{"id":1512,"date":"2018-05-04T13:23:38","date_gmt":"2018-05-04T13:23:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-osbiology2e\/chapter\/digestive-system-regulation\/"},"modified":"2018-06-14T17:03:25","modified_gmt":"2018-06-14T17:03:25","slug":"digestive-system-regulation","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oneonta-osbiology2e-1\/chapter\/digestive-system-regulation\/","title":{"raw":"Digestive System Regulation","rendered":"Digestive System Regulation"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Discuss the role of neural regulation in digestive processes<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Explain how hormones regulate digestion<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp100625632\">The brain is the control center for the sensation of hunger and satiety. The functions of the digestive system are regulated through neural and hormonal responses.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp386846192\" class=\"bc-section section\">\r\n<h3>Neural Responses to Food<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp48082448\">In reaction to the smell, sight, or thought of food, like that shown in <a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#fig-ch34_04_01\">(Figure)<\/a>, the first response is that of salivation. The salivary glands secrete more saliva in response to stimulation by the autonomic nervous system triggered by food in preparation for digestion. Simultaneously, the stomach begins to produce hydrochloric acid to digest the food. Recall that the peristaltic movements of the esophagus and other organs of the digestive tract are under the control of the brain. The brain prepares these muscles for movement as well. When the stomach is full, the part of the brain that detects satiety signals fullness. There are three overlapping phases of gastric control\u2014the cephalic phase, the gastric phase, and the intestinal phase\u2014each requires many enzymes and is under neural control as well.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fig-ch34_04_01\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seeing a plate of food triggers the secretion of saliva in the mouth and the production of HCL in the stomach. (credit: Kelly Bailey)<\/div>\r\n<span id=\"fs-idp68884416\">\r\n<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3206\/2018\/05\/04132336\/Figure_34_04_01.jpg\" alt=\"Photo shows plates of food on a dinner table.\" width=\"350\" \/><\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp230213168\" class=\"bc-section section\">\r\n<h4>Digestive Phases<\/h4>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp67338288\">The response to food begins even before food enters the mouth. The first phase of ingestion, called the cephalic phase, is controlled by the neural response to the stimulus provided by food. All aspects\u2014such as sight, sense, and smell\u2014trigger the neural responses resulting in salivation and secretion of gastric juices. The gastric and salivary secretion in the cephalic phase can also take place due to the thought of food. Right now, if you think about a piece of chocolate or a crispy potato chip, the increase in salivation is a cephalic phase response to the thought. The central nervous system prepares the stomach to receive food.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp71992480\">The gastric phase begins once the food arrives in the stomach. It builds on the stimulation provided during the cephalic phase. Gastric acids and enzymes process the ingested materials. The gastric phase is stimulated by (1) distension of the stomach, (2) a decrease in the pH of the gastric contents, and (3) the presence of undigested material. This phase consists of local, hormonal, and neural responses. These responses stimulate secretions and powerful contractions.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp151464896\">The intestinal phase begins when chyme enters the small intestine triggering digestive secretions. This phase controls the rate of gastric emptying. In addition to gastrin emptying, when chyme enters the small intestine, it triggers other hormonal and neural events that coordinate the activities of the intestinal tract, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp71589888\" class=\"bc-section section\">\r\n<h3>Hormonal Responses to Food<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp43763984\">The endocrine system controls the response of the various glands in the body and the release of hormones at the appropriate times.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp269884304\">One of the important factors under hormonal control is the stomach acid environment. During the gastric phase, the hormone gastrin is secreted by G cells in the stomach in response to the presence of proteins. Gastrin stimulates the release of stomach acid, or hydrochloric acid (HCl) which aids in the digestion of the proteins. However, when the stomach is emptied, the acidic environment need not be maintained and a hormone called somatostatin stops the release of hydrochloric acid. This is controlled by a negative feedback mechanism.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp240446848\">In the duodenum, digestive secretions from the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder play an important role in digesting chyme during the intestinal phase. In order to neutralize the acidic chyme, a hormone called secretin stimulates the pancreas to produce alkaline bicarbonate solution and deliver it to the duodenum. Secretin acts in tandem with another hormone called cholecystokinin (CCK). Not only does CCK stimulate the pancreas to produce the requisite pancreatic juices, it also stimulates the gallbladder to release bile into the duodenum.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp87844032\" class=\"interactive textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp176875488\">Visit <a href=\"http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/l\/enteric_endo\" target=\"_window\">this website<\/a> to learn more about the endocrine system. Review the text and watch the animation of how control is implemented in the endocrine system.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp42565824\">Another level of hormonal control occurs in response to the composition of food. Foods high in lipids take a long time to digest. A hormone called gastric inhibitory peptide is secreted by the small intestine to slow down the peristaltic movements of the intestine to allow fatty foods more time to be digested and absorbed.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp242858752\">Understanding the hormonal control of the digestive system is an important area of ongoing research. Scientists are exploring the role of each hormone in the digestive process and developing ways to target these hormones. Advances could lead to knowledge that may help to battle the obesity epidemic.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp83014672\" class=\"summary textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Section Summary<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp6066176\">The brain and the endocrine system control digestive processes. The brain controls the responses of hunger and satiety. The endocrine system controls the release of hormones and enzymes required for digestion of food in the digestive tract.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp108728800\" class=\"multiple-choice textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Review Questions<\/h3>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp109800704\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp109318208\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp87282096\">Which hormone controls the release of bile from the gallbladder<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol id=\"fs-idp157702400\" type=\"a\">\r\n \t<li>pepsin<\/li>\r\n \t<li>amylase<\/li>\r\n \t<li>CCK<\/li>\r\n \t<li>gastrin<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"fs-idp267122208\"]Show Solution[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"fs-idp267122208\"]\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp267122208\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp81831200\">C<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp144627040\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp133355488\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp68820352\">Which hormone stops acid secretion in the stomach?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol id=\"fs-idp61213232\" type=\"a\">\r\n \t<li>gastrin<\/li>\r\n \t<li>somatostatin<\/li>\r\n \t<li>gastric inhibitory peptide<\/li>\r\n \t<li>CCK<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"fs-idp264072384\"]Show Solution[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"fs-idp264072384\"]\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp264072384\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm1490160\">B<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"eip-732\">\r\n<div id=\"eip-295\">\r\n<p id=\"eip-489\">In the famous conditioning experiment, Pavlov demonstrated that his dogs started drooling in response to a bell sounding. What part of the digestive process did he stimulate?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol id=\"fs-rq009\" type=\"a\">\r\n \t<li>cephalic phase<\/li>\r\n \t<li>gastric phase<\/li>\r\n \t<li>intestinal phase<\/li>\r\n \t<li>elimination phase<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<p id=\"eip-911\">\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"248762\"]Show Solution[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"248762\"]<\/p>\r\nA[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp29777648\" class=\"free-response textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Free Response<\/h3>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp136508512\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp258915952\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp115976304\">Describe how hormones regulate digestion.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"fs-idp18128544\"]Show Solution[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"fs-idp18128544\"]\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp18128544\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp179163824\">Hormones control the different digestive enzymes that are secreted in the stomach and the intestine during the process of digestion and absorption. For example, the hormone gastrin stimulates stomach acid secretion in response to food intake. The hormone somatostatin stops the release of stomach acid.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp87953008\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp264857024\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm48374752\">Describe one or more scenarios where loss of hormonal regulation of digestion can lead to diseases.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"fs-idp188658432\"]Show Solution[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"fs-idp188658432\"]\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp188658432\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp47795856\">There are many cases where loss of hormonal regulation can lead to illnesses. For example, the bilirubin produced by the breakdown of red blood cells is converted to bile by the liver. When there is malfunction of this process, there is excess bilirubin in the blood and bile levels are low. As a result, the body struggles with dealing with fatty food. This is why a patient suffering from jaundice is asked to eat a diet with almost zero fat.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"eip-897\">\r\n<div id=\"eip-85\">\r\n<p id=\"eip-854\">A scientist is studying a model that has a mutation in the receptor for somatostatin that prevents hormone binding. How would this mutation affect the structure and function of the digestive system?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"eip-148\">\r\n<p id=\"eip-632\">\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"209700\"]Show Solution[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"209700\"]<\/p>\r\nSomatostatin is the hormone that inhibits the release of HCl into the stomach lumen after the chyme has moved to the intestine. If the receptor for somatostatin is nonfunctional, somatostatin cannot signal to the stomach parietal cells to stop acid secretion. Thus, acid secretion will continue when there is no food present, and can cause damage to the stomach tissue. However, as long as the stomach remains intact the mutation should not slow digestion since acid will always be present in the stomach to digest any new boluses of food.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idp56898256\">\r\n \t<dt>cephalic phase<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idp87264304\">first phase of digestion, controlled by the neural response to the stimulus provided by food<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idp142655920\">\r\n \t<dt>cholecystokinin<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idp43161072\">hormone that stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder to release bile<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idp73065024\">\r\n \t<dt>endocrine system<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idp80909824\">system that controls the response of the various glands in the body and the release of hormones at the appropriate times<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm55549488\">\r\n \t<dt>gastric inhibitory peptide<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idp91815872\">hormone secreted by the small intestine in the presence of fatty acids and sugars; it also inhibits acid production and peristalsis in order to slow down the rate at which food enters the small intestine<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idp236661648\">\r\n \t<dt>gastric phase<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idp95714960\">digestive phase beginning once food enters the stomach; gastric acids and enzymes process the ingested materials<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idp157772400\">\r\n \t<dt>gastrin<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idp136198144\">hormone which stimulates hydrochloric acid secretion in the stomach<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idp95333248\">\r\n \t<dt>intestinal phase<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idp147002320\">third digestive phase; begins when chyme enters the small intestine triggering digestive secretions and controlling the rate of gastric emptying<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idp82841984\">\r\n \t<dt>secretin<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idp75056944\">hormone which stimulates sodium bicarbonate secretion in the small intestine<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm61397808\">\r\n \t<dt>somatostatin<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idp90800896\">hormone released to stop acid secretion when the stomach is empty<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<p>By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Discuss the role of neural regulation in digestive processes<\/li>\n<li>Explain how hormones regulate digestion<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idp100625632\">The brain is the control center for the sensation of hunger and satiety. The functions of the digestive system are regulated through neural and hormonal responses.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-idp386846192\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h3>Neural Responses to Food<\/h3>\n<p id=\"fs-idp48082448\">In reaction to the smell, sight, or thought of food, like that shown in <a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#fig-ch34_04_01\">(Figure)<\/a>, the first response is that of salivation. The salivary glands secrete more saliva in response to stimulation by the autonomic nervous system triggered by food in preparation for digestion. Simultaneously, the stomach begins to produce hydrochloric acid to digest the food. Recall that the peristaltic movements of the esophagus and other organs of the digestive tract are under the control of the brain. The brain prepares these muscles for movement as well. When the stomach is full, the part of the brain that detects satiety signals fullness. There are three overlapping phases of gastric control\u2014the cephalic phase, the gastric phase, and the intestinal phase\u2014each requires many enzymes and is under neural control as well.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fig-ch34_04_01\">\n<div class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seeing a plate of food triggers the secretion of saliva in the mouth and the production of HCL in the stomach. (credit: Kelly Bailey)<\/div>\n<p><span id=\"fs-idp68884416\"><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3206\/2018\/05\/04132336\/Figure_34_04_01.jpg\" alt=\"Photo shows plates of food on a dinner table.\" width=\"350\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idp230213168\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h4>Digestive Phases<\/h4>\n<p id=\"fs-idp67338288\">The response to food begins even before food enters the mouth. The first phase of ingestion, called the cephalic phase, is controlled by the neural response to the stimulus provided by food. All aspects\u2014such as sight, sense, and smell\u2014trigger the neural responses resulting in salivation and secretion of gastric juices. The gastric and salivary secretion in the cephalic phase can also take place due to the thought of food. Right now, if you think about a piece of chocolate or a crispy potato chip, the increase in salivation is a cephalic phase response to the thought. The central nervous system prepares the stomach to receive food.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp71992480\">The gastric phase begins once the food arrives in the stomach. It builds on the stimulation provided during the cephalic phase. Gastric acids and enzymes process the ingested materials. The gastric phase is stimulated by (1) distension of the stomach, (2) a decrease in the pH of the gastric contents, and (3) the presence of undigested material. This phase consists of local, hormonal, and neural responses. These responses stimulate secretions and powerful contractions.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp151464896\">The intestinal phase begins when chyme enters the small intestine triggering digestive secretions. This phase controls the rate of gastric emptying. In addition to gastrin emptying, when chyme enters the small intestine, it triggers other hormonal and neural events that coordinate the activities of the intestinal tract, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idp71589888\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h3>Hormonal Responses to Food<\/h3>\n<p id=\"fs-idp43763984\">The endocrine system controls the response of the various glands in the body and the release of hormones at the appropriate times.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp269884304\">One of the important factors under hormonal control is the stomach acid environment. During the gastric phase, the hormone gastrin is secreted by G cells in the stomach in response to the presence of proteins. Gastrin stimulates the release of stomach acid, or hydrochloric acid (HCl) which aids in the digestion of the proteins. However, when the stomach is emptied, the acidic environment need not be maintained and a hormone called somatostatin stops the release of hydrochloric acid. This is controlled by a negative feedback mechanism.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp240446848\">In the duodenum, digestive secretions from the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder play an important role in digesting chyme during the intestinal phase. In order to neutralize the acidic chyme, a hormone called secretin stimulates the pancreas to produce alkaline bicarbonate solution and deliver it to the duodenum. Secretin acts in tandem with another hormone called cholecystokinin (CCK). Not only does CCK stimulate the pancreas to produce the requisite pancreatic juices, it also stimulates the gallbladder to release bile into the duodenum.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-idp87844032\" class=\"interactive textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\n<p id=\"fs-idp176875488\">Visit <a href=\"http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/l\/enteric_endo\" target=\"_window\">this website<\/a> to learn more about the endocrine system. Review the text and watch the animation of how control is implemented in the endocrine system.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idp42565824\">Another level of hormonal control occurs in response to the composition of food. Foods high in lipids take a long time to digest. A hormone called gastric inhibitory peptide is secreted by the small intestine to slow down the peristaltic movements of the intestine to allow fatty foods more time to be digested and absorbed.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp242858752\">Understanding the hormonal control of the digestive system is an important area of ongoing research. Scientists are exploring the role of each hormone in the digestive process and developing ways to target these hormones. Advances could lead to knowledge that may help to battle the obesity epidemic.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idp83014672\" class=\"summary textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Section Summary<\/h3>\n<p id=\"fs-idp6066176\">The brain and the endocrine system control digestive processes. The brain controls the responses of hunger and satiety. The endocrine system controls the release of hormones and enzymes required for digestion of food in the digestive tract.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idp108728800\" class=\"multiple-choice textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Review Questions<\/h3>\n<div id=\"fs-idp109800704\">\n<div id=\"fs-idp109318208\">\n<p id=\"fs-idp87282096\">Which hormone controls the release of bile from the gallbladder<\/p>\n<ol id=\"fs-idp157702400\" type=\"a\">\n<li>pepsin<\/li>\n<li>amylase<\/li>\n<li>CCK<\/li>\n<li>gastrin<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"qfs-idp267122208\">Show Solution<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"qfs-idp267122208\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<div id=\"fs-idp267122208\">\n<p id=\"fs-idp81831200\">C<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idp144627040\">\n<div id=\"fs-idp133355488\">\n<p id=\"fs-idp68820352\">Which hormone stops acid secretion in the stomach?<\/p>\n<ol id=\"fs-idp61213232\" type=\"a\">\n<li>gastrin<\/li>\n<li>somatostatin<\/li>\n<li>gastric inhibitory peptide<\/li>\n<li>CCK<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"qfs-idp264072384\">Show Solution<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"qfs-idp264072384\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<div id=\"fs-idp264072384\">\n<p id=\"fs-idm1490160\">B<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"eip-732\">\n<div id=\"eip-295\">\n<p id=\"eip-489\">In the famous conditioning experiment, Pavlov demonstrated that his dogs started drooling in response to a bell sounding. What part of the digestive process did he stimulate?<\/p>\n<ol id=\"fs-rq009\" type=\"a\">\n<li>cephalic phase<\/li>\n<li>gastric phase<\/li>\n<li>intestinal phase<\/li>\n<li>elimination phase<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p id=\"eip-911\">\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q248762\">Show Solution<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q248762\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p>A<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idp29777648\" class=\"free-response textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Free Response<\/h3>\n<div id=\"fs-idp136508512\">\n<div id=\"fs-idp258915952\">\n<p id=\"fs-idp115976304\">Describe how hormones regulate digestion.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"qfs-idp18128544\">Show Solution<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"qfs-idp18128544\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<div id=\"fs-idp18128544\">\n<p id=\"fs-idp179163824\">Hormones control the different digestive enzymes that are secreted in the stomach and the intestine during the process of digestion and absorption. For example, the hormone gastrin stimulates stomach acid secretion in response to food intake. The hormone somatostatin stops the release of stomach acid.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idp87953008\">\n<div id=\"fs-idp264857024\">\n<p id=\"fs-idm48374752\">Describe one or more scenarios where loss of hormonal regulation of digestion can lead to diseases.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"qfs-idp188658432\">Show Solution<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"qfs-idp188658432\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<div id=\"fs-idp188658432\">\n<p id=\"fs-idp47795856\">There are many cases where loss of hormonal regulation can lead to illnesses. For example, the bilirubin produced by the breakdown of red blood cells is converted to bile by the liver. When there is malfunction of this process, there is excess bilirubin in the blood and bile levels are low. As a result, the body struggles with dealing with fatty food. This is why a patient suffering from jaundice is asked to eat a diet with almost zero fat.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"eip-897\">\n<div id=\"eip-85\">\n<p id=\"eip-854\">A scientist is studying a model that has a mutation in the receptor for somatostatin that prevents hormone binding. How would this mutation affect the structure and function of the digestive system?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"eip-148\">\n<p id=\"eip-632\">\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q209700\">Show Solution<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q209700\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p>Somatostatin is the hormone that inhibits the release of HCl into the stomach lumen after the chyme has moved to the intestine. If the receptor for somatostatin is nonfunctional, somatostatin cannot signal to the stomach parietal cells to stop acid secretion. Thus, acid secretion will continue when there is no food present, and can cause damage to the stomach tissue. However, as long as the stomach remains intact the mutation should not slow digestion since acid will always be present in the stomach to digest any new boluses of food.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<dl id=\"fs-idp56898256\">\n<dt>cephalic phase<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idp87264304\">first phase of digestion, controlled by the neural response to the stimulus provided by food<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idp142655920\">\n<dt>cholecystokinin<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idp43161072\">hormone that stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder to release bile<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idp73065024\">\n<dt>endocrine system<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idp80909824\">system that controls the response of the various glands in the body and the release of hormones at the appropriate times<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm55549488\">\n<dt>gastric inhibitory peptide<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idp91815872\">hormone secreted by the small intestine in the presence of fatty acids and sugars; it also inhibits acid production and peristalsis in order to slow down the rate at which food enters the small intestine<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idp236661648\">\n<dt>gastric phase<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idp95714960\">digestive phase beginning once food enters the stomach; gastric acids and enzymes process the ingested materials<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idp157772400\">\n<dt>gastrin<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idp136198144\">hormone which stimulates hydrochloric acid secretion in the stomach<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idp95333248\">\n<dt>intestinal phase<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idp147002320\">third digestive phase; begins when chyme enters the small intestine triggering digestive secretions and controlling the rate of gastric emptying<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idp82841984\">\n<dt>secretin<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idp75056944\">hormone which stimulates sodium bicarbonate secretion in the small intestine<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm61397808\">\n<dt>somatostatin<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idp90800896\">hormone released to stop acid secretion when the stomach is empty<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-1512\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Biology 2e. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/details\/books\/biology-2e\">https:\/\/openstax.org\/details\/books\/biology-2e<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/8d50a0af-948b-4204-a71d-4826cba765b8@8.19<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":311,"menu_order":5,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Biology 2e\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/details\/books\/biology-2e\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/8d50a0af-948b-4204-a71d-4826cba765b8@8.19\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-1512","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":1487,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oneonta-osbiology2e-1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1512","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oneonta-osbiology2e-1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oneonta-osbiology2e-1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oneonta-osbiology2e-1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/311"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oneonta-osbiology2e-1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1512\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2293,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oneonta-osbiology2e-1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1512\/revisions\/2293"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oneonta-osbiology2e-1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/1487"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oneonta-osbiology2e-1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1512\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oneonta-osbiology2e-1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1512"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oneonta-osbiology2e-1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1512"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oneonta-osbiology2e-1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1512"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oneonta-osbiology2e-1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1512"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}