a thing that is read[\/footnote], este curso abarcar\u00e1[footnote]abarcar\u00e1 (futuro de abarcar) = will span, will cover[\/footnote] todos los pa\u00edses donde se habla[footnote]se habla (presente de hablarse) = is spoken[\/footnote] el espa\u00f1ol en las Am\u00e9ricas, desde[footnote]desde (prepos.) = from, starting at[\/footnote] el comienzo de la historia humana en el hemisferio hasta[footnote]hasta (prepos.) = up to, until[\/footnote] el momento actual[footnote]actual (adj.) = current, of the present time[\/footnote]... o sea[footnote]o sea = in other words, that means[\/footnote] que realmente nuestro estudio[footnote]estudio (sust. masc.) = study, act of studying[\/footnote] incluir\u00e1 m\u00faltiples civilizaciones de diferentes regiones y \u00e9pocas. Y claro, no podremos[footnote]podremos (futuro de poder) = we will be able[\/footnote] estudiar todo esto detalladamente[footnote]detalladamente (adv.) = in detail[\/footnote] en un solo[footnote]solo (adj.) = alone; un solo = only one[\/footnote] semestre: tocaremos unos puntos bien escogidos[footnote]escogido (adj. y participio pasado de escoger) = chosen[\/footnote] para darte un vistazo[footnote]vistazo (sust. masc.) = quick glimpse, overview[\/footnote] y comprensi\u00f3n b\u00e1sica, y luego \u00a1tendr\u00e1s todo el resto de tu vida para explorar y descubrir m\u00e1s!\r\n\r\nPara organizar un poco este material tan rico y extenso[footnote]extenso (adj.) = extensive[\/footnote], vamos a tratar[footnote]tratar con = to deal with[\/footnote] con cinco regiones: las islas caribe\u00f1as, Mesoam\u00e9rica, el norte de Sudam\u00e9rica, los pa\u00edses andinos, y el Cono Sur[footnote]Cono Sur = the Southern Cone, i.e. the southern part of South America[\/footnote].\r\n\r\nNuestro estudio de cada unidad[footnote]unidad (sust. fem.) = unit[\/footnote] regional va a comenzar con un texto primario[footnote]primario (adj.) = primary; texto primario = primary text, original piece of literature or art[\/footnote], del cual[footnote]del cual (pron. rel.) = from which[\/footnote] van a surgir[footnote]surgir = to emerge, be suggested[\/footnote] los t\u00f3picos culturales e hist\u00f3ricos que luego veremos. Los t\u00f3picos van a saltar[footnote]saltar = to jump[\/footnote] un poco por el tiempo[footnote]tiempo (sust. masc.) = time; por el tiempo = around in time[\/footnote], pero hay cuatro \u00e9pocas b\u00e1sicas que veremos: pre-colombina, colonial, siglo XIX, y siglos XX-XXI.\r\n<h2><span style=\"color: #993300\">Geograf\u00eda pol\u00edtica:<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>los diecinueve pa\u00edses hispanohablantes (con sus ciudades capitales):<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Argentina (Buenos Aires)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Bolivia (La Paz)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Chile (Santiago)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Colombia (Bogot\u00e1)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Costa Rica (San Jos\u00e9)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Cuba (La Habana)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Ecuador (Quito)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>El Salvador (San Salvador)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Guatemala (Ciudad de Guatemala)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Honduras (Tegucigalpa)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>M\u00e9xico (Ciudad de M\u00e9xico)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Nicaragua (Managua)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Panam\u00e1 (Ciudad de Panam\u00e1)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Paraguay (Asunci\u00f3n)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Per\u00fa (Lima)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Puerto Rico (San Juan)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Rep\u00fablica Dominicana (Santo Domingo)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Uruguay (Montevideo)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Venezuela (Caracas)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nEstudia bien el siguiente[footnote]siguiente (adj.) = following[\/footnote] mapa de Hispanoam\u00e9rica:\r\n\r\n<img class=\"size-large wp-image-43 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3123\/2018\/03\/03090955\/map-Latin-America-labelled-947x1024.jpg\" alt=\"mapa que muestra los pa\u00edses hispanohablantes de las Am\u00e9ricas\" width=\"947\" height=\"1024\" \/>\r\n<h2><span style=\"color: #993300\">\u00a1A practicar! - mapa<\/span><\/h2>\r\nAhora nombra los pa\u00edses componentes[footnote]componente (adj.) = component; pa\u00edses componentes de estas regiones = component countries of these regions, the countries that make up each region[\/footnote] de estas regiones:\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_46\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"150\"]<img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-46\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3123\/2018\/03\/03091528\/map-Latin-America-Cuba-Republica-Dominicana-Puerto-Rico-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/> Caribe (3 pa\u00edses)[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"374904\"]mu\u00e9strame la respuesta[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"374904\"]Cuba, Rep\u00fablica Dominicana, Puerto Rico[\/hidden-answer]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_47\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"150\"]<img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-47\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3123\/2018\/03\/03091550\/map-Latin-America-Mexico-Centroamerica-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/> Mesoam\u00e9rica (6 pa\u00edses)[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"961985\"]mu\u00e9strame la respuesta[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"961985\"]M\u00e9xico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica[\/hidden-answer]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_49\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"150\"]<img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-49\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3123\/2018\/03\/03091625\/map-Latin-America-Panama-Colombia-Venezuela-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/> Norte de Sudam\u00e9rica (3 pa\u00edses)[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"878225\"]mu\u00e9strame la respuesta[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"878225\"]Panam\u00e1, Colombia, Venezuela[\/hidden-answer]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_48\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"150\"]<img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-48\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3123\/2018\/03\/03091607\/map-Latin-America-Paises-Andinos-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/> Pa\u00edses Andinos (3 pa\u00edses)[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"791548\"]mu\u00e9strame la respuesta[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"791548\"]Ecuador, Per\u00fa, Bolivia[\/hidden-answer]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_45\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"150\"]<img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-45\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3123\/2018\/03\/03091504\/map-Latin-America-Cono-Sur-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/> el Cono Sur (4 pa\u00edses)[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"550390\"]mu\u00e9strame la respuesta[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"550390\"]Chile, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay[\/hidden-answer]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h2><span style=\"color: #993300\">\u00c9pocas hist\u00f3ricas:<\/span><\/h2>\r\nEstudia bien esta l\u00ednea de tiempo y luego contesta las preguntas:\r\n\r\n<img class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-58\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3123\/2018\/03\/03094950\/timeline-showing-periods-1024x256.jpg\" alt=\"l\u00ednea de tiempo que muestra la \u00e9poca precolombina (antes de 1492), la \u00e9poca colonial (1492 a los 1820), el siglo 19 (los 1800), y los siglos 20 y 21 (los 1900s y 2000)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"256\" \/>\r\n<h2><span style=\"color: #993300\">\u00a1A practicar! - l\u00ednea de tiempo<\/span><\/h2>\r\nAhora di,\u00a0\u00bfen qu\u00e9 \u00e9poca vivieron las siguientes personas?\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_61\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"150\"]<img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-61\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3123\/2018\/03\/03095309\/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_retrato_hecho_en_Nueva_York_1885-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/> Jos\u00e9 Mart\u00ed, poeta (1853-1895)[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"889323\"]mu\u00e9strame la respuesta[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"889323\"]Vivi\u00f3 en el siglo 19.[\/hidden-answer]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_60\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"150\"]<img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-60\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3123\/2018\/03\/03095218\/Ibrahim-Ferrer-Buena-Vista-Social-Club-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/> Ibrahim Ferrer, m\u00fasico (1927-2005)[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"198310\"]mu\u00e9strame la respuesta[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"198310\"]Vivi\u00f3 en los siglos 20 y 21.[\/hidden-answer]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_62\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"150\"]<img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-62\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3123\/2018\/03\/03095411\/Portrait_of_a_Man_Said_to_be_Christopher_Columbus-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/> Crist\u00f3bal Col\u00f3n, explorador (1451-1506)[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"698375\"]mu\u00e9strame la respuesta[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"698375\"]Vivi\u00f3 en la \u00e9poca colonial.[\/hidden-answer]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h2><img class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-137\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3123\/2018\/04\/24061244\/horizontal-dividing-line-1024x42.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"42\" \/><\/h2>\r\n<h2><span style=\"color: #993300\">Respuestas a preguntas de \u00a1A practicar!<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Pa\u00edses componentes de las regiones: Caribe (Cuba, Rep\u00fablica Dominicana, Puerto Rico), Mesoam\u00e9rica (M\u00e9xico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica), Norte de Sudam\u00e9rica (Panam\u00e1, Colombia, Venezuela), Pa\u00edses Andinos (Ecuador, Per\u00fa, Bolivia), Cono Sur (Chile, Paraguay, Argentina, Uruguay).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Personas en sus \u00e9pocas: Jos\u00e9 Mart\u00ed - siglo 19; Ibrahim Ferrer - siglos 20 y 21; Crist\u00f3bal Col\u00f3n - \u00e9poca colonial.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-137\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3123\/2018\/04\/24061244\/horizontal-dividing-line-1024x42.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"42\" \/>\r\n<h2><span style=\"color: #993300\">Sources:<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Timeline and horizontal divider images were created for this project and are released with no restrictions.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Blankmap-ao-090W-americas.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hemisphere map of the Americas<\/a> by Reisio (<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/\">public domain<\/a>) modified as follows: shaded areas added and combined with timeline.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:World_map_blank_black_lines_4500px_monochrome.png#file\">World map blank black lines<\/a>\u00a0(<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/deed.en\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>)\u00a0modified as follows:\u00a0 cropped to show only the Americas, and labels added.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_retrato_hecho_en_Nueva_York_1885.jpg\">Jos\u00e9 Mart\u00ed retrato hecho en Nueva York 1885<\/a> photo by W.F. Bowers (<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/deed.en\">CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication<\/a>).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ibrahim_ferrer.jpg\">Photo of Ibrahim Ferrer<\/a> by Patrick Sinke (<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/deed.en\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>) modified as follows: cropped.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Portrait_of_a_Man,_Said_to_be_Christopher_Columbus.jpg\">Portrait of a man, said to be Christopher Columbus<\/a> by Sebastiano del Piombo, 1519 (<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/share-your-work\/public-domain\/pdm\/\">public domain<\/a>).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-137\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3123\/2018\/04\/24061244\/horizontal-dividing-line-1024x42.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"42\" \/>\r\n<h2><span style=\"color: #993300\">Glosario:<\/span><\/h2>","rendered":"<h1 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><span style=\"color: #993300;text-decoration: underline\">Orientaci\u00f3n geogr\u00e1fica y temporal del curso<\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-27\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3123\/2018\/03\/03081341\/rdg-1-header-map-and-timeline.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"4922\" height=\"978\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>\u2022 \u00e9poca<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u00e9poca (sust. fem.) = time period\" id=\"return-footnote-4-1\" href=\"#footnote-4-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0 toda la historia\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u2022 lugar<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"lugar (sust. masc.) = place\" id=\"return-footnote-4-2\" href=\"#footnote-4-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a>:\u00a0 toda Hispanoam\u00e9rica<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-137\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3123\/2018\/04\/24061244\/horizontal-dividing-line-1024x42.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"42\" \/><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #993300\">Introducci\u00f3n<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>En este curso vas a aprender sobre la civilizaci\u00f3n de las regiones hispanohablantes<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"hispanohablante (adj.) = of or relating to to the people who speak Spanish\" id=\"return-footnote-4-3\" href=\"#footnote-4-3\" aria-label=\"Footnote 3\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[3]<\/sup><\/a> de las Am\u00e9ricas, con el doble fin<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"fin (sust. masc.) = end; doble fin = dual goal\" id=\"return-footnote-4-4\" href=\"#footnote-4-4\" aria-label=\"Footnote 4\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[4]<\/sup><\/a> de mejorar<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"mejorar = to improve\" id=\"return-footnote-4-5\" href=\"#footnote-4-5\" aria-label=\"Footnote 5\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[5]<\/sup><\/a> tus abilidades en la lengua espa\u00f1ola y tambi\u00e9n prepararte para futuros contactos con personas hispanohablantes.<\/p>\n<p>\u00bfQu\u00e9 queremos decir<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"decir = to say, tell; \u00bfqu\u00e9 queremos decir por civilizaci\u00f3n? = what do we mean by 'civilization'?\" id=\"return-footnote-4-6\" href=\"#footnote-4-6\" aria-label=\"Footnote 6\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[6]<\/sup><\/a> por civilizaci\u00f3n? Para los prop\u00f3sitos<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"prop\u00f3sito (sust. masc.) = purpose, goal\" id=\"return-footnote-4-7\" href=\"#footnote-4-7\" aria-label=\"Footnote 7\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[7]<\/sup><\/a> de este curso as\u00ed<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"as\u00ed (adv.) = thus, in this way\" id=\"return-footnote-4-8\" href=\"#footnote-4-8\" aria-label=\"Footnote 8\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[8]<\/sup><\/a> referimos de manera breve<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"breve (adj.) = brief, short\" id=\"return-footnote-4-9\" href=\"#footnote-4-9\" aria-label=\"Footnote 9\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[9]<\/sup><\/a> a todos los elementos de la historia social y pol\u00edtica, el arte, la literatura, la m\u00fasica, las tradiciones y creencias<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"creencias (sust. fem.) = beliefs\" id=\"return-footnote-4-10\" href=\"#footnote-4-10\" aria-label=\"Footnote 10\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[10]<\/sup><\/a>, las comidas, las lenguas, et c\u00e9tera, que se combinan para formar la cultura humana.<\/p>\n<p>Como habr\u00e1s visto<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"visto (participio pasado de ver) = seen; habr\u00e1s visto (futuro perfecto) = you will have seen\" id=\"return-footnote-4-11\" href=\"#footnote-4-11\" aria-label=\"Footnote 11\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[11]<\/sup><\/a> en la cabecera<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"cabecera (sust. fem.) = heading\" id=\"return-footnote-4-12\" href=\"#footnote-4-12\" aria-label=\"Footnote 12\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[12]<\/sup><\/a> de esta lectura<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"lectura (sust. fem.) = reading, text, a thing that is read\" id=\"return-footnote-4-13\" href=\"#footnote-4-13\" aria-label=\"Footnote 13\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[13]<\/sup><\/a>, este curso abarcar\u00e1<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"abarcar\u00e1 (futuro de abarcar) = will span, will cover\" id=\"return-footnote-4-14\" href=\"#footnote-4-14\" aria-label=\"Footnote 14\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[14]<\/sup><\/a> todos los pa\u00edses donde se habla<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"se habla (presente de hablarse) = is spoken\" id=\"return-footnote-4-15\" href=\"#footnote-4-15\" aria-label=\"Footnote 15\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[15]<\/sup><\/a> el espa\u00f1ol en las Am\u00e9ricas, desde<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"desde (prepos.) = from, starting at\" id=\"return-footnote-4-16\" href=\"#footnote-4-16\" aria-label=\"Footnote 16\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[16]<\/sup><\/a> el comienzo de la historia humana en el hemisferio hasta<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"hasta (prepos.) = up to, until\" id=\"return-footnote-4-17\" href=\"#footnote-4-17\" aria-label=\"Footnote 17\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[17]<\/sup><\/a> el momento actual<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"actual (adj.) = current, of the present time\" id=\"return-footnote-4-18\" href=\"#footnote-4-18\" aria-label=\"Footnote 18\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[18]<\/sup><\/a>&#8230; o sea<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"o sea = in other words, that means\" id=\"return-footnote-4-19\" href=\"#footnote-4-19\" aria-label=\"Footnote 19\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[19]<\/sup><\/a> que realmente nuestro estudio<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"estudio (sust. masc.) = study, act of studying\" id=\"return-footnote-4-20\" href=\"#footnote-4-20\" aria-label=\"Footnote 20\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[20]<\/sup><\/a> incluir\u00e1 m\u00faltiples civilizaciones de diferentes regiones y \u00e9pocas. Y claro, no podremos<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"podremos (futuro de poder) = we will be able\" id=\"return-footnote-4-21\" href=\"#footnote-4-21\" aria-label=\"Footnote 21\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[21]<\/sup><\/a> estudiar todo esto detalladamente<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"detalladamente (adv.) = in detail\" id=\"return-footnote-4-22\" href=\"#footnote-4-22\" aria-label=\"Footnote 22\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[22]<\/sup><\/a> en un solo<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"solo (adj.) = alone; un solo = only one\" id=\"return-footnote-4-23\" href=\"#footnote-4-23\" aria-label=\"Footnote 23\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[23]<\/sup><\/a> semestre: tocaremos unos puntos bien escogidos<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"escogido (adj. y participio pasado de escoger) = chosen\" id=\"return-footnote-4-24\" href=\"#footnote-4-24\" aria-label=\"Footnote 24\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[24]<\/sup><\/a> para darte un vistazo<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"vistazo (sust. masc.) = quick glimpse, overview\" id=\"return-footnote-4-25\" href=\"#footnote-4-25\" aria-label=\"Footnote 25\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[25]<\/sup><\/a> y comprensi\u00f3n b\u00e1sica, y luego \u00a1tendr\u00e1s todo el resto de tu vida para explorar y descubrir m\u00e1s!<\/p>\n<p>Para organizar un poco este material tan rico y extenso<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"extenso (adj.) = extensive\" id=\"return-footnote-4-26\" href=\"#footnote-4-26\" aria-label=\"Footnote 26\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[26]<\/sup><\/a>, vamos a tratar<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"tratar con = to deal with\" id=\"return-footnote-4-27\" href=\"#footnote-4-27\" aria-label=\"Footnote 27\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[27]<\/sup><\/a> con cinco regiones: las islas caribe\u00f1as, Mesoam\u00e9rica, el norte de Sudam\u00e9rica, los pa\u00edses andinos, y el Cono Sur<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Cono Sur = the Southern Cone, i.e. the southern part of South America\" id=\"return-footnote-4-28\" href=\"#footnote-4-28\" aria-label=\"Footnote 28\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[28]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Nuestro estudio de cada unidad<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"unidad (sust. fem.) = unit\" id=\"return-footnote-4-29\" href=\"#footnote-4-29\" aria-label=\"Footnote 29\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[29]<\/sup><\/a> regional va a comenzar con un texto primario<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"primario (adj.) = primary; texto primario = primary text, original piece of literature or art\" id=\"return-footnote-4-30\" href=\"#footnote-4-30\" aria-label=\"Footnote 30\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[30]<\/sup><\/a>, del cual<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"del cual (pron. rel.) = from which\" id=\"return-footnote-4-31\" href=\"#footnote-4-31\" aria-label=\"Footnote 31\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[31]<\/sup><\/a> van a surgir<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"surgir = to emerge, be suggested\" id=\"return-footnote-4-32\" href=\"#footnote-4-32\" aria-label=\"Footnote 32\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[32]<\/sup><\/a> los t\u00f3picos culturales e hist\u00f3ricos que luego veremos. Los t\u00f3picos van a saltar<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"saltar = to jump\" id=\"return-footnote-4-33\" href=\"#footnote-4-33\" aria-label=\"Footnote 33\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[33]<\/sup><\/a> un poco por el tiempo<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"tiempo (sust. masc.) = time; por el tiempo = around in time\" id=\"return-footnote-4-34\" href=\"#footnote-4-34\" aria-label=\"Footnote 34\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[34]<\/sup><\/a>, pero hay cuatro \u00e9pocas b\u00e1sicas que veremos: pre-colombina, colonial, siglo XIX, y siglos XX-XXI.<\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #993300\">Geograf\u00eda pol\u00edtica:<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>los diecinueve pa\u00edses hispanohablantes (con sus ciudades capitales):<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n<li>Argentina (Buenos Aires)<\/li>\n<li>Bolivia (La Paz)<\/li>\n<li>Chile (Santiago)<\/li>\n<li>Colombia (Bogot\u00e1)<\/li>\n<li>Costa Rica (San Jos\u00e9)<\/li>\n<li>Cuba (La Habana)<\/li>\n<li>Ecuador (Quito)<\/li>\n<li>El Salvador (San Salvador)<\/li>\n<li>Guatemala (Ciudad de Guatemala)<\/li>\n<li>Honduras (Tegucigalpa)<\/li>\n<li>M\u00e9xico (Ciudad de M\u00e9xico)<\/li>\n<li>Nicaragua (Managua)<\/li>\n<li>Panam\u00e1 (Ciudad de Panam\u00e1)<\/li>\n<li>Paraguay (Asunci\u00f3n)<\/li>\n<li>Per\u00fa (Lima)<\/li>\n<li>Puerto Rico (San Juan)<\/li>\n<li>Rep\u00fablica Dominicana (Santo Domingo)<\/li>\n<li>Uruguay (Montevideo)<\/li>\n<li>Venezuela (Caracas)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Estudia bien el siguiente<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"siguiente (adj.) = following\" id=\"return-footnote-4-35\" href=\"#footnote-4-35\" aria-label=\"Footnote 35\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[35]<\/sup><\/a> mapa de Hispanoam\u00e9rica:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-43 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3123\/2018\/03\/03090955\/map-Latin-America-labelled-947x1024.jpg\" alt=\"mapa que muestra los pa\u00edses hispanohablantes de las Am\u00e9ricas\" width=\"947\" height=\"1024\" \/><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #993300\">\u00a1A practicar! &#8211; mapa<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Ahora nombra los pa\u00edses componentes<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"componente (adj.) = component; pa\u00edses componentes de estas regiones = component countries of these regions, the countries that make up each region\" id=\"return-footnote-4-36\" href=\"#footnote-4-36\" aria-label=\"Footnote 36\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[36]<\/sup><\/a> de estas regiones:<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%\">\n<div id=\"attachment_46\" style=\"width: 160px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-46\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-46\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3123\/2018\/03\/03091528\/map-Latin-America-Cuba-Republica-Dominicana-Puerto-Rico-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-46\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Caribe (3 pa\u00edses)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q374904\">mu\u00e9strame la respuesta<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q374904\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Cuba, Rep\u00fablica Dominicana, Puerto Rico<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%\">\n<div id=\"attachment_47\" style=\"width: 160px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-47\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-47\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3123\/2018\/03\/03091550\/map-Latin-America-Mexico-Centroamerica-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-47\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mesoam\u00e9rica (6 pa\u00edses)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q961985\">mu\u00e9strame la respuesta<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q961985\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">M\u00e9xico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%\">\n<div id=\"attachment_49\" style=\"width: 160px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-49\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-49\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3123\/2018\/03\/03091625\/map-Latin-America-Panama-Colombia-Venezuela-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-49\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Norte de Sudam\u00e9rica (3 pa\u00edses)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q878225\">mu\u00e9strame la respuesta<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q878225\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Panam\u00e1, Colombia, Venezuela<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">\n<div id=\"attachment_48\" style=\"width: 160px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-48\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-48\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3123\/2018\/03\/03091607\/map-Latin-America-Paises-Andinos-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-48\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pa\u00edses Andinos (3 pa\u00edses)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q791548\">mu\u00e9strame la respuesta<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q791548\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Ecuador, Per\u00fa, Bolivia<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">\n<div id=\"attachment_45\" style=\"width: 160px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-45\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-45\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3123\/2018\/03\/03091504\/map-Latin-America-Cono-Sur-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-45\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">el Cono Sur (4 pa\u00edses)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q550390\">mu\u00e9strame la respuesta<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q550390\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Chile, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #993300\">\u00c9pocas hist\u00f3ricas:<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Estudia bien esta l\u00ednea de tiempo y luego contesta las preguntas:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-58\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3123\/2018\/03\/03094950\/timeline-showing-periods-1024x256.jpg\" alt=\"l\u00ednea de tiempo que muestra la \u00e9poca precolombina (antes de 1492), la \u00e9poca colonial (1492 a los 1820), el siglo 19 (los 1800), y los siglos 20 y 21 (los 1900s y 2000)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"256\" \/><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #993300\">\u00a1A practicar! &#8211; l\u00ednea de tiempo<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Ahora di,\u00a0\u00bfen qu\u00e9 \u00e9poca vivieron las siguientes personas?<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%\">\n<div id=\"attachment_61\" style=\"width: 160px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-61\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-61\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3123\/2018\/03\/03095309\/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_retrato_hecho_en_Nueva_York_1885-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-61\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jos\u00e9 Mart\u00ed, poeta (1853-1895)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q889323\">mu\u00e9strame la respuesta<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q889323\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Vivi\u00f3 en el siglo 19.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%\">\n<div id=\"attachment_60\" style=\"width: 160px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-60\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-60\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3123\/2018\/03\/03095218\/Ibrahim-Ferrer-Buena-Vista-Social-Club-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-60\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ibrahim Ferrer, m\u00fasico (1927-2005)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q198310\">mu\u00e9strame la respuesta<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q198310\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Vivi\u00f3 en los siglos 20 y 21.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%\">\n<div id=\"attachment_62\" style=\"width: 160px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-62\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-62\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3123\/2018\/03\/03095411\/Portrait_of_a_Man_Said_to_be_Christopher_Columbus-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-62\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crist\u00f3bal Col\u00f3n, explorador (1451-1506)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q698375\">mu\u00e9strame la respuesta<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q698375\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Vivi\u00f3 en la \u00e9poca colonial.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-137\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3123\/2018\/04\/24061244\/horizontal-dividing-line-1024x42.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"42\" \/><\/h2>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #993300\">Respuestas a preguntas de \u00a1A practicar!<\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Pa\u00edses componentes de las regiones: Caribe (Cuba, Rep\u00fablica Dominicana, Puerto Rico), Mesoam\u00e9rica (M\u00e9xico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica), Norte de Sudam\u00e9rica (Panam\u00e1, Colombia, Venezuela), Pa\u00edses Andinos (Ecuador, Per\u00fa, Bolivia), Cono Sur (Chile, Paraguay, Argentina, Uruguay).<\/li>\n<li>Personas en sus \u00e9pocas: Jos\u00e9 Mart\u00ed &#8211; siglo 19; Ibrahim Ferrer &#8211; siglos 20 y 21; Crist\u00f3bal Col\u00f3n &#8211; \u00e9poca colonial.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-137\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3123\/2018\/04\/24061244\/horizontal-dividing-line-1024x42.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"42\" \/><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #993300\">Sources:<\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Timeline and horizontal divider images were created for this project and are released with no restrictions.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Blankmap-ao-090W-americas.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hemisphere map of the Americas<\/a> by Reisio (<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/\">public domain<\/a>) modified as follows: shaded areas added and combined with timeline.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:World_map_blank_black_lines_4500px_monochrome.png#file\">World map blank black lines<\/a>\u00a0(<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/deed.en\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>)\u00a0modified as follows:\u00a0 cropped to show only the Americas, and labels added.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_retrato_hecho_en_Nueva_York_1885.jpg\">Jos\u00e9 Mart\u00ed retrato hecho en Nueva York 1885<\/a> photo by W.F. Bowers (<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/deed.en\">CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication<\/a>).<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ibrahim_ferrer.jpg\">Photo of Ibrahim Ferrer<\/a> by Patrick Sinke (<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/deed.en\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>) modified as follows: cropped.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Portrait_of_a_Man,_Said_to_be_Christopher_Columbus.jpg\">Portrait of a man, said to be Christopher Columbus<\/a> by Sebastiano del Piombo, 1519 (<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/share-your-work\/public-domain\/pdm\/\">public domain<\/a>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-137\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3123\/2018\/04\/24061244\/horizontal-dividing-line-1024x42.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"42\" \/><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #993300\">Glosario:<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-4\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Civilizacion hispanoamericana. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Elizabeth Small. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: SUNY Oneonta. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oneonta-latinamericanciv\">https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oneonta-latinamericanciv<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-4-1\">\u00e9poca (sust. fem.) = time period <a href=\"#return-footnote-4-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-4-2\">lugar (sust. masc.) = place <a href=\"#return-footnote-4-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-4-3\">hispanohablante (adj.) = of or relating to to the people who speak Spanish <a href=\"#return-footnote-4-3\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 3\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-4-4\">fin (sust. masc.) = end; doble fin = dual goal <a href=\"#return-footnote-4-4\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 4\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-4-5\">mejorar = to improve <a href=\"#return-footnote-4-5\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 5\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-4-6\">decir = to say, tell; \u00bfqu\u00e9 queremos decir por civilizaci\u00f3n? = what do we mean by 'civilization'? <a href=\"#return-footnote-4-6\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 6\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-4-7\">prop\u00f3sito (sust. masc.) = purpose, goal <a href=\"#return-footnote-4-7\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 7\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-4-8\">as\u00ed (adv.) = thus, in this way <a href=\"#return-footnote-4-8\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 8\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-4-9\">breve (adj.) = brief, short <a href=\"#return-footnote-4-9\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 9\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-4-10\">creencias (sust. fem.) = beliefs <a href=\"#return-footnote-4-10\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 10\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-4-11\">visto (participio pasado de ver) = seen; habr\u00e1s visto (futuro perfecto) = you will have seen <a href=\"#return-footnote-4-11\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 11\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-4-12\">cabecera (sust. fem.) = heading <a href=\"#return-footnote-4-12\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 12\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-4-13\">lectura (sust. fem.) = reading, text, a thing that is read <a href=\"#return-footnote-4-13\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 13\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-4-14\">abarcar\u00e1 (futuro de abarcar) = will span, will cover <a href=\"#return-footnote-4-14\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 14\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-4-15\">se habla (presente de hablarse) = is spoken <a href=\"#return-footnote-4-15\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 15\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-4-16\">desde (prepos.) = from, starting at <a href=\"#return-footnote-4-16\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 16\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-4-17\">hasta (prepos.) = up to, until <a href=\"#return-footnote-4-17\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 17\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-4-18\">actual (adj.) = current, of the present time <a href=\"#return-footnote-4-18\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 18\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-4-19\">o sea = in other words, that means <a href=\"#return-footnote-4-19\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 19\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-4-20\">estudio (sust. masc.) = study, act of studying <a href=\"#return-footnote-4-20\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 20\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-4-21\">podremos (futuro de poder) = we will be able <a href=\"#return-footnote-4-21\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 21\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-4-22\">detalladamente (adv.) = in detail <a href=\"#return-footnote-4-22\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 22\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-4-23\">solo (adj.) = alone; un solo = only one <a href=\"#return-footnote-4-23\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 23\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-4-24\">escogido (adj. y participio pasado de escoger) = chosen <a href=\"#return-footnote-4-24\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 24\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-4-25\">vistazo (sust. masc.) = quick glimpse, overview <a href=\"#return-footnote-4-25\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 25\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-4-26\">extenso (adj.) = extensive <a href=\"#return-footnote-4-26\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 26\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-4-27\">tratar con = to deal with <a href=\"#return-footnote-4-27\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 27\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-4-28\">Cono Sur = the Southern Cone, i.e. the southern part of South America <a href=\"#return-footnote-4-28\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 28\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-4-29\">unidad (sust. fem.) = unit <a href=\"#return-footnote-4-29\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 29\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-4-30\">primario (adj.) = primary; texto primario = primary text, original piece of literature or art <a href=\"#return-footnote-4-30\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 30\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-4-31\">del cual (pron. rel.) = from which <a href=\"#return-footnote-4-31\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 31\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-4-32\">surgir = to emerge, be suggested <a href=\"#return-footnote-4-32\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 32\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-4-33\">saltar = to jump <a href=\"#return-footnote-4-33\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 33\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-4-34\">tiempo (sust. masc.) = time; por el tiempo = around in time <a href=\"#return-footnote-4-34\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 34\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-4-35\">siguiente (adj.) = following <a href=\"#return-footnote-4-35\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 35\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-4-36\">componente (adj.) = component; pa\u00edses componentes de estas regiones = component countries of these regions, the countries that make up each region <a href=\"#return-footnote-4-36\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 36\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":5797,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Civilizacion hispanoamericana\",\"author\":\"Elizabeth Small\",\"organization\":\"SUNY Oneonta\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oneonta-latinamericanciv\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"front-matter-type":[12],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-4","front-matter","type-front-matter","status-publish","hentry","front-matter-type-introduction"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oneonta-latinamericanciv\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/front-matter\/4","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oneonta-latinamericanciv\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/front-matter"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oneonta-latinamericanciv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/front-matter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oneonta-latinamericanciv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5797"}],"version-history":[{"count":63,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oneonta-latinamericanciv\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/front-matter\/4\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1266,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oneonta-latinamericanciv\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/front-matter\/4\/revisions\/1266"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oneonta-latinamericanciv\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/front-matter\/4\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oneonta-latinamericanciv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"front-matter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oneonta-latinamericanciv\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/front-matter-type?post=4"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oneonta-latinamericanciv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=4"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oneonta-latinamericanciv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=4"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}