{"id":97,"date":"2018-06-19T17:52:37","date_gmt":"2018-06-19T17:52:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-opmanagement\/?post_type=chapter&p=97"},"modified":"2018-07-05T15:05:07","modified_gmt":"2018-07-05T15:05:07","slug":"key-framework-the-five-forces-of-industry-competitive-advantage","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-opmanagement\/chapter\/key-framework-the-five-forces-of-industry-competitive-advantage\/","title":{"raw":"2.2: Operations Competitive Priorities","rendered":"2.2: Operations Competitive Priorities"},"content":{"raw":"
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2.4<\/span> Key Framework: The Five Forces of Industry Competitive Advantage<\/h1>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
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Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n
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  1. Diagram the five forces of competitive advantage.<\/li>\r\n \t
  2. Apply the framework to an industry, assessing the competitive landscape and the role of technology in influencing the relative power of buyers, suppliers, competitors, and alternatives.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

    Professor and strategy consultant Gary Hamel once wrote in a Fortune<\/em> cover story that \u201cthe dirty little secret of the strategy industry is that it doesn\u2019t have any theory of strategy creation.\u201dG. Hamel, \u201cKiller Strategies that Make Shareholders Rich,\u201d Fortune<\/em>, June 23, 1997.<\/span> While there is no silver bullet for strategy creation, strategic frameworks help managers describe the competitive environment a firm is facing. Frameworks can also be used as brainstorming tools to generate new ideas for responding to industry competition. If you have a model for thinking about competition, it\u2019s easier to understand what\u2019s happening and to think creatively about possible solutions.<\/p>\r\n

    One of the most popular frameworks for examining a firm\u2019s competitive environment is Porter\u2019s five forces<\/a><\/span>, also known as the Industry and Competitive Analysis<\/em>. As Porter puts it, \u201canalyzing [these] forces illuminates an industry\u2019s fundamental attractiveness, exposes the underlying drivers of average industry profitability, and provides insight into how profitability will evolve in the future.\u201d The five forces this framework considers are (1) the intensity of rivalry among existing competitors, (2) the threat of new entrants, (3) the threat of substitute goods or services, (4) the bargaining power of buyers, and (5) the bargaining power of suppliers (see Figure 2.6 \"The Five Forces of Industry and Competitive Analysis\"<\/a>).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    \r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"65\"]\"image\" Figure 2.6 The Five Forces of Industry and Competitive Analysis <\/em>[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

    New technologies can create jarring shocks in an industry. Consider how the rise of the Internet has impacted the five forces for music retailers. Traditional music retailers like Tower and Virgin found that customers were seeking music online. These firms scrambled to invest in the new channel out of what is perceived to be a necessity. Their intensity of rivalry<\/em> increases because they not only compete based on the geography of where brick-and-mortar stores are physically located, they now compete online as well. Investments online are expensive and uncertain, prompting some firms to partner with new entrants<\/em> such as Amazon. Free from brick-and-mortar stores, Amazon, the dominant new entrant, has a highly scalable cost structure. And in many ways the online buying experience is superior to what customers saw in stores. Customers can hear samples of almost all tracks, selection is seemingly limitless (the long tail<\/em> phenomenon\u2014see this concept illuminated in Chapter 4 \"Netflix in Two Acts: The Making of an E-commerce Giant and the Uncertain Future of Atoms to Bits\"<\/a>), and data is leveraged using collaborative filtering<\/em> software to make product recommendations and assist in music discovery.For more on the long tail and collaborative filtering, see Chapter 4 \"Netflix in Two Acts: The Making of an E-commerce Giant and the Uncertain Future of Atoms to Bits\"<\/a>.<\/span> Tough competition, but it gets worse because CD sales aren\u2019t the only way to consume music. The process of buying a plastic disc now faces substitutes<\/em> as digital music files become available on commercial music sites. Who needs the physical atoms of a CD filled with ones and zeros when you can buy the bits one song at a time? Or don\u2019t buy anything and subscribe to a limitless library instead.<\/p>\r\n

    From a sound quality perspective, the substitute good<\/em> of digital tracks purchased online is almost always inferior to their CD counterparts. To transfer songs quickly and hold more songs on a digital music player, tracks are encoded in a smaller file size than what you\u2019d get on a CD, and this smaller file contains lower playback fidelity. But the additional tech-based market shock brought on by digital music players (particularly the iPod) has changed listening habits. The convenience of carrying thousands of songs trumps what most consider just a slight quality degradation. ITunes is now responsible for selling more music than any other firm, online or off. Most alarming to the industry is the other widely adopted substitute for CD purchases\u2014theft. Illegal music \u201csharing\u201d services abound, even after years of record industry crackdowns. And while exact figures on real losses from online piracy are in dispute, the music industry has seen album sales drop by 45 percent in less than a decade.K. Barnes, \u201cMusic Sales Boom, but Album Sales Fizzle for \u201908,\u201d USA Today<\/em>, January 4, 2009.<\/span> All this choice gives consumers (buyers) bargaining power<\/em>. They demand cheaper prices and greater convenience. The bargaining power of suppliers<\/em>\u2014the music labels and artists\u2014also increases. At the start of the Internet revolution, retailers could pressure labels to limit sales through competing channels. Now, with many of the major music retail chains in bankruptcy, labels have a freer hand to experiment, while bands large and small have new ways to reach fans, sometimes in ways that entirely bypass the traditional music labels.<\/p>\r\n

    While it can be useful to look at changes in one industry as a model for potential change in another, it\u2019s important to realize that the changes that impact one industry do not necessarily impact other industries in the same way. For example, it is often suggested that the Internet increases bargaining power of buyers and lowers the bargaining power of suppliers. This suggestion is true for some industries like auto sales and jewelry where the products are commodities and the price transparency<\/a><\/span> of the Internet counteracts a previous information asymmetry<\/a><\/span> where customers often didn\u2019t know enough information about a product to bargain effectively. But it\u2019s not true across the board.<\/p>\r\n

    In cases where network effects are strong or a seller\u2019s goods are highly differentiated, the Internet can strengthen supplier bargaining power. The customer base of an antique dealer used to be limited by how many likely purchasers lived within driving distance of a store. Now with eBay, the dealer can take a rare good to a global audience and have a much larger customer base bid up the price. Switching costs also weaken buyer bargaining power. Wells Fargo has found that customers who use online bill pay (where switching costs are high) are 70 percent less likely to leave the bank than those who don\u2019t, suggesting that these switching costs help cement customers to the company even when rivals offer more compelling rates or services.<\/p>\r\n

    Tech plays a significant role in shaping and reshaping these five forces, but it\u2019s not the only significant force that can create an industry shock. Government deregulation or intervention, political shock, and social and demographic changes can all play a role in altering the competitive landscape. Because we live in an age of constant and relentless change, mangers need to continually visit strategic frameworks to consider any market-impacting shifts. Predicting the future is difficult, but ignoring change can be catastrophic.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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    Key Takeaways<\/h3>\r\n