Fundamental Constants

Fundamental ConstantsNote: These constants are the values recommended in 2006 by CODATA, based on a least-squares adjustment of data from different measurements. The numbers in parentheses for the values represent the uncertainties of the last two digits.
Quantity Symbol Value
Atomic mass unit u $$\begin{array}{c}1.660 538 782\,(83)\,×\,{10}^{-27}\,\text{kg}\hfill \\ 931.494 028\,(23)\,\text{MeV/}{c}^{2}\hfill \end{array}$$
Avogadro’s number $${N}_{\text{A}}$$ $$6.022 141 79\,(30)\,×\,{10}^{23}\,\text{particles/mol}$$
Bohr magneton $${\mu }_{\text{B}}=\frac{e\hslash }{2{m}_{e}}$$ $$9.274 009 15\,(23)\,×\,{10}^{-24}\,\text{J/T}$$
Bohr radius $${a}_{0}=\frac{{\hslash }^{2}}{{m}_{e}{e}^{2}{k}_{e}}$$ $$5.291 772 085 9\,(36)\,×\,{10}^{-11}\,\text{m}$$
Boltzmann’s constant $${k}_{\text{B}}=\frac{R}{{N}_{\text{A}}}$$ $$1.380 650 4\,(24)\,×\,{10}^{-23}\,\text{J/K}$$
Compton wavelength $${\lambda }_{\text{C}}=\frac{h}{{m}_{e}c}$$ $$2.426 310 217 5\,(33)\,×\,{10}^{-12}\,\text{m}$$
Coulomb constant $${k}_{e}=\frac{1}{4\pi {\text{ε}}_{0}}$$ $$8.987 551 788…\,×\,{10}^{9}\,\text{N}·{\text{m}}^{2}{\text{/C}}^{2}(\text{exact})$$
Deuteron mass $${m}_{d}$$ $$\begin{array}{c}3.343 583 20\,(17)\,×\,{10}^{-27}\,\text{kg}\hfill \\ 2.013 553 212 724(78)\,\text{u}\hfill \\ 1875.612 859\,\text{MeV/}{c}^{2}\hfill \end{array}$$
Electron mass $${m}_{e}$$ $$\begin{array}{c}9.109 382 15\,(45)\,×\,{10}^{-31}\,\text{kg}\hfill \\ 5.485 799 094 3(23)\,×\,{10}^{-4}\,\text{u}\hfill \\ 0.510 998 910\,(13)\,\text{MeV/}{c}^{2}\hfill \end{array}$$
Electron volt eV $$1.602 176 487\,(40)\,×\,{10}^{-19}\,\text{J}$$
Elementary charge e $$1.602 176 487\,(40)\,×\,{10}^{-19}\,\text{C}$$
Gas constant R $$8.314 472\,(15)\,\text{J/mol}·\text{K}$$
Gravitational constant G $$6.674 28\,(67)\,×\,{10}^{-11}\,\text{N}·{\text{m}}^{2}{\text{/kg}}^{2}$$
Neutron mass $${m}_{n}$$ $$\begin{array}{c}1.674 927 211\,(84)\,×\,{10}^{-27}\,\text{kg}\hfill \\ 1.008 664 915 97\,(43)\,\text{u}\hfill \\ 939.565 346\,(23)\,\text{MeV/}{c}^{2}\hfill \end{array}$$
Nuclear magneton $${\mu }_{n}=\frac{e\hslash }{2{m}_{p}}$$ $$5.050 783 24\,(13)\,×\,{10}^{-27}\,\text{J/T}$$
Permeability of free space $${\mu }_{0}$$ $$4\pi \,×\,{10}^{-7}\,\text{T}·\text{m/A}(\text{exact})$$
Permittivity of free space $${\text{ε}}_{0}=\frac{1}{{\mu }_{0}{c}^{2}}$$ $$8.854 187 817…\,×\,{10}^{-12}\,{\text{C}}^{2}\text{/}\text{N}·{\text{m}}^{2}(\text{exact})$$
Planck’s constant h

$$\hslash =\frac{h}{2\pi }$$

 $$\begin{array}{c}6.626 068 96\,(33)\,×\,{10}^{-34}\,\text{J}·\text{s}\hfill \\ 1.054 571 628\,(53)\,×\,{10}^{-34}\,\text{J}·\text{s}\hfill \end{array}$$
Proton mass $${m}_{p}$$ $$\begin{array}{c}1.672 621 637\,(83)\,×\,{10}^{-27}\,\text{kg}\hfill \\ 1.007 276 466 77\,(10)\,\text{u}\hfill \\ 938.272 013\,(23)\,\text{MeV/}{c}^{2}\hfill \end{array}$$
Rydberg constant $${R}_{\text{H}}$$ $$1.097 373 156 852 7\,(73)\,×\,{10}^{7}\,{\text{m}}^{-1}$$
Speed of light in vacuum c $$2.997 924 58\,×\,{10}^{8}\,\text{m/s}\,(\text{exact})$$

Useful combinations of constants for calculations:

$$hc=12,400\,\text{eV}·\text{Å}=1240\,\text{eV}·\text{nm}=1240\,\text{MeV}·\text{fm}$$

$$\hslash c=1973\,\text{eV}·\text{Å}=197.3\,\text{eV}·\text{nm}=197.3\,\text{MeV}·\text{fm}$$

$${k}_{e}{e}^{2}=14.40\,\text{eV}·\text{Å}=1.440\,\text{eV}·\text{nm}=1.440\,\text{MeV}·\text{fm}$$

$${k}_{\text{B}}T=0.02585\,\text{eV at}\,T=300\,\text{K}$$