{"id":1351,"date":"2021-05-21T19:03:32","date_gmt":"2021-05-21T19:03:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oneonta-spanish1-2-print-sp2021\/chapter\/el-preterito\/"},"modified":"2021-08-09T18:29:40","modified_gmt":"2021-08-09T18:29:40","slug":"el-preterito","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oneonta-spanish1-2-print-sp2021\/chapter\/el-preterito\/","title":{"raw":"El pret\u00e9rito","rendered":"El pret\u00e9rito"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Objetivos<\/h3>\r\nConjugate verbs in the preterit tense\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nThe preterit tense is one of the two simple past tenses in Spanish, and is used to talk about concrete, completed actions in the past. In this conjugation, -AR verbs have one set of endings and -ER and -IR verbs share a second set of endings.\r\n<h4>Conjugation of regular -AR, -ER and -IR verbs in the preterit tense:<\/h4>\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%\" colspan=\"2\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%;text-align: center\" colspan=\"2\">-AR<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%;text-align: center\" colspan=\"2\">-ER\/-IR<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%\" colspan=\"2\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%\">singular<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%\">plural<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%\">singular<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%\">plural<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%\" colspan=\"2\">1a persona<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%\"><strong>-\u00e9<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%\"><strong>-amos<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%\"><strong>-\u00ed<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%\"><strong>-imos<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%\" colspan=\"2\">2a persona<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%\"><strong>-aste<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%\"><strong>-asteis<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%\"><strong>-iste<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%\"><strong>-isteis<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%\" colspan=\"2\">3a persona<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%\"><strong>-\u00f3<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%\"><strong>-aron<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%\"><strong>-i\u00f3<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%\"><strong>-ieron<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><img class=\" wp-image-1045 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4946\/2019\/11\/06210504\/8179175517_07ca0f663d_o-300x189.jpg\" alt=\"Sticker says Yo vot\u00e9\" width=\"230\" height=\"145\" \/><span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/despues_de_comer_yo_lave_los_platos_y_barri_el_piso.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Despu\u00e9s de comer, yo lav\u00e9 los platos y barr\u00ed el piso. (<em>After eating, I washed the dishes and swept the floor.<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/ella_no_lavo_los_platos_ni_barrio_el_piso.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Ella no lav\u00f3 los platos ni barri\u00f3 el piso. (<em>She neither washed the dishes nor swept the floor.<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nNote the accent marks on the first and third-person singular (\"yo\" and \"\u00e9l\/ella\/usted\") endings! These are important to distinguish the present and preterit tenses (Hablo = <em>I speak<\/em>; Habl\u00f3 = <em>He\/She\/You spoke<\/em>). Also note that the first-person plural \"nosotros\" endings are the same as the present tense for -AR and -IR verbs, and you\u2019ll have to use the context to know which one is meant. There should be no confusion for -ER verbs since those endings are different:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/nosotros_siempre_llamamos_a_mama_los_domingos.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Nosotros siempre llamamos a mam\u00e1 los domingos. (<em>We always call Mom on Sundays. - present<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/nosotros_llamamos_a_mama_el_domingo_pasado.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Nosotros llamamos a mam\u00e1 el domingo pasado. (<em>We called Mom last Sunday. - preterit<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/nosotros_no_sacudimos_el_polvo_nunca.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Nosotros no sacudimos el polvo nunca. (<em>We never dust. - present<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/nosotros_no_sacudimos_el_polvo_ayer.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Nosotros no sacudimos el polvo ayer. (<em>We didn\u2019t dust yesterday. - preterit<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/nosotros_barremos_el_patio.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Nosotros barremos el patio. (<em>We sweep the patio. - present<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/nosotros_barrimos_el_patio.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Nosotros barrimos el patio. (<em>We swept the patio. - preterit<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4>Spelling changes in the preterit tense:<\/h4>\r\nSome verbs require a spelling change in order to maintain consistent pronunciation of their consonants. These spelling changes follow consistent patterns, and in fact you have seen some of them before when you learned pluralization and some of the present tense verbs. In the preterit, these spelling changes are limited to the yo forms.\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cZ\u201d changes to \u201cc\u201d before \u201ci\u201d and before \u201ce\u201d. You should remember this from Spanish 1, when you learned pluralization (1 luz - 2 luces). In the preterit this happens in the yo forms of verbs whose infinitives end in -ZAR, for example:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Cruzar<\/b> (<em>to cross<\/em>) - <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/yo_cruce_la_calle.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Yo cruc\u00e9 la calle. <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/tu_cruzaste_la_calle.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>T\u00fa cruzaste la calle. <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/por_que_cruzo_la_gallina_la_calle.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>\u00bfPor qu\u00e9 cruz\u00f3 la gallina la calle?<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Empezar<\/strong> (<em>to begin<\/em>) - <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/yo_empece.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Yo empec\u00e9, <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/tu_empezaste.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>t\u00fa empezaste, <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/el_empezo.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>\u00e9l empez\u00f3, <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/todos_empezamos_juntos.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>\u00a1todos empezamos juntos!<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hard \u201cg\u201d to \u201cgu\u201d. This happens in the yo forms of verbs whose infinitives end in -GAR, for example:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Pagar <\/b>(<em>to pay<\/em>) - <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/yo_pague_mis_impuestos.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Yo pagu\u00e9 mis impuestos. <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/tu_pagaste_tus_impuestos.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>T\u00fa pagaste tus impuestos. <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/la_compania_internacional_pago_sus_impuestos.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>La compa\u00f1\u00eda internacional, \u00bfpag\u00f3 sus impuestos?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hard \u201cc\u201d to \u201cqu\u201d. This happens in the yo form of verbs whose infinitives end in -CAR, for example:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Buscar<\/strong> (<em>to look for<\/em>) - <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/yo_busque_un_buzon_de_correos.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Yo busqu\u00e9 un buz\u00f3n de correos (<em>mailbox<\/em>). <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/tu_buscaste_un_buzon.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>T\u00fa buscaste un buz\u00f3n. <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/buscamos_un_buzon_para_mandar_una_carta.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Buscamos un buz\u00f3n para mandar una carta.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Sacar<\/strong> (<em>to take out<\/em>) - <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/yo_saque_la_basura_ayer.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Yo saqu\u00e9 la basura ayer. <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/tu_sacaste_la_basura_anteayer.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>T\u00fa sacaste la basura anteayer. <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/el_no_saco_la_basura.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>El no sac\u00f3 la basura, <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/es_su_turno_hoy.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>es su turno hoy.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Intervocalic \u201ci\u201d to \u201c\u00ed\u201d and \u201cy\u201d. This happens in verbs that end in -EER and -UIR as well as \u201co\u00edr\u201d, because the \u201ci\u201d in the endings either needs an accent mark so it doesn\u2019t become a dipthong (first and second persons), or needs to change to a \u201cy\u201d to separate the strong vowels of the stem and ending (third persons). This change follows the rules of when words in Spanish need accent marks, but for now you could just memorize the forms.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Creer<\/strong> (<em>to believe<\/em>) - <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/yo_lo_crei.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Yo lo cre\u00ed (<em>I believed it<\/em>). <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/tu_lo_creiste.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>T\u00fa lo cre\u00edste. <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/ella_lo_creyo.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Ella lo crey\u00f3. <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/nosotros_lo_creimos.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Nosotros lo cre\u00edmos. <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/vosotros_lo_creisteis.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Vosotros lo cre\u00edsteis. <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/ustedes_lo_creyeron.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Ustedes lo creyeron.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>O\u00edr<\/strong> (<em>to hear<\/em>) - <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/yo_lo_oi.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Yo lo o\u00ed (<em>I heard it<\/em>). <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/tu_lo_oiste.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>T\u00fa lo o\u00edste. <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/usted_lo_oyo.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Usted lo oy\u00f3. <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/nosotras_lo_oimos.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Nosotras lo o\u00edmos. <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/vosotros_lo_oisteis.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Vosotros lo o\u00edsteis. <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/ellas_lo_oyeron.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Ellas lo oyeron.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h4>Spelling changes, from a different perspective:<\/h4>\r\nAnother way of looking at these spelling changes is to see them in the context of the Spanish alphabet: they\u2019re not special irregularities peculiar to any particular tense, they\u2019re just how Spanish spells particular sounds, regardless of when they turn up. If you look at them in terms of syllables, the pattern becomes clearer:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">(The soft \u201cc\u201d): ZA - CE - CI - ZO - ZU\u00a0 In Latin American pronunciation this is indistinguishable from the \u201cs\u201d (SA - SE - SI - SO - SU). But the letter \u201cz\u201d is never used before the letters \u201ce\u201d or \u201ci\u201d, and switches to a \u201cc\u201d in those positions. So it\u2019s understandable to confuse \u201csa\u201d and \u201cza\u201d occasionally, but there\u2019s no doubt about when to alternate \u201cz\u201d and \u201cc\u201d: alcanzar (<em>to reach, achieve<\/em>), alcanc\u00e9, alcanzaste, alcanz\u00f3, etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">(The hard \u201cc\u201d): CA - QUE - QUI - CO - CU\u00a0 Notice that the syllables \u201cce\u201d and \u201cci\u201d already are used for spelling the soft \u201cc\u201d, so the hard \u201cc\u201d needs to switch to the \u201cqu\u201d before \u201ce\u201d and \u201ci\u201d. Except for foreign words that use the letter \u201ck\u201d, there\u2019s only one way to spell these syllable sounds in Spanish, no matter what the word is:\u00a0 jaqueca (<em>migraine<\/em>), coqu\u00ed (<em>Puerto Rican tree frog<\/em>), sacar, saqu\u00e9, sacaste, sac\u00f3, etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">(The soft \u201cg\u201d): JA - GE\/JE - GI\/JI - JO - JU\u00a0 This explains the spelling change that you remember from the present tense, with an -ER verb needing to preserve its soft \u201cg\u201d in front of the \u201co\u201d of the yo ending: escoger, escojo, escoges, escoge, etc. But in the preterit, the endings for -GER verbs don\u2019t stray into \u201cj\u201d territory: escoger, escog\u00ed, escogiste, escogi\u00f3, etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">(The hard \u201cg\u201d): GA - GUE - GUI - GO - GU\u00a0 Since the \u201cge\u201d and \u201cgi\u201d are already taken for the soft \u201cg\u201d, the hard \u201cg\u201d adds a \u201cu\u201d. This is in a number of words that are probably familiar to you, for example guitarra and guerrilla. Why do -GAR verbs only change their spelling in the yo form of the preterit? Because the yo form is the only one with the vowel \u201ce\u201d (and no preterit endings of -AR verbs start with an \u201ci\u201d): entregar (<em>to hand in<\/em>), entregu\u00e9, entregaste, entreg\u00f3, entregamos, entregasteis, entregaron.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Objetivos<\/h3>\n<p>Conjugate verbs in the preterit tense<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The preterit tense is one of the two simple past tenses in Spanish, and is used to talk about concrete, completed actions in the past. In this conjugation, -AR verbs have one set of endings and -ER and -IR verbs share a second set of endings.<\/p>\n<h4>Conjugation of regular -AR, -ER and -IR verbs in the preterit tense:<\/h4>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%\" colspan=\"2\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%;text-align: center\" colspan=\"2\">-AR<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%;text-align: center\" colspan=\"2\">-ER\/-IR<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%\" colspan=\"2\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%\">singular<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%\">plural<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%\">singular<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%\">plural<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%\" colspan=\"2\">1a persona<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%\"><strong>-\u00e9<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%\"><strong>-amos<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%\"><strong>-\u00ed<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%\"><strong>-imos<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%\" colspan=\"2\">2a persona<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%\"><strong>-aste<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%\"><strong>-asteis<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%\"><strong>-iste<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%\"><strong>-isteis<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%\" colspan=\"2\">3a persona<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%\"><strong>-\u00f3<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%\"><strong>-aron<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%\"><strong>-i\u00f3<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%\"><strong>-ieron<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1045 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4946\/2019\/11\/06210504\/8179175517_07ca0f663d_o-300x189.jpg\" alt=\"Sticker says Yo vot\u00e9\" width=\"230\" height=\"145\" \/><span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/despues_de_comer_yo_lave_los_platos_y_barri_el_piso.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Despu\u00e9s de comer, yo lav\u00e9 los platos y barr\u00ed el piso. (<em>After eating, I washed the dishes and swept the floor.<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/ella_no_lavo_los_platos_ni_barrio_el_piso.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Ella no lav\u00f3 los platos ni barri\u00f3 el piso. (<em>She neither washed the dishes nor swept the floor.<\/em>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Note the accent marks on the first and third-person singular (&#8220;yo&#8221; and &#8220;\u00e9l\/ella\/usted&#8221;) endings! These are important to distinguish the present and preterit tenses (Hablo = <em>I speak<\/em>; Habl\u00f3 = <em>He\/She\/You spoke<\/em>). Also note that the first-person plural &#8220;nosotros&#8221; endings are the same as the present tense for -AR and -IR verbs, and you\u2019ll have to use the context to know which one is meant. There should be no confusion for -ER verbs since those endings are different:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/nosotros_siempre_llamamos_a_mama_los_domingos.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Nosotros siempre llamamos a mam\u00e1 los domingos. (<em>We always call Mom on Sundays. &#8211; present<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/nosotros_llamamos_a_mama_el_domingo_pasado.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Nosotros llamamos a mam\u00e1 el domingo pasado. (<em>We called Mom last Sunday. &#8211; preterit<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/nosotros_no_sacudimos_el_polvo_nunca.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Nosotros no sacudimos el polvo nunca. (<em>We never dust. &#8211; present<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/nosotros_no_sacudimos_el_polvo_ayer.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Nosotros no sacudimos el polvo ayer. (<em>We didn\u2019t dust yesterday. &#8211; preterit<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/nosotros_barremos_el_patio.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Nosotros barremos el patio. (<em>We sweep the patio. &#8211; present<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/nosotros_barrimos_el_patio.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Nosotros barrimos el patio. (<em>We swept the patio. &#8211; preterit<\/em>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Spelling changes in the preterit tense:<\/h4>\n<p>Some verbs require a spelling change in order to maintain consistent pronunciation of their consonants. These spelling changes follow consistent patterns, and in fact you have seen some of them before when you learned pluralization and some of the present tense verbs. In the preterit, these spelling changes are limited to the yo forms.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cZ\u201d changes to \u201cc\u201d before \u201ci\u201d and before \u201ce\u201d. You should remember this from Spanish 1, when you learned pluralization (1 luz &#8211; 2 luces). In the preterit this happens in the yo forms of verbs whose infinitives end in -ZAR, for example:\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Cruzar<\/b> (<em>to cross<\/em>) &#8211; <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/yo_cruce_la_calle.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Yo cruc\u00e9 la calle. <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/tu_cruzaste_la_calle.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>T\u00fa cruzaste la calle. <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/por_que_cruzo_la_gallina_la_calle.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>\u00bfPor qu\u00e9 cruz\u00f3 la gallina la calle?<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Empezar<\/strong> (<em>to begin<\/em>) &#8211; <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/yo_empece.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Yo empec\u00e9, <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/tu_empezaste.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>t\u00fa empezaste, <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/el_empezo.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>\u00e9l empez\u00f3, <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/todos_empezamos_juntos.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>\u00a1todos empezamos juntos!<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hard \u201cg\u201d to \u201cgu\u201d. This happens in the yo forms of verbs whose infinitives end in -GAR, for example:\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Pagar <\/b>(<em>to pay<\/em>) &#8211; <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/yo_pague_mis_impuestos.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Yo pagu\u00e9 mis impuestos. <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/tu_pagaste_tus_impuestos.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>T\u00fa pagaste tus impuestos. <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/la_compania_internacional_pago_sus_impuestos.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>La compa\u00f1\u00eda internacional, \u00bfpag\u00f3 sus impuestos?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hard \u201cc\u201d to \u201cqu\u201d. This happens in the yo form of verbs whose infinitives end in -CAR, for example:\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Buscar<\/strong> (<em>to look for<\/em>) &#8211; <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/yo_busque_un_buzon_de_correos.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Yo busqu\u00e9 un buz\u00f3n de correos (<em>mailbox<\/em>). <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/tu_buscaste_un_buzon.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>T\u00fa buscaste un buz\u00f3n. <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/buscamos_un_buzon_para_mandar_una_carta.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Buscamos un buz\u00f3n para mandar una carta.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Sacar<\/strong> (<em>to take out<\/em>) &#8211; <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/yo_saque_la_basura_ayer.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Yo saqu\u00e9 la basura ayer. <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/tu_sacaste_la_basura_anteayer.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>T\u00fa sacaste la basura anteayer. <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/el_no_saco_la_basura.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>El no sac\u00f3 la basura, <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/es_su_turno_hoy.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>es su turno hoy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Intervocalic \u201ci\u201d to \u201c\u00ed\u201d and \u201cy\u201d. This happens in verbs that end in -EER and -UIR as well as \u201co\u00edr\u201d, because the \u201ci\u201d in the endings either needs an accent mark so it doesn\u2019t become a dipthong (first and second persons), or needs to change to a \u201cy\u201d to separate the strong vowels of the stem and ending (third persons). This change follows the rules of when words in Spanish need accent marks, but for now you could just memorize the forms.\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Creer<\/strong> (<em>to believe<\/em>) &#8211; <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/yo_lo_crei.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Yo lo cre\u00ed (<em>I believed it<\/em>). <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/tu_lo_creiste.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>T\u00fa lo cre\u00edste. <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/ella_lo_creyo.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Ella lo crey\u00f3. <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/nosotros_lo_creimos.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Nosotros lo cre\u00edmos. <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/vosotros_lo_creisteis.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Vosotros lo cre\u00edsteis. <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/ustedes_lo_creyeron.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Ustedes lo creyeron.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>O\u00edr<\/strong> (<em>to hear<\/em>) &#8211; <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/yo_lo_oi.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Yo lo o\u00ed (<em>I heard it<\/em>). <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/tu_lo_oiste.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>T\u00fa lo o\u00edste. <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/usted_lo_oyo.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Usted lo oy\u00f3. <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/nosotras_lo_oimos.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Nosotras lo o\u00edmos. <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/vosotros_lo_oisteis.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Vosotros lo o\u00edsteis. <span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U15\/ellas_lo_oyeron.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Ellas lo oyeron.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4>Spelling changes, from a different perspective:<\/h4>\n<p>Another way of looking at these spelling changes is to see them in the context of the Spanish alphabet: they\u2019re not special irregularities peculiar to any particular tense, they\u2019re just how Spanish spells particular sounds, regardless of when they turn up. If you look at them in terms of syllables, the pattern becomes clearer:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">(The soft \u201cc\u201d): ZA &#8211; CE &#8211; CI &#8211; ZO &#8211; ZU\u00a0 In Latin American pronunciation this is indistinguishable from the \u201cs\u201d (SA &#8211; SE &#8211; SI &#8211; SO &#8211; SU). But the letter \u201cz\u201d is never used before the letters \u201ce\u201d or \u201ci\u201d, and switches to a \u201cc\u201d in those positions. So it\u2019s understandable to confuse \u201csa\u201d and \u201cza\u201d occasionally, but there\u2019s no doubt about when to alternate \u201cz\u201d and \u201cc\u201d: alcanzar (<em>to reach, achieve<\/em>), alcanc\u00e9, alcanzaste, alcanz\u00f3, etc.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">(The hard \u201cc\u201d): CA &#8211; QUE &#8211; QUI &#8211; CO &#8211; CU\u00a0 Notice that the syllables \u201cce\u201d and \u201cci\u201d already are used for spelling the soft \u201cc\u201d, so the hard \u201cc\u201d needs to switch to the \u201cqu\u201d before \u201ce\u201d and \u201ci\u201d. Except for foreign words that use the letter \u201ck\u201d, there\u2019s only one way to spell these syllable sounds in Spanish, no matter what the word is:\u00a0 jaqueca (<em>migraine<\/em>), coqu\u00ed (<em>Puerto Rican tree frog<\/em>), sacar, saqu\u00e9, sacaste, sac\u00f3, etc.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">(The soft \u201cg\u201d): JA &#8211; GE\/JE &#8211; GI\/JI &#8211; JO &#8211; JU\u00a0 This explains the spelling change that you remember from the present tense, with an -ER verb needing to preserve its soft \u201cg\u201d in front of the \u201co\u201d of the yo ending: escoger, escojo, escoges, escoge, etc. But in the preterit, the endings for -GER verbs don\u2019t stray into \u201cj\u201d territory: escoger, escog\u00ed, escogiste, escogi\u00f3, etc.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">(The hard \u201cg\u201d): GA &#8211; GUE &#8211; GUI &#8211; GO &#8211; GU\u00a0 Since the \u201cge\u201d and \u201cgi\u201d are already taken for the soft \u201cg\u201d, the hard \u201cg\u201d adds a \u201cu\u201d. This is in a number of words that are probably familiar to you, for example guitarra and guerrilla. Why do -GAR verbs only change their spelling in the yo form of the preterit? Because the yo form is the only one with the vowel \u201ce\u201d (and no preterit endings of -AR verbs start with an \u201ci\u201d): entregar (<em>to hand in<\/em>), entregu\u00e9, entregaste, entreg\u00f3, entregamos, entregasteis, entregaron.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-1351\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Yo Votu00e9. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: sarachicad. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/48558963@N05\/8179175517\">https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/48558963@N05\/8179175517<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">Lumen Learning authored content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Gramatica: El  pretu00e9rito. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: SUNY Oneonta with Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":85404,"menu_order":8,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"lumen\",\"description\":\"Gramatica: El  pretu00e9rito\",\"author\":\"SUNY Oneonta with Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Yo Votu00e9\",\"author\":\"sarachicad\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/48558963@N05\/8179175517\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"e17e6081-f66b-4e8d-b637-2c75c2e0a126, 7156c1b2-285b-4bd0-8c4e-1362a8bbf32e, 94a3a9cf-2084-484e-9222-5327f84e67fa","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-1351","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":1344,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oneonta-spanish1-2-print-sp2021\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1351","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oneonta-spanish1-2-print-sp2021\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oneonta-spanish1-2-print-sp2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oneonta-spanish1-2-print-sp2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/85404"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oneonta-spanish1-2-print-sp2021\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1351\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1576,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oneonta-spanish1-2-print-sp2021\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1351\/revisions\/1576"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oneonta-spanish1-2-print-sp2021\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/1344"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oneonta-spanish1-2-print-sp2021\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1351\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oneonta-spanish1-2-print-sp2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1351"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oneonta-spanish1-2-print-sp2021\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1351"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oneonta-spanish1-2-print-sp2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1351"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oneonta-spanish1-2-print-sp2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1351"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}