{"id":1475,"date":"2021-05-21T19:04:03","date_gmt":"2021-05-21T19:04:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oneonta-spanish1-2-print-sp2021\/chapter\/presente-perfecto\/"},"modified":"2021-08-09T18:34:07","modified_gmt":"2021-08-09T18:34:07","slug":"presente-perfecto","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oneonta-spanish1-2-print-sp2021\/chapter\/presente-perfecto\/","title":{"raw":"Presente perfecto","rendered":"Presente perfecto"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Objetivos<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Recognize and understand the present perfect tense<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2274\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"size-medium wp-image-2274\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4946\/2019\/11\/07220522\/waves-crashing-on-rocks-of-the-sea-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Photo of waves crashing against rocks.\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/> \"El que ha naufragado, teme a la mar, a\u00fan calmada.\"[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThe present perfect is an example of a compound tense, that is a verb tense that consists of two words: one auxiliary or \u201chelping\u201d verb plus one participle. The verb \u201chaber\u201d is the auxiliary verb for all the perfect tenses, and in the present perfect, you will use the present tense of \u201chaber\u201d. As you may imagine, if you conjugate \u201chaber\u201d in the past you can make the past perfect tense, and so forth for the future perfect\u2026 but for now we\u2019ll just master the present perfect tense.\r\n\r\nThe second word in all of the perfect tenses is the past participle of the main verb. The regular formula for creating a past participle is to remove the ending from the infinitive, and put \u201c-ado\u201d or \u201c-ido\u201d on the stem, according to whether it\u2019s an -AR, -ER, or -IR verb. There are also quite a few irregular participles that you will have to memorize.\r\n<h4>Present perfect conjugation and irregular participles:<\/h4>\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 85px;\" border=\"1\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 12px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 12px;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">subject<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 12px;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">haber<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 12px;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">past participle<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 12px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">yo<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 12px;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">he<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 73px; text-align: center;\" rowspan=\"6\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 3em;\">+<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 73px; width: 25%;\">(regular)\r\n<strong>-AR \u2192 -ado<\/strong>\r\n<strong>-ER, -IR \u2192 -ido<\/strong>\r\nhablar \u2192 hablado\r\ncomer \u2192 comido\r\nvivir \u2192 vivido<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 12px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">t\u00fa<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 12px;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">has<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%;\" rowspan=\"5\">(<strong>irregular<\/strong>)\r\nabrir \u2192 abierto\r\ncubrir \u2192 cubierto\r\ndecir \u2192 dicho\r\nescribir \u2192 escrito\r\nhacer \u2192 hecho\r\nir \u2192 ido\r\nmorir \u2192 muerto\r\nponer \u2192 puesto\r\nresolver \u2192 resuelto\r\nromper \u2192 roto\r\nver \u2192 visto\r\nvolver \u2192 vuelto<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 13px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 13px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">\u00e9l, ella, usted<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 13px;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">ha<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 12px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">nosotros, nosotras<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 12px;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">hemos<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 12px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">vosotros, vosotras<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 12px;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">hab\u00e9is<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 12px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">ellos, ellas, ustedes<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 12px;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">han<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h4>Meaning of the present perfect tense<\/h4>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2276\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"size-medium wp-image-2276\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4946\/2019\/11\/07220935\/800px-Mustard_Flower_in_Morning-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Photo of a flower in the early morning\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" \/> \"\u00a1He perdido mi gotita de roc\u00edo!,\" dice la flor al cielo del amanecer, que ha perdido todas sus estrellas. (Rabindranath Tagore)[\/caption]\r\n\r\nBut what does this strange new verb tense mean? For English speakers, understanding the present perfect is easy, since it corresponds fairly neatly to the present perfect tense in English:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong><span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U23\/yo_he_decidido_no_usar_mas_la_envoltura_de_plastico.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Yo he decidido<\/strong> no usar m\u00e1s la envoltura de pl\u00e1stico. (<em><strong>I have decided<\/strong> to no longer use plastic wrap.<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong><span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U23\/todos_hemos_visto_las_fotos_horrorosas_de_ballenas_muertas_con_el_estomago_lleno_de_plastico.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Todos hemos visto<\/strong> las fotos horrorosas de ballenas muertas con el est\u00f3mago lleno de pl\u00e1stico. (<em><strong>We all have seen<\/strong> the horrible photos of dead whales with their stomachs full of plastic<\/em>.)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nMore abstractly, the perfect tenses express actions that happened before a certain point of reference\u2014in the case of the present perfect, the action happened before a present point of reference. The present perfect is therefore very similar to the preterit past tense, and in fact some Spanish-speaking regions use them interchangeably or even use the present perfect where standard Spanish would use the preterit. There is a difference, though: the present perfect refers to an action that was completed not long before the present moment and still has some relevance to the present time. This relevance to the present point of reference is the key to the meaning of the present perfect tense. So in the example above about the plastic wrap, the decision not to use it occurred in the past, but is still relevant because it changed the speaker\u2019s present behavior. In the example about having seen the horrible photo, the act of seeing happened in the past, but the emotional effects are still present.\r\n<h4>\u00a1Bonus adjectives!<\/h4>\r\nLook again at the second example above, and find the adjective used to describe the whales\u2026 \u201cballenas muertas\u201d (dead whales). A great many adjectives in Spanish are simply past participles, and you\u2019ve learned quite a few already: <strong>avergonzado<\/strong> (<em>embarrassed<\/em>, from <strong>avergonzar<\/strong>, <em>to embarrass<\/em>), <strong>abierto<\/strong> (<em>open<\/em>, from <strong>abrir<\/strong>, <em>to open<\/em>), <strong>cansado<\/strong> (<em>tired<\/em>, from <strong>cansar<\/strong>, <em>to tire<\/em>), etc. So learning this new verb tense has also vastly increased your descriptive vocabulary!\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Objetivos<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Recognize and understand the present perfect tense<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_2274\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2274\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2274\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4946\/2019\/11\/07220522\/waves-crashing-on-rocks-of-the-sea-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Photo of waves crashing against rocks.\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-2274\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">&#8220;El que ha naufragado, teme a la mar, a\u00fan calmada.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The present perfect is an example of a compound tense, that is a verb tense that consists of two words: one auxiliary or \u201chelping\u201d verb plus one participle. The verb \u201chaber\u201d is the auxiliary verb for all the perfect tenses, and in the present perfect, you will use the present tense of \u201chaber\u201d. As you may imagine, if you conjugate \u201chaber\u201d in the past you can make the past perfect tense, and so forth for the future perfect\u2026 but for now we\u2019ll just master the present perfect tense.<\/p>\n<p>The second word in all of the perfect tenses is the past participle of the main verb. The regular formula for creating a past participle is to remove the ending from the infinitive, and put \u201c-ado\u201d or \u201c-ido\u201d on the stem, according to whether it\u2019s an -AR, -ER, or -IR verb. There are also quite a few irregular participles that you will have to memorize.<\/p>\n<h4>Present perfect conjugation and irregular participles:<\/h4>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 85px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"height: 12px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 12px;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">subject<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 12px;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">haber<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 12px;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">past participle<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 12px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">yo<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 12px;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">he<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 73px; text-align: center;\" rowspan=\"6\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 3em;\">+<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 73px; width: 25%;\">(regular)<br \/>\n<strong>-AR \u2192 -ado<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>-ER, -IR \u2192 -ido<\/strong><br \/>\nhablar \u2192 hablado<br \/>\ncomer \u2192 comido<br \/>\nvivir \u2192 vivido<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 12px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">t\u00fa<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 12px;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">has<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%;\" rowspan=\"5\">(<strong>irregular<\/strong>)<br \/>\nabrir \u2192 abierto<br \/>\ncubrir \u2192 cubierto<br \/>\ndecir \u2192 dicho<br \/>\nescribir \u2192 escrito<br \/>\nhacer \u2192 hecho<br \/>\nir \u2192 ido<br \/>\nmorir \u2192 muerto<br \/>\nponer \u2192 puesto<br \/>\nresolver \u2192 resuelto<br \/>\nromper \u2192 roto<br \/>\nver \u2192 visto<br \/>\nvolver \u2192 vuelto<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 13px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 13px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">\u00e9l, ella, usted<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 13px;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">ha<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 12px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">nosotros, nosotras<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 12px;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">hemos<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 12px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">vosotros, vosotras<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 12px;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">hab\u00e9is<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 12px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">ellos, ellas, ustedes<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 12px;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">han<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>Meaning of the present perfect tense<\/h4>\n<div id=\"attachment_2276\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2276\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2276\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4946\/2019\/11\/07220935\/800px-Mustard_Flower_in_Morning-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Photo of a flower in the early morning\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-2276\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">&#8220;\u00a1He perdido mi gotita de roc\u00edo!,&#8221; dice la flor al cielo del amanecer, que ha perdido todas sus estrellas. (Rabindranath Tagore)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>But what does this strange new verb tense mean? For English speakers, understanding the present perfect is easy, since it corresponds fairly neatly to the present perfect tense in English:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong><span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U23\/yo_he_decidido_no_usar_mas_la_envoltura_de_plastico.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Yo he decidido<\/strong> no usar m\u00e1s la envoltura de pl\u00e1stico. (<em><strong>I have decided<\/strong> to no longer use plastic wrap.<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong><span class=\"translation\" title=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Spanish\/in-text_audio\/U23\/todos_hemos_visto_las_fotos_horrorosas_de_ballenas_muertas_con_el_estomago_lleno_de_plastico.mp3\" target=\"audio\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4100\/2019\/03\/22171914\/play.png\" alt=\"Play Audio\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/span>Todos hemos visto<\/strong> las fotos horrorosas de ballenas muertas con el est\u00f3mago lleno de pl\u00e1stico. (<em><strong>We all have seen<\/strong> the horrible photos of dead whales with their stomachs full of plastic<\/em>.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>More abstractly, the perfect tenses express actions that happened before a certain point of reference\u2014in the case of the present perfect, the action happened before a present point of reference. The present perfect is therefore very similar to the preterit past tense, and in fact some Spanish-speaking regions use them interchangeably or even use the present perfect where standard Spanish would use the preterit. There is a difference, though: the present perfect refers to an action that was completed not long before the present moment and still has some relevance to the present time. This relevance to the present point of reference is the key to the meaning of the present perfect tense. So in the example above about the plastic wrap, the decision not to use it occurred in the past, but is still relevant because it changed the speaker\u2019s present behavior. In the example about having seen the horrible photo, the act of seeing happened in the past, but the emotional effects are still present.<\/p>\n<h4>\u00a1Bonus adjectives!<\/h4>\n<p>Look again at the second example above, and find the adjective used to describe the whales\u2026 \u201cballenas muertas\u201d (dead whales). A great many adjectives in Spanish are simply past participles, and you\u2019ve learned quite a few already: <strong>avergonzado<\/strong> (<em>embarrassed<\/em>, from <strong>avergonzar<\/strong>, <em>to embarrass<\/em>), <strong>abierto<\/strong> (<em>open<\/em>, from <strong>abrir<\/strong>, <em>to open<\/em>), <strong>cansado<\/strong> (<em>tired<\/em>, from <strong>cansar<\/strong>, <em>to tire<\/em>), etc. So learning this new verb tense has also vastly increased your descriptive vocabulary!<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-1475\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Gramu00e1tica: Presente perfecto. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: SUNY Oneonta with Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Mustard Flower in Morning. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Satdeep gill. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Mustard_Flower_in_Morning.JPG\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Mustard_Flower_in_Morning.JPG<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">Public domain content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Waves crashing on rocks. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Circe Denyer . <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.publicdomainpictures.net\/en\/view-image.php?image=250963&#038;picture=waves-crashing-on-rocks-of-the-sea\">https:\/\/www.publicdomainpictures.net\/en\/view-image.php?image=250963&#038;picture=waves-crashing-on-rocks-of-the-sea<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/cc0\">CC0: No Rights Reserved<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":85404,"menu_order":8,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Gramu00e1tica: Presente perfecto\",\"author\":\"SUNY Oneonta with Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"pd\",\"description\":\"Waves crashing on rocks\",\"author\":\"Circe Denyer 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