{"id":1407,"date":"2018-05-03T19:14:28","date_gmt":"2018-05-03T19:14:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-osbiology2e\/chapter\/nutritional-requirements-of-plants\/"},"modified":"2018-07-02T17:20:51","modified_gmt":"2018-07-02T17:20:51","slug":"nutritional-requirements-of-plants","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-osbiology2e\/chapter\/nutritional-requirements-of-plants\/","title":{"raw":"Nutritional Requirements of Plants","rendered":"Nutritional Requirements of Plants"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe how plants obtain nutrients<\/li>\r\n \t<li>List the elements and compounds required for proper plant nutrition<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe an essential nutrient<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp17587536\">Plants are unique organisms that can absorb nutrients and water through their root system, as well as carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Soil quality and climate are the major determinants of plant distribution and growth. The combination of soil nutrients, water, and carbon dioxide, along with sunlight, allows plants to grow.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp69718176\" class=\"bc-section section\">\r\n<h3>The Chemical Composition of Plants<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp2717248\">Since plants require nutrients in the form of elements such as carbon and potassium, it is important to understand the chemical composition of plants. The majority of volume in a plant cell is water; it typically comprises 80 to 90 percent of the plant\u2019s total weight. Soil is the water source for land plants, and can be an abundant source of water, even if it appears dry. Plant roots absorb water from the soil through root hairs and transport it up to the leaves through the xylem. As water vapor is lost from the leaves, the process of transpiration and the polarity of water molecules (which enables them to form hydrogen bonds) draws more water from the roots up through the plant to the leaves (<a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#fig-ch31_01_01\">(Figure)<\/a>). Plants need water to support cell structure, for metabolic functions, to carry nutrients, and for photosynthesis.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fig-ch31_01_01\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3206\/2018\/05\/03191413\/Figure_31_01_01.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration shows a root tip. The tip of the root is bare, and hairs grow further up. A cross section at the top of the root reveals xylem tissue interspersed by four ovals containing phloem at the periphery.\" width=\"300\" height=\"571\" \/> <strong>Figure 1. <\/strong>Water is absorbed through the root hairs and moves up the xylem to the leaves.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp69489008\">Plant cells need essential substances, collectively called nutrients, to sustain life. Plant nutrients may be composed of either organic or inorganic compounds. An organic compound is a chemical compound that contains carbon, such as carbon dioxide obtained from the atmosphere. Carbon that was obtained from atmospheric CO<sub>2<\/sub> composes the majority of the dry mass within most plants. An inorganic compound does not contain carbon and is not part of, or produced by, a living organism. Inorganic substances, which form the majority of the soil solution, are commonly called minerals: those required by plants include nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) for structure and regulation.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp28642048\" class=\"bc-section section\">\r\n<h3>Essential Nutrients<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp27381568\">Plants require only light, water, and about 20 elements to support all their biochemical needs: these 20 elements are called essential nutrients (<a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#tab-ch31_01_01\">(Figure)<\/a>). For an element to be regarded as essential, three criteria are required: 1) a plant cannot complete its life cycle without the element; 2) no other element can perform the function of the element; and 3) the element is directly involved in plant nutrition.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<table id=\"tab-ch31_01_01\" summary=\"table 31.01.01\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th colspan=\"2\">Essential Elements for Plant Growth<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Macronutrients<\/th>\r\n<th>Micronutrients<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Carbon (C)<\/td>\r\n<td>Iron (Fe)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Hydrogen (H)<\/td>\r\n<td>Manganese (Mn)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Oxygen (O)<\/td>\r\n<td>Boron (B)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Nitrogen (N)<\/td>\r\n<td>Molybdenum (Mo)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Phosphorus (P)<\/td>\r\n<td>Copper (Cu)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Potassium (K)<\/td>\r\n<td>Zinc (Zn)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Calcium (Ca)<\/td>\r\n<td>Chlorine (Cl)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Magnesium (Mg)<\/td>\r\n<td>Nickel (Ni)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Sulfur (S)<\/td>\r\n<td>Cobalt (Co)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>Sodium (Na)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>Silicon (Si)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp107564144\" class=\"bc-section section\">\r\n<h4>Macronutrients and Micronutrients<\/h4>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm34808464\">The essential elements can be divided into two groups: macronutrients and micronutrients. Nutrients that plants require in larger amounts are called macronutrients. About half of the essential elements are considered macronutrients: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulfur. The first of these macronutrients, carbon (C), is required to form carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and many other compounds; it is therefore present in all macromolecules. On average, the dry weight (excluding water) of a cell is 50 percent carbon. As shown in <a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#fig-ch31_01_02\">(Figure)<\/a>, carbon is a key part of plant biomolecules.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fig-ch31_01_02\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"425\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3206\/2018\/05\/03191416\/Figure_31_01_02.jpg\" alt=\"Three cellulose fibers and the chemical structure of cellulose is shown. Cellulose consists of unbranched chains of glucose subunits that form long, straight fibers.\" width=\"425\" height=\"488\" \/> <strong>Figure 2. <\/strong>Cellulose, the main structural component of the plant cell wall, makes up over thirty percent of plant matter. It is the most abundant organic compound on earth.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp63966864\">The next most abundant element in plant cells is nitrogen (N); it is part of proteins and nucleic acids. Nitrogen is also used in the synthesis of some vitamins. Hydrogen and oxygen are macronutrients that are part of many organic compounds, and also form water. Oxygen is necessary for cellular respiration; plants use oxygen to store energy in the form of ATP. Phosphorus (P), another macromolecule, is necessary to synthesize nucleic acids and phospholipids. As part of ATP, phosphorus enables food energy to be converted into chemical energy through oxidative phosphorylation. Likewise, light energy is converted into chemical energy during photophosphorylation in photosynthesis, and into chemical energy to be extracted during respiration.\u00a0Sulfur is part of certain amino acids, such as cysteine and methionine, and is present in several coenzymes. Sulfur also plays a role in photosynthesis as part of the electron transport chain, where hydrogen gradients play a key role in the conversion of light energy into ATP. Potassium (K) is important because of its role in regulating stomatal opening and closing. As the openings for gas exchange, stomata help maintain a healthy water balance; a potassium ion pump supports this process.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp22877600\">Magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) are also important macronutrients. The role of calcium is twofold: to regulate nutrient transport, and to support many enzyme functions. Magnesium is important to the photosynthetic process. These minerals, along with the micronutrients, which are described below, also contribute to the plant\u2019s ionic balance.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp65967680\">In addition to macronutrients, organisms require various elements in small amounts. These micronutrients, or trace elements, are present in very small quantities. They include boron (B), chlorine (Cl), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), silicon (Si), and sodium (Na).<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp44183392\">Deficiencies in any of these nutrients\u2014particularly the macronutrients\u2014can adversely affect plant growth (<a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#fig-ch31_01_03\">(Figure)<\/a>). Depending on the specific nutrient, a lack can cause stunted growth, slow growth, or chlorosis (yellowing of the leaves). Extreme deficiencies may result in leaves showing signs of cell death.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm34597584\" class=\"interactive textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm29387824\">Visit this <a href=\"http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/l\/plant_mineral\" target=\"_window\">website<\/a> to participate in an interactive experiment on plant nutrient deficiencies. You can adjust the amounts of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Fe that plants receive . . . and see what happens.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fig-ch31_01_03\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"425\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3206\/2018\/05\/03191419\/Figure_31_01_03abcd.jpg\" alt=\"Photo (a) shows a tomato plant with two green tomato fruits. The fruits have turned dark brown on the bottom. Photo (b) shows a plant with green leaves; some of the leaves have turned yellow. Photo (c) shows a five-lobed leaf that is yellow with greenish veins. Photo (d) shows green palm leaves with yellow tips.\" width=\"425\" height=\"1047\" \/> <strong>Figure 3. <\/strong>Nutrient deficiency is evident in the symptoms these plants show. This (a) grape tomato suffers from blossom end rot caused by calcium deficiency. The yellowing in this (b) Frangula alnus results from magnesium deficiency. Inadequate magnesium also leads to (c) intervenal chlorosis, seen here in a sweetgum leaf. This (d) palm is affected by potassium deficiency. (credit c: modification of work by Jim Conrad; credit d: modification of work by Malcolm Manners)[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp94539344\" class=\"everyday\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Everyday Connection<\/h3>\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"815\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3206\/2018\/05\/03191425\/Figure_31_04_01.jpg\" alt=\"This photo shows a NASA researcher examining a hydroponic array, including several types of plants. The onions grow in a tray with long, thin openings from which emerge their grass-like leaves. Next to the onions are lettuces in a try appearing to have holes from which their larger leaves can emerge.\" width=\"815\" height=\"1064\" \/> <strong>Figure 4. <\/strong>Plant physiologist Ray Wheeler checks onions being grown using hydroponic techniques. The other plants are Bibb lettuce (left) and radishes (right). Credit: NASA[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<strong>Hydroponics<\/strong>\r\n\r\nHydroponics is a method of growing plants in a water-nutrient solution instead of soil. Since its advent, hydroponics has developed into a growing process that researchers often use. Scientists who are interested in studying plant nutrient deficiencies can use hydroponics to study the effects of different nutrient combinations under strictly controlled conditions. Hydroponics has also developed as a way to grow flowers, vegetables, and other crops in greenhouse environments. You might find hydroponically grown produce at your local grocery store. Today, many lettuces and tomatoes in your market have been hydroponically grown.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp70038640\" class=\"summary textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Section Summary<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp29148752\">Plants can absorb inorganic nutrients and water through their root system, and carbon dioxide from the environment. The combination of organic compounds, along with water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight, produce the energy that allows plants to grow. Inorganic compounds form the majority of the soil solution. Plants access water though the soil. Water is absorbed by the plant root, transports nutrients throughout the plant, and maintains the structure of the plant. Essential elements are indispensable elements for plant growth. They are divided into macronutrients and micronutrients. The macronutrients plants require are carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur. Important micronutrients include iron, manganese, boron, molybdenum, copper, zinc, chlorine, nickel, cobalt, silicon, and sodium.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp81312400\" class=\"multiple-choice textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Review Questions<\/h3>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp100874880\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm26753472\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp61504112\">For an element to be regarded as essential, all of the following criteria must be met, except:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol id=\"fs-idp9237680\" type=\"a\">\r\n \t<li>No other element can perform the function.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The element is directly involved in plant nutrition.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The element is inorganic.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The plant cannot complete its lifecycle without the element.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"fs-idp22681104\"]Show Solution[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"fs-idp22681104\"]\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp22681104\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm34971264\">C<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp4252816\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp19830208\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp82366160\">The nutrient that is part of carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids, and that forms biomolecules, is ________.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol id=\"fs-idm62757184\" type=\"a\">\r\n \t<li>nitrogen<\/li>\r\n \t<li>carbon<\/li>\r\n \t<li>magnesium<\/li>\r\n \t<li>iron<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"fs-idp51902592\"]Show Solution[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"fs-idp51902592\"]\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp51902592\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp96186496\">B<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp5777584\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp32880432\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp55482080\">Most ________ are necessary for enzyme function.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol id=\"fs-idp22541376\" type=\"a\">\r\n \t<li>micronutrients<\/li>\r\n \t<li>macronutrients<\/li>\r\n \t<li>biomolecules<\/li>\r\n \t<li>essential nutrients<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"fs-idp94498576\"]Show Solution[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"fs-idp94498576\"]\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp94498576\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp362624\">A<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm33567072\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp50905696\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp55349872\">What is the main water source for land plants?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol id=\"fs-idp432000\" type=\"a\">\r\n \t<li>rain<\/li>\r\n \t<li>soil<\/li>\r\n \t<li>biomolecules<\/li>\r\n \t<li>essential nutrients<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"fs-idp52366384\"]Show Solution[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"fs-idp52366384\"]\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp52366384\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm35877232\">B<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp214226192\" class=\"free-response textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Free Response<\/h3>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp68170960\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp100190224\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm35861456\">What type of plant problems result from nitrogen and calcium deficiencies?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"fs-idp89550432\"]Show Solution[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"fs-idp89550432\"]\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp89550432\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm29186016\">Deficiencies in these nutrients could result in stunted growth, slow growth, and chlorosis.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp72621264\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp69644448\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp104754432\">Research the life of Jan Babtista van Helmont. What did the van Helmont experiment show?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"fs-idp104772400\"]Show Solution[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"fs-idp104772400\"]\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp104772400\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp63862592\">van Helmont showed that plants do not consume soil, which is correct. He also thought that plant growth and increased weight resulted from the intake of water, a conclusion that has since been disproven.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp49915760\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp124727040\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm43735072\">List two essential macronutrients and two essential micro nutrients.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"fs-idp173019808\"]Show Solution[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"fs-idp173019808\"]\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp173019808\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp89971376\">Answers may vary. Essential macronutrients include carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur. Essential micronutrients include iron, manganese, boron, molybdenum, copper, zinc, chlorine, nickel, cobalt, sodium, and silicon.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idp150698992\">\r\n \t<dt>inorganic compound<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm10864528\">chemical compound that does not contain carbon; it is not part of or produced by a living organism<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idp58171264\">\r\n \t<dt>macronutrient<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm35524768\">nutrient that is required in large amounts for plant growth; carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm2442672\">\r\n \t<dt>micronutrient<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm54247888\">nutrient required in small amounts; also called trace element<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idp23412784\">\r\n \t<dt>organic compound<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idp104035280\">chemical compound that contains carbon<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<p>By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe how plants obtain nutrients<\/li>\n<li>List the elements and compounds required for proper plant nutrition<\/li>\n<li>Describe an essential nutrient<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idp17587536\">Plants are unique organisms that can absorb nutrients and water through their root system, as well as carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Soil quality and climate are the major determinants of plant distribution and growth. The combination of soil nutrients, water, and carbon dioxide, along with sunlight, allows plants to grow.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-idp69718176\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h3>The Chemical Composition of Plants<\/h3>\n<p id=\"fs-idp2717248\">Since plants require nutrients in the form of elements such as carbon and potassium, it is important to understand the chemical composition of plants. The majority of volume in a plant cell is water; it typically comprises 80 to 90 percent of the plant\u2019s total weight. Soil is the water source for land plants, and can be an abundant source of water, even if it appears dry. Plant roots absorb water from the soil through root hairs and transport it up to the leaves through the xylem. As water vapor is lost from the leaves, the process of transpiration and the polarity of water molecules (which enables them to form hydrogen bonds) draws more water from the roots up through the plant to the leaves (<a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#fig-ch31_01_01\">(Figure)<\/a>). Plants need water to support cell structure, for metabolic functions, to carry nutrients, and for photosynthesis.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fig-ch31_01_01\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n<div style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3206\/2018\/05\/03191413\/Figure_31_01_01.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration shows a root tip. The tip of the root is bare, and hairs grow further up. A cross section at the top of the root reveals xylem tissue interspersed by four ovals containing phloem at the periphery.\" width=\"300\" height=\"571\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1. <\/strong>Water is absorbed through the root hairs and moves up the xylem to the leaves.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idp69489008\">Plant cells need essential substances, collectively called nutrients, to sustain life. Plant nutrients may be composed of either organic or inorganic compounds. An organic compound is a chemical compound that contains carbon, such as carbon dioxide obtained from the atmosphere. Carbon that was obtained from atmospheric CO<sub>2<\/sub> composes the majority of the dry mass within most plants. An inorganic compound does not contain carbon and is not part of, or produced by, a living organism. Inorganic substances, which form the majority of the soil solution, are commonly called minerals: those required by plants include nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) for structure and regulation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idp28642048\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h3>Essential Nutrients<\/h3>\n<p id=\"fs-idp27381568\">Plants require only light, water, and about 20 elements to support all their biochemical needs: these 20 elements are called essential nutrients (<a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#tab-ch31_01_01\">(Figure)<\/a>). For an element to be regarded as essential, three criteria are required: 1) a plant cannot complete its life cycle without the element; 2) no other element can perform the function of the element; and 3) the element is directly involved in plant nutrition.<\/p>\n<table id=\"tab-ch31_01_01\" summary=\"table 31.01.01\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"2\">Essential Elements for Plant Growth<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Macronutrients<\/th>\n<th>Micronutrients<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Carbon (C)<\/td>\n<td>Iron (Fe)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Hydrogen (H)<\/td>\n<td>Manganese (Mn)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Oxygen (O)<\/td>\n<td>Boron (B)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nitrogen (N)<\/td>\n<td>Molybdenum (Mo)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Phosphorus (P)<\/td>\n<td>Copper (Cu)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Potassium (K)<\/td>\n<td>Zinc (Zn)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Calcium (Ca)<\/td>\n<td>Chlorine (Cl)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Magnesium (Mg)<\/td>\n<td>Nickel (Ni)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Sulfur (S)<\/td>\n<td>Cobalt (Co)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Sodium (Na)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Silicon (Si)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div id=\"fs-idp107564144\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h4>Macronutrients and Micronutrients<\/h4>\n<p id=\"fs-idm34808464\">The essential elements can be divided into two groups: macronutrients and micronutrients. Nutrients that plants require in larger amounts are called macronutrients. About half of the essential elements are considered macronutrients: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulfur. The first of these macronutrients, carbon (C), is required to form carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and many other compounds; it is therefore present in all macromolecules. On average, the dry weight (excluding water) of a cell is 50 percent carbon. As shown in <a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#fig-ch31_01_02\">(Figure)<\/a>, carbon is a key part of plant biomolecules.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fig-ch31_01_02\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n<div style=\"width: 435px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3206\/2018\/05\/03191416\/Figure_31_01_02.jpg\" alt=\"Three cellulose fibers and the chemical structure of cellulose is shown. Cellulose consists of unbranched chains of glucose subunits that form long, straight fibers.\" width=\"425\" height=\"488\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2. <\/strong>Cellulose, the main structural component of the plant cell wall, makes up over thirty percent of plant matter. It is the most abundant organic compound on earth.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idp63966864\">The next most abundant element in plant cells is nitrogen (N); it is part of proteins and nucleic acids. Nitrogen is also used in the synthesis of some vitamins. Hydrogen and oxygen are macronutrients that are part of many organic compounds, and also form water. Oxygen is necessary for cellular respiration; plants use oxygen to store energy in the form of ATP. Phosphorus (P), another macromolecule, is necessary to synthesize nucleic acids and phospholipids. As part of ATP, phosphorus enables food energy to be converted into chemical energy through oxidative phosphorylation. Likewise, light energy is converted into chemical energy during photophosphorylation in photosynthesis, and into chemical energy to be extracted during respiration.\u00a0Sulfur is part of certain amino acids, such as cysteine and methionine, and is present in several coenzymes. Sulfur also plays a role in photosynthesis as part of the electron transport chain, where hydrogen gradients play a key role in the conversion of light energy into ATP. Potassium (K) is important because of its role in regulating stomatal opening and closing. As the openings for gas exchange, stomata help maintain a healthy water balance; a potassium ion pump supports this process.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp22877600\">Magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) are also important macronutrients. The role of calcium is twofold: to regulate nutrient transport, and to support many enzyme functions. Magnesium is important to the photosynthetic process. These minerals, along with the micronutrients, which are described below, also contribute to the plant\u2019s ionic balance.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp65967680\">In addition to macronutrients, organisms require various elements in small amounts. These micronutrients, or trace elements, are present in very small quantities. They include boron (B), chlorine (Cl), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), silicon (Si), and sodium (Na).<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp44183392\">Deficiencies in any of these nutrients\u2014particularly the macronutrients\u2014can adversely affect plant growth (<a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#fig-ch31_01_03\">(Figure)<\/a>). Depending on the specific nutrient, a lack can cause stunted growth, slow growth, or chlorosis (yellowing of the leaves). Extreme deficiencies may result in leaves showing signs of cell death.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-idm34597584\" class=\"interactive textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\n<p id=\"fs-idm29387824\">Visit this <a href=\"http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/l\/plant_mineral\" target=\"_window\">website<\/a> to participate in an interactive experiment on plant nutrient deficiencies. You can adjust the amounts of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Fe that plants receive . . . and see what happens.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fig-ch31_01_03\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n<div style=\"width: 435px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3206\/2018\/05\/03191419\/Figure_31_01_03abcd.jpg\" alt=\"Photo (a) shows a tomato plant with two green tomato fruits. The fruits have turned dark brown on the bottom. Photo (b) shows a plant with green leaves; some of the leaves have turned yellow. Photo (c) shows a five-lobed leaf that is yellow with greenish veins. Photo (d) shows green palm leaves with yellow tips.\" width=\"425\" height=\"1047\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 3. <\/strong>Nutrient deficiency is evident in the symptoms these plants show. This (a) grape tomato suffers from blossom end rot caused by calcium deficiency. The yellowing in this (b) Frangula alnus results from magnesium deficiency. Inadequate magnesium also leads to (c) intervenal chlorosis, seen here in a sweetgum leaf. This (d) palm is affected by potassium deficiency. (credit c: modification of work by Jim Conrad; credit d: modification of work by Malcolm Manners)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idp94539344\" class=\"everyday\">\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Everyday Connection<\/h3>\n<div style=\"width: 825px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3206\/2018\/05\/03191425\/Figure_31_04_01.jpg\" alt=\"This photo shows a NASA researcher examining a hydroponic array, including several types of plants. The onions grow in a tray with long, thin openings from which emerge their grass-like leaves. Next to the onions are lettuces in a try appearing to have holes from which their larger leaves can emerge.\" width=\"815\" height=\"1064\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 4. <\/strong>Plant physiologist Ray Wheeler checks onions being grown using hydroponic techniques. The other plants are Bibb lettuce (left) and radishes (right). Credit: NASA<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>Hydroponics<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Hydroponics is a method of growing plants in a water-nutrient solution instead of soil. Since its advent, hydroponics has developed into a growing process that researchers often use. Scientists who are interested in studying plant nutrient deficiencies can use hydroponics to study the effects of different nutrient combinations under strictly controlled conditions. Hydroponics has also developed as a way to grow flowers, vegetables, and other crops in greenhouse environments. You might find hydroponically grown produce at your local grocery store. Today, many lettuces and tomatoes in your market have been hydroponically grown.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idp70038640\" class=\"summary textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Section Summary<\/h3>\n<p id=\"fs-idp29148752\">Plants can absorb inorganic nutrients and water through their root system, and carbon dioxide from the environment. The combination of organic compounds, along with water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight, produce the energy that allows plants to grow. Inorganic compounds form the majority of the soil solution. Plants access water though the soil. Water is absorbed by the plant root, transports nutrients throughout the plant, and maintains the structure of the plant. Essential elements are indispensable elements for plant growth. They are divided into macronutrients and micronutrients. The macronutrients plants require are carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur. Important micronutrients include iron, manganese, boron, molybdenum, copper, zinc, chlorine, nickel, cobalt, silicon, and sodium.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idp81312400\" class=\"multiple-choice textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Review Questions<\/h3>\n<div id=\"fs-idp100874880\">\n<div id=\"fs-idm26753472\">\n<p id=\"fs-idp61504112\">For an element to be regarded as essential, all of the following criteria must be met, except:<\/p>\n<ol id=\"fs-idp9237680\" type=\"a\">\n<li>No other element can perform the function.<\/li>\n<li>The element is directly involved in plant nutrition.<\/li>\n<li>The element is inorganic.<\/li>\n<li>The plant cannot complete its lifecycle without the element.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"qfs-idp22681104\">Show Solution<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"qfs-idp22681104\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<div id=\"fs-idp22681104\">\n<p id=\"fs-idm34971264\">C<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idp4252816\">\n<div id=\"fs-idp19830208\">\n<p id=\"fs-idp82366160\">The nutrient that is part of carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids, and that forms biomolecules, is ________.<\/p>\n<ol id=\"fs-idm62757184\" type=\"a\">\n<li>nitrogen<\/li>\n<li>carbon<\/li>\n<li>magnesium<\/li>\n<li>iron<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"qfs-idp51902592\">Show Solution<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"qfs-idp51902592\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<div id=\"fs-idp51902592\">\n<p id=\"fs-idp96186496\">B<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idp5777584\">\n<div id=\"fs-idp32880432\">\n<p id=\"fs-idp55482080\">Most ________ are necessary for enzyme function.<\/p>\n<ol id=\"fs-idp22541376\" type=\"a\">\n<li>micronutrients<\/li>\n<li>macronutrients<\/li>\n<li>biomolecules<\/li>\n<li>essential nutrients<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"qfs-idp94498576\">Show Solution<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"qfs-idp94498576\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<div id=\"fs-idp94498576\">\n<p id=\"fs-idp362624\">A<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idm33567072\">\n<div id=\"fs-idp50905696\">\n<p id=\"fs-idp55349872\">What is the main water source for land plants?<\/p>\n<ol id=\"fs-idp432000\" type=\"a\">\n<li>rain<\/li>\n<li>soil<\/li>\n<li>biomolecules<\/li>\n<li>essential nutrients<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"qfs-idp52366384\">Show Solution<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"qfs-idp52366384\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<div id=\"fs-idp52366384\">\n<p id=\"fs-idm35877232\">B<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idp214226192\" class=\"free-response textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Free Response<\/h3>\n<div id=\"fs-idp68170960\">\n<div id=\"fs-idp100190224\">\n<p id=\"fs-idm35861456\">What type of plant problems result from nitrogen and calcium deficiencies?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"qfs-idp89550432\">Show Solution<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"qfs-idp89550432\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<div id=\"fs-idp89550432\">\n<p id=\"fs-idm29186016\">Deficiencies in these nutrients could result in stunted growth, slow growth, and chlorosis.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idp72621264\">\n<div id=\"fs-idp69644448\">\n<p id=\"fs-idp104754432\">Research the life of Jan Babtista van Helmont. What did the van Helmont experiment show?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"qfs-idp104772400\">Show Solution<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"qfs-idp104772400\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<div id=\"fs-idp104772400\">\n<p id=\"fs-idp63862592\">van Helmont showed that plants do not consume soil, which is correct. He also thought that plant growth and increased weight resulted from the intake of water, a conclusion that has since been disproven.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idp49915760\">\n<div id=\"fs-idp124727040\">\n<p id=\"fs-idm43735072\">List two essential macronutrients and two essential micro nutrients.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"qfs-idp173019808\">Show Solution<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"qfs-idp173019808\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<div id=\"fs-idp173019808\">\n<p id=\"fs-idp89971376\">Answers may vary. Essential macronutrients include carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur. Essential micronutrients include iron, manganese, boron, molybdenum, copper, zinc, chlorine, nickel, cobalt, sodium, and silicon.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<dl id=\"fs-idp150698992\">\n<dt>inorganic compound<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm10864528\">chemical compound that does not contain carbon; it is not part of or produced by a living organism<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idp58171264\">\n<dt>macronutrient<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm35524768\">nutrient that is required in large amounts for plant growth; carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm2442672\">\n<dt>micronutrient<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm54247888\">nutrient required in small amounts; also called trace element<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idp23412784\">\n<dt>organic compound<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idp104035280\">chemical compound that contains carbon<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-1407\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Biology 2e. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/details\/books\/biology-2e\">https:\/\/openstax.org\/details\/books\/biology-2e<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/8d50a0af-948b-4204-a71d-4826cba765b8@8.19<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":311,"menu_order":2,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Biology 2e\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/details\/books\/biology-2e\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/8d50a0af-948b-4204-a71d-4826cba765b8@8.19\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-1407","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":1400,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-osbiology2e\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1407","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-osbiology2e\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-osbiology2e\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-osbiology2e\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/311"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-osbiology2e\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1407\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2637,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-osbiology2e\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1407\/revisions\/2637"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-osbiology2e\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/1400"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-osbiology2e\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1407\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-osbiology2e\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1407"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-osbiology2e\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1407"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-osbiology2e\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1407"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-osbiology2e\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1407"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}