3 Chapter Review

Key Terms

acceleration due to gravity
acceleration of an object as a result of gravity
average acceleration
the rate of change in velocity; the change in velocity over time
average speed
the total distance traveled divided by elapsed time
average velocity
the displacement divided by the time over which displacement occurs
displacement
the change in position of an object
distance traveled
the total length of the path traveled between two positions
elapsed time
the difference between the ending time and the beginning time
free fall
the state of movement that results from gravitational force only
instantaneous acceleration
acceleration at a specific point in time
instantaneous speed
the absolute value of the instantaneous velocity
instantaneous velocity
the velocity at a specific instant or time point
kinematics
the description of motion through properties such as position, time, velocity, and acceleration
position
the location of an object at a particular time
total displacement
the sum of individual displacements over a given time period
two-body pursuit problem
a kinematics problem in which the unknowns are calculated by solving the kinematic equations simultaneously for two moving objects 

Key Equations

Displacement Δx=xf−xiΔx=xf−xi
Total displacement ΔxTotal=∑ΔxiΔxTotal=∑ Δxi
Average velocity v–=ΔxΔt=x2−x1t2−t1v–=ΔxΔt=x2−x1t2−t1
Instantaneous velocity v(t)=dx(t)dtv(t)=dx(t)dt
Average speed Average speed=s–=Total distanceElapsed timeAverage speed=s–=Total distanceElapsed time
Instantaneous speed Instantaneous speed=∣∣v(t)∣∣Instantaneous speed=|v(t)|
Average acceleration a–=ΔvΔt=vf−v0tf−t0a–=ΔvΔt=vf−v0tf−t0
Instantaneous acceleration a(t)=dv(t)dta(t)=dv(t)dt
Position from average velocity x=x0+v–tx=x0+v–t
Average velocity v–=v0+v2v–=v0+v2
Velocity from acceleration v=v0+at(constanta)v=v0+at(constanta)
Position from velocity and acceleration x=x0+v0t+12at2(constanta)x=x0+v0t+12at2(constanta)
Velocity from distance v2=v20+2a(x−x0)(constanta)v2=v02+2a(x−x0)(constanta)
Velocity of free fall v=v0−gt(positive upward)v=v0−gt(positive upward)
Height of free fall y=y0+v0t−12gt2y=y0+v0t−12gt2
Velocity of free fall from height v2=v20−2g(y−y0)v2=v02−2g(y−y0)
Velocity from acceleration v(t)=∫a(t)dt+C1v(t)=∫a(t)dt+C1
Position from velocity x(t)=∫v(t)dt+C2x(t)=∫v(t)dt+C2

Summary

3.1 Position, Displacement, and Average Velocity

  • Kinematics is the description of motion without considering its causes. In this chapter, it is limited to motion along a straight line, called one-dimensional motion.
  • Displacement is the change in position of an object. The SI unit for displacement is the meter. Displacement has direction as well as magnitude.
  • Distance traveled is the total length of the path traveled between two positions.
  • Time is measured in terms of change. The time between two position points x1x1 and x2x2 is Δt=t2−t1Δt=t2−t1. Elapsed time for an event is Δt=tf−t0Δt=tf−t0, where tftf is the final time and t0t0 is the initial time. The initial time is often taken to be zero.
  • Average velocity v–v– is defined as displacement divided by elapsed time. If x1,t1x1,t1 and x2,t2x2,t2 are two position time points, the average velocity between these points is
    v–=ΔxΔt=x2−x1t2−t1.v–=ΔxΔt=x2−x1t2−t1.

3.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed

  • Instantaneous velocity is a continuous function of time and gives the velocity at any point in time during a particle’s motion. We can calculate the instantaneous velocity at a specific time by taking the derivative of the position function, which gives us the functional form of instantaneous velocity v(t).
  • Instantaneous velocity is a vector and can be negative.
  • Instantaneous speed is found by taking the absolute value of instantaneous velocity, and it is always positive.
  • Average speed is total distance traveled divided by elapsed time.
  • The slope of a position-versus-time graph at a specific time gives instantaneous velocity at that time.

3.3 Average and Instantaneous Acceleration

  • Acceleration is the rate at which velocity changes. Acceleration is a vector; it has both a magnitude and direction. The SI unit for acceleration is meters per second squared.
  • Acceleration can be caused by a change in the magnitude or the direction of the velocity, or both.
  • Instantaneous acceleration a(t) is a continuous function of time and gives the acceleration at any specific time during the motion. It is calculated from the derivative of the velocity function. Instantaneous acceleration is the slope of the velocity-versus-time graph.
  • Negative acceleration (sometimes called deceleration) is acceleration in the negative direction in the chosen coordinate system.

3.4 Motion with Constant Acceleration

  • When analyzing one-dimensional motion with constant acceleration, identify the known quantities and choose the appropriate equations to solve for the unknowns. Either one or two of the kinematic equations are needed to solve for the unknowns, depending on the known and unknown quantities.
  • Two-body pursuit problems always require two equations to be solved simultaneously for the unknowns.

3.5 Free Fall

  • An object in free fall experiences constant acceleration if air resistance is negligible.
  • On Earth, all free-falling objects have an acceleration g due to gravity, which averages g=9.81m/s2g=9.81m/s2.
  • For objects in free fall, the upward direction is normally taken as positive for displacement, velocity, and acceleration.

3.6 Finding Velocity and Displacement from Acceleration

  • Integral calculus gives us a more complete formulation of kinematics.
  • If acceleration a(t) is known, we can use integral calculus to derive expressions for velocity v(t) and position x(t).
  • If acceleration is constant, the integral equations reduce to Equation 3.12 and Equation 3.13 for motion with constant acceleration.

Conceptual Questions

3.1 Position, Displacement, and Average Velocity

1.

Give an example in which there are clear distinctions among distance traveled, displacement, and magnitude of displacement. Identify each quantity in your example specifically.

2.

Under what circumstances does distance traveled equal magnitude of displacement? What is the only case in which magnitude of displacement and displacement are exactly the same?

3.

Bacteria move back and forth using their flagella (structures that look like little tails). Speeds of up to 50 μm/s (50 × 10−6m/s) have been observed. The total distance traveled by a bacterium is large for its size, whereas its displacement is small. Why is this?

4.

Give an example of a device used to measure time and identify what change in that device indicates a change in time.

5.

Does a car’s odometer measure distance traveled or displacement?

6.

During a given time interval the average velocity of an object is zero. What can you say conclude about its displacement over the time interval?

3.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed

7.

There is a distinction between average speed and the magnitude of average velocity. Give an example that illustrates the difference between these two quantities.

8.

Does the speedometer of a car measure speed or velocity?

9.

If you divide the total distance traveled on a car trip (as determined by the odometer) by the elapsed time of the trip, are you calculating average speed or magnitude of average velocity? Under what circumstances are these two quantities the same?

10.

How are instantaneous velocity and instantaneous speed related to one another? How do they differ?

3.3 Average and Instantaneous Acceleration

11.

Is it possible for speed to be constant while acceleration is not zero?

12.

Is it possible for velocity to be constant while acceleration is not zero? Explain.

13.

Give an example in which velocity is zero yet acceleration is not.

14.

If a subway train is moving to the left (has a negative velocity) and then comes to a stop, what is the direction of its acceleration? Is the acceleration positive or negative?

15.

Plus and minus signs are used in one-dimensional motion to indicate direction. What is the sign of an acceleration that reduces the magnitude of a negative velocity? Of a positive velocity?

3.4 Motion with Constant Acceleration

16.

When analyzing the motion of a single object, what is the required number of known physical variables that are needed to solve for the unknown quantities using the kinematic equations?

17.

State two scenarios of the kinematics of single object where three known quantities require two kinematic equations to solve for the unknowns.

3.5 Free Fall

18.

What is the acceleration of a rock thrown straight upward on the way up? At the top of its flight? On the way down? Assume there is no air resistance.

19.

An object that is thrown straight up falls back to Earth. This is one-dimensional motion. (a) When is its velocity zero? (b) Does its velocity change direction? (c) Does the acceleration have the same sign on the way up as on the way down?

20.

Suppose you throw a rock nearly straight up at a coconut in a palm tree and the rock just misses the coconut on the way up but hits the coconut on the way down. Neglecting air resistance and the slight horizontal variation in motion to account for the hit and miss of the coconut, how does the speed of the rock when it hits the coconut on the way down compare with what it would have been if it had hit the coconut on the way up? Is it more likely to dislodge the coconut on the way up or down? Explain.

21.

The severity of a fall depends on your speed when you strike the ground. All factors but the acceleration from gravity being the same, how many times higher could a safe fall on the Moon than on Earth (gravitational acceleration on the Moon is about one-sixth that of the Earth)?

22.

How many times higher could an astronaut jump on the Moon than on Earth if her takeoff speed is the same in both locations (gravitational acceleration on the Moon is about on-sixth of that on Earth)?

3.6 Finding Velocity and Displacement from Acceleration

23.

When given the acceleration function, what additional information is needed to find the velocity function and position function?

Problems

3.1 Position, Displacement, and Average Velocity

24.

Consider a coordinate system in which the positive x axis is directed upward vertically. What are the positions of a particle (a) 5.0 m directly above the origin and (b) 2.0 m below the origin?

25.

A car is 2.0 km west of a traffic light at t = 0 and 5.0 km east of the light at t = 6.0 min. Assume the origin of the coordinate system is the light and the positive x direction is eastward. (a) What are the car’s position vectors at these two times? (b) What is the car’s displacement between 0 min and 6.0 min?

26.

The Shanghai maglev train connects Longyang Road to Pudong International Airport, a distance of 30 km. The journey takes 8 minutes on average. What is the maglev train’s average velocity?

27.

The position of a particle moving along the x-axis is given by x(t)=4.0−2.0tx(t)=4.0−2.0t m. (a) At what time does the particle cross the origin? (b) What is the displacement of the particle between t=3.0st=3.0s and t=6.0s?t=6.0s?

28.

A cyclist rides 8.0 km east for 20 minutes, then he turns and heads west for 8 minutes and 3.2 km. Finally, he rides east for 16 km, which takes 40 minutes. (a) What is the final displacement of the cyclist? (b) What is his average velocity?

29.

On February 15, 2013, a superbolide meteor (brighter than the Sun) entered Earth’s atmosphere over Chelyabinsk, Russia, and exploded at an altitude of 23.5 km. Eyewitnesses could feel the intense heat from the fireball, and the blast wave from the explosion blew out windows in buildings. The blast wave took approximately 2 minutes 30 seconds to reach ground level. (a) What was the average velocity of the blast wave? b) Compare this with the speed of sound, which is 343 m/s at sea level.

3.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed

30.

A woodchuck runs 20 m to the right in 5 s, then turns and runs 10 m to the left in 3 s. (a) What is the average velocity of the woodchuck? (b) What is its average speed?

31.

Sketch the velocity-versus-time graph from the following position-versus-time graph.

Graph shows position in meters plotted versus time in seconds. It starts at the origin, reaches 4 meters at 0.4 seconds; decreases to -2 meters at 0.6 seconds, reaches minimum of -6 meters at 1 second, increases to -4 meters at 1.6 seconds, and reaches 2 meters at 2 seconds.

32.

Sketch the velocity-versus-time graph from the following position-versus-time graph.

Graph shows position plotted versus time in seconds. Graph has a sinusoidal shape. It starts with the positive value at zero time, changes to negative, and then starts to increase.

33.

Given the following velocity-versus-time graph, sketch the position-versus-time graph.

Graph shows velocity plotted versus time. It starts with the positive value at zero time, decreases to the negative value and remains constant.

34.

An object has a position function x(t) = 5t m. (a) What is the velocity as a function of time? (b) Graph the position function and the velocity function.

35.

A particle moves along the x-axis according to x(t)=10t−2t2mx(t)=10t−2t2m. (a) What is the instantaneous velocity at t = 2 s and t = 3 s? (b) What is the instantaneous speed at these times? (c) What is the average velocity between t = 2 s and t = 3 s?

36.

Unreasonable results. A particle moves along the x-axis according to x(t)=3t3+5tx(t)=3t3+5t​. At what time is the velocity of the particle equal to zero? Is this reasonable?

3.3 Average and Instantaneous Acceleration

37.

A cheetah can accelerate from rest to a speed of 30.0 m/s in 7.00 s. What is its acceleration?

38.

Dr. John Paul Stapp was a U.S. Air Force officer who studied the effects of extreme acceleration on the human body. On December 10, 1954, Stapp rode a rocket sled, accelerating from rest to a top speed of 282 m/s (1015 km/h) in 5.00 s and was brought jarringly back to rest in only 1.40 s. Calculate his (a) acceleration in his direction of motion and (b) acceleration opposite to his direction of motion. Express each in multiples of g (9.80 m/s2) by taking its ratio to the acceleration of gravity.

39.

Sketch the acceleration-versus-time graph from the following velocity-versus-time graph.

Graph shows velocity in meters per second plotted versus time in seconds. Velocity is zero and zero seconds, increases to 6 meters per second at 20 seconds, decreases to 2 meters per second at 50 and remains constant until 70 seconds, increases to 4 meters per second at 90 seconds, and decreases to –2 meters per second at 100 seconds.

40.

A commuter backs her car out of her garage with an acceleration of 1.40 m/s2. (a) How long does it take her to reach a speed of 2.00 m/s? (b) If she then brakes to a stop in 0.800 s, what is her acceleration?

41.

Assume an intercontinental ballistic missile goes from rest to a suborbital speed of 6.50 km/s in 60.0 s (the actual speed and time are classified). What is its average acceleration in meters per second and in multiples of g (9.80 m/s2)?

42.

An airplane, starting from rest, moves down the runway at constant acceleration for 18 s and then takes off at a speed of 60 m/s. What is the average acceleration of the plane?

3.4 Motion with Constant Acceleration

43.

A particle moves in a straight line at a constant velocity of 30 m/s. What is its displacement between t = 0 and t = 5.0 s?

44.

A particle moves in a straight line with an initial velocity of 30 m/s and a constant acceleration of 30 m/s2. If at t=0,x=0t=0,x=0and v=0v=0, what is the particle’s position at t = 5 s?

45.

A particle moves in a straight line with an initial velocity of 30 m/s and constant acceleration 30 m/s2. (a) What is its displacement at t = 5 s? (b) What is its velocity at this same time?

46.

(a) Sketch a graph of velocity versus time corresponding to the graph of displacement versus time given in the following figure. (b) Identify the time or times (ta, tb, tc, etc.) at which the instantaneous velocity has the greatest positive value. (c) At which times is it zero? (d) At which times is it negative?

Graph is a plot of position x as a function of time t. Graph is non-linear and position is always positive.

47.

(a) Sketch a graph of acceleration versus time corresponding to the graph of velocity versus time given in the following figure. (b) Identify the time or times (ta, tb, tc, etc.) at which the acceleration has the greatest positive value. (c) At which times is it zero? (d) At which times is it negative?

Graph is a plot of velocity v as a function of time t. Graph is non-linear with velocity being equal to zero and the beginning point a and the last point l.

48.

A particle has a constant acceleration of 6.0 m/s2. (a) If its initial velocity is 2.0 m/s, at what time is its displacement 5.0 m? (b) What is its velocity at that time?

49.

At t = 10 s, a particle is moving from left to right with a speed of 5.0 m/s. At t = 20 s, the particle is moving right to left with a speed of 8.0 m/s. Assuming the particle’s acceleration is constant, determine (a) its acceleration, (b) its initial velocity, and (c) the instant when its velocity is zero.

50.

A well-thrown ball is caught in a well-padded mitt. If the acceleration of the ball is2.10×104m/s22.10×104m/s2, and 1.85 ms (1ms=10−3s)(1ms=10−3s) elapses from the time the ball first touches the mitt until it stops, what is the initial velocity of the ball?

51.

A bullet in a gun is accelerated from the firing chamber to the end of the barrel at an average rate of 6.20×105m/s26.20×105m/s2 for 8.10×10−4s8.10×10−4s. What is its muzzle velocity (that is, its final velocity)?

52.

(a) A light-rail commuter train accelerates at a rate of 1.35 m/s2. How long does it take to reach its top speed of 80.0 km/h, starting from rest? (b) The same train ordinarily decelerates at a rate of 1.65 m/s2. How long does it take to come to a stop from its top speed? (c) In emergencies, the train can decelerate more rapidly, coming to rest from 80.0 km/h in 8.30 s. What is its emergency acceleration in meters per second squared?

53.

While entering a freeway, a car accelerates from rest at a rate of 2.04 m/s2 for 12.0 s. (a) Draw a sketch of the situation. (b) List the knowns in this problem. (c) How far does the car travel in those 12.0 s? To solve this part, first identify the unknown, then indicate how you chose the appropriate equation to solve for it. After choosing the equation, show your steps in solving for the unknown, check your units, and discuss whether the answer is reasonable. (d) What is the car’s final velocity? Solve for this unknown in the same manner as in (c), showing all steps explicitly.

54.

Unreasonable results At the end of a race, a runner decelerates from a velocity of 9.00 m/s at a rate of 2.00 m/s2. (a) How far does she travel in the next 5.00 s? (b) What is her final velocity? (c) Evaluate the result. Does it make sense?

55.

Blood is accelerated from rest to 30.0 cm/s in a distance of 1.80 cm by the left ventricle of the heart. (a) Make a sketch of the situation. (b) List the knowns in this problem. (c) How long does the acceleration take? To solve this part, first identify the unknown, then discuss how you chose the appropriate equation to solve for it. After choosing the equation, show your steps in solving for the unknown, checking your units. (d) Is the answer reasonable when compared with the time for a heartbeat?

56.

During a slap shot, a hockey player accelerates the puck from a velocity of 8.00 m/s to 40.0 m/s in the same direction. If this shot takes 3.33×10−2s3.33×10−2s, what is the distance over which the puck accelerates?

57.

A powerful motorcycle can accelerate from rest to 26.8 m/s (100 km/h) in only 3.90 s. (a) What is its average acceleration? (b) How far does it travel in that time?

58.

Freight trains can produce only relatively small accelerations. (a) What is the final velocity of a freight train that accelerates at a rate of 0.0500m/s20.0500m/s2 for 8.00 min, starting with an initial velocity of 4.00 m/s? (b) If the train can slow down at a rate of 0.550m/s20.550m/s2, how long will it take to come to a stop from this velocity? (c) How far will it travel in each case?

59.

A fireworks shell is accelerated from rest to a velocity of 65.0 m/s over a distance of 0.250 m. (a) Calculate the acceleration. (b) How long did the acceleration last?

60.

A swan on a lake gets airborne by flapping its wings and running on top of the water. (a) If the swan must reach a velocity of 6.00 m/s to take off and it accelerates from rest at an average rate of 0.35m/s20.35m/s2, how far will it travel before becoming airborne? (b) How long does this take?

61.

A woodpecker’s brain is specially protected from large accelerations by tendon-like attachments inside the skull. While pecking on a tree, the woodpecker’s head comes to a stop from an initial velocity of 0.600 m/s in a distance of only 2.00 mm. (a) Find the acceleration in meters per second squared and in multiples of g, where g = 9.80 m/s2. (b) Calculate the stopping time. (c) The tendons cradling the brain stretch, making its stopping distance 4.50 mm (greater than the head and, hence, less acceleration of the brain). What is the brain’s acceleration, expressed in multiples of g?

62.

An unwary football player collides with a padded goalpost while running at a velocity of 7.50 m/s and comes to a full stop after compressing the padding and his body 0.350 m. (a) What is his acceleration? (b) How long does the collision last?

63.

A care package is dropped out of a cargo plane and lands in the forest. If we assume the care package speed on impact is 54 m/s (123 mph), then what is its acceleration? Assume the trees and snow stops it over a distance of 3.0 m.

64.

An express train passes through a station. It enters with an initial velocity of 22.0 m/s and decelerates at a rate of 0.150m/s20.150m/s2 as it goes through. The station is 210.0 m long. (a) How fast is it going when the nose leaves the station? (b) How long is the nose of the train in the station? (c) If the train is 130 m long, what is the velocity of the end of the train as it leaves? (d) When does the end of the train leave the station?

65.

Unreasonable results Dragsters can actually reach a top speed of 145.0 m/s in only 4.45 s. (a) Calculate the average acceleration for such a dragster. (b) Find the final velocity of this dragster starting from rest and accelerating at the rate found in (a) for 402.0 m (a quarter mile) without using any information on time. (c) Why is the final velocity greater than that used to find the average acceleration? (Hint: Consider whether the assumption of constant acceleration is valid for a dragster. If not, discuss whether the acceleration would be greater at the beginning or end of the run and what effect that would have on the final velocity.)

3.5 Free Fall

66.

Calculate the displacement and velocity at times of (a) 0.500 s, (b) 1.00 s, (c) 1.50 s, and (d) 2.00 s for a ball thrown straight up with an initial velocity of 15.0 m/s. Take the point of release to be y0=0y0=0.

67.

Calculate the displacement and velocity at times of (a) 0.500 s, (b) 1.00 s, (c) 1.50 s, (d) 2.00 s, and (e) 2.50 s for a rock thrown straight down with an initial velocity of 14.0 m/s from the Verrazano Narrows Bridge in New York City. The roadway of this bridge is 70.0 m above the water.

68.

A basketball referee tosses the ball straight up for the starting tip-off. At what velocity must a basketball player leave the ground to rise 1.25 m above the floor in an attempt to get the ball?

69.

A rescue helicopter is hovering over a person whose boat has sunk. One of the rescuers throws a life preserver straight down to the victim with an initial velocity of 1.40 m/s and observes that it takes 1.8 s to reach the water. (a) List the knowns in this problem. (b) How high above the water was the preserver released? Note that the downdraft of the helicopter reduces the effects of air resistance on the falling life preserver, so that an acceleration equal to that of gravity is reasonable.

70.

Unreasonable results A dolphin in an aquatic show jumps straight up out of the water at a velocity of 15.0 m/s. (a) List the knowns in this problem. (b) How high does his body rise above the water? To solve this part, first note that the final velocity is now a known, and identify its value. Then, identify the unknown and discuss how you chose the appropriate equation to solve for it. After choosing the equation, show your steps in solving for the unknown, checking units, and discuss whether the answer is reasonable. (c) How long a time is the dolphin in the air? Neglect any effects resulting from his size or orientation.

71.

A diver bounces straight up from a diving board, avoiding the diving board on the way down, and falls feet first into a pool. She starts with a velocity of 4.00 m/s and her takeoff point is 1.80 m above the pool. (a) What is her highest point above the board? (b) How long a time are her feet in the air? (c) What is her velocity when her feet hit the water?

72.

(a) Calculate the height of a cliff if it takes 2.35 s for a rock to hit the ground when it is thrown straight up from the cliff with an initial velocity of 8.00 m/s. (b) How long a time would it take to reach the ground if it is thrown straight down with the same speed?

73.

A very strong, but inept, shot putter puts the shot straight up vertically with an initial velocity of 11.0 m/s. How long a time does he have to get out of the way if the shot was released at a height of 2.20 m and he is 1.80 m tall?

74.

You throw a ball straight up with an initial velocity of 15.0 m/s. It passes a tree branch on the way up at a height of 7.0 m. How much additional time elapses before the ball passes the tree branch on the way back down?

75.

A kangaroo can jump over an object 2.50 m high. (a) Considering just its vertical motion, calculate its vertical speed when it leaves the ground. (b) How long a time is it in the air?

76.

Standing at the base of one of the cliffs of Mt. Arapiles in Victoria, Australia, a hiker hears a rock break loose from a height of 105.0 m. He can’t see the rock right away, but then does, 1.50 s later. (a) How far above the hiker is the rock when he can see it? (b) How much time does he have to move before the rock hits his head?

77.

There is a 250-m-high cliff at Half Dome in Yosemite National Park in California. Suppose a boulder breaks loose from the top of this cliff. (a) How fast will it be going when it strikes the ground? (b) Assuming a reaction time of 0.300 s, how long a time will a tourist at the bottom have to get out of the way after hearing the sound of the rock breaking loose (neglecting the height of the tourist, which would become negligible anyway if hit)? The speed of sound is 335.0 m/s on this day.

3.6 Finding Velocity and Displacement from Acceleration

78.

The acceleration of a particle varies with time according to the equation a(t)=pt2−qt3a(t)=pt2−qt3. Initially, the velocity and position are zero. (a) What is the velocity as a function of time? (b) What is the position as a function of time?

79.

Between t = 0 and t = t0, a rocket moves straight upward with an acceleration given by a(t)=A−Bt1/2a(t)=A−Bt1/2, where A and Bare constants. (a) If x is in meters and t is in seconds, what are the units of A and B? (b) If the rocket starts from rest, how does the velocity vary between t = 0 and t = t0? (c) If its initial position is zero, what is the rocket’s position as a function of time during this same time interval?

80.

The velocity of a particle moving along the x-axis varies with time according to v(t)=A+Bt−1v(t)=A+Bt−1, where A = 2 m/s, B = 0.25 m, and 1.0s≤t≤8.0s1.0s≤t≤8.0s. Determine the acceleration and position of the particle at t = 2.0 s and t = 5.0 s. Assume that x(t=1s)=0x(t=1s)=0.

81.

A particle at rest leaves the origin with its velocity increasing with time according to v(t) = 3.2t m/s. At 5.0 s, the particle’s velocity starts decreasing according to [16.0 – 1.5(t – 5.0)] m/s. This decrease continues until t = 11.0 s, after which the particle’s velocity remains constant at 7.0 m/s. (a) What is the acceleration of the particle as a function of time? (b) What is the position of the particle at t = 2.0 s, t = 7.0 s, and t = 12.0 s?

Additional Problems

82.

Professional baseball player Nolan Ryan could pitch a baseball at approximately 160.0 km/h. At that average velocity, how long did it take a ball thrown by Ryan to reach home plate, which is 18.4 m from the pitcher’s mound? Compare this with the average reaction time of a human to a visual stimulus, which is 0.25 s.

83.

An airplane leaves Chicago and makes the 3000-km trip to Los Angeles in 5.0 h. A second plane leaves Chicago one-half hour later and arrives in Los Angeles at the same time. Compare the average velocities of the two planes. Ignore the curvature of Earth and the difference in altitude between the two cities.

84.

Unreasonable Results A cyclist rides 16.0 km east, then 8.0 km west, then 8.0 km east, then 32.0 km west, and finally 11.2 km east. If his average velocity is 24 km/h, how long did it take him to complete the trip? Is this a reasonable time?

85.

An object has an acceleration of +1.2cm/s2+1.2cm/s2. At t=4.0st=4.0s, its velocity is −3.4cm/s−3.4cm/s. Determine the object’s velocities at t=1.0st=1.0s and t=6.0st=6.0s.

86.

A particle moves along the x-axis according to the equation x(t)=2.0−4.0t2x(t)=2.0−4.0t2 m. What are the velocity and acceleration at t=2.0t=2.0 s and t=5.0t=5.0 s?

87.

A particle moving at constant acceleration has velocities of 2.0m/s2.0m/s at t=2.0t=2.0 s and −7.6m/s−7.6m/s at t=5.2t=5.2 s. What is the acceleration of the particle?

88.

A train is moving up a steep grade at constant velocity (see following figure) when its caboose breaks loose and starts rolling freely along the track. After 5.0 s, the caboose is 30 m behind the train. What is the acceleration of the caboose?

Figure shows a train moving up a hill.

89.

An electron is moving in a straight line with a velocity of 4.0×1054.0×105 m/s. It enters a region 5.0 cm long where it undergoes an acceleration of 6.0×1012m/s26.0×1012m/s2 along the same straight line. (a) What is the electron’s velocity when it emerges from this region? b) How long does the electron take to cross the region?

90.

An ambulance driver is rushing a patient to the hospital. While traveling at 72 km/h, she notices the traffic light at the upcoming intersections has turned amber. To reach the intersection before the light turns red, she must travel 50 m in 2.0 s. (a) What minimum acceleration must the ambulance have to reach the intersection before the light turns red? (b) What is the speed of the ambulance when it reaches the intersection?

91.

A motorcycle that is slowing down uniformly covers 2.0 successive km in 80 s and 120 s, respectively. Calculate (a) the acceleration of the motorcycle and (b) its velocity at the beginning and end of the 2-km trip.

92.

A cyclist travels from point A to point B in 10 min. During the first 2.0 min of her trip, she maintains a uniform acceleration of 0.090m/s20.090m/s2. She then travels at constant velocity for the next 5.0 min. Next, she decelerates at a constant rate so that she comes to a rest at point B 3.0 min later. (a) Sketch the velocity-versus-time graph for the trip. (b) What is the acceleration during the last 3 min? (c) How far does the cyclist travel?

93.

Two trains are moving at 30 m/s in opposite directions on the same track. The engineers see simultaneously that they are on a collision course and apply the brakes when they are 1000 m apart. Assuming both trains have the same acceleration, what must this acceleration be if the trains are to stop just short of colliding?

94.

A 10.0-m-long truck moving with a constant velocity of 97.0 km/h passes a 3.0-m-long car moving with a constant velocity of 80.0 km/h. How much time elapses between the moment the front of the truck is even with the back of the car and the moment the back of the truck is even with the front of the car?

Top drawing shows passenger car with a speed of 80 kilometers per hour in front of the truck with the speed of 97 kilometers per hour. Middle drawing shows passenger car with a speed of 80 kilometers per hour parallel to the truck with the speed of 97 kilometers per hour. Bottom drawing shows passenger car with a speed of 80 kilometers per hour behind the truck with a speed of 97 kilometers per hour.

95.

A police car waits in hiding slightly off the highway. A speeding car is spotted by the police car doing 40 m/s. At the instant the speeding car passes the police car, the police car accelerates from rest at 4 m/s2 to catch the speeding car. How long does it take the police car to catch the speeding car?

96.

Pablo is running in a half marathon at a velocity of 3 m/s. Another runner, Jacob, is 50 meters behind Pablo with the same velocity. Jacob begins to accelerate at 0.05 m/s2. (a) How long does it take Jacob to catch Pablo? (b) What is the distance covered by Jacob? (c) What is the final velocity of Jacob?

97.

Unreasonable results A runner approaches the finish line and is 75 m away; her average speed at this position is 8 m/s. She decelerates at this point at 0.5 m/s2. How long does it take her to cross the finish line from 75 m away? Is this reasonable?

98.

An airplane accelerates at 5.0 m/s2 for 30.0 s. During this time, it covers a distance of 10.0 km. What are the initial and final velocities of the airplane?

99.

Compare the distance traveled of an object that undergoes a change in velocity that is twice its initial velocity with an object that changes its velocity by four times its initial velocity over the same time period. The accelerations of both objects are constant.

100.

An object is moving east with a constant velocity and is at position x0attimet0=0x0attimet0=0. (a) With what acceleration must the object have for its total displacement to be zero at a later time t ? (b) What is the physical interpretation of the solution in the case for t→∞t→∞?

101.

A ball is thrown straight up. It passes a 2.00-m-high window 7.50 m off the ground on its path up and takes 1.30 s to go past the window. What was the ball’s initial velocity?

102.

A coin is dropped from a hot-air balloon that is 300 m above the ground and rising at 10.0 m/s upward. For the coin, find (a) the maximum height reached, (b) its position and velocity 4.00 s after being released, and (c) the time before it hits the ground.

103.

A soft tennis ball is dropped onto a hard floor from a height of 1.50 m and rebounds to a height of 1.10 m. (a) Calculate its velocity just before it strikes the floor. (b) Calculate its velocity just after it leaves the floor on its way back up. (c) Calculate its acceleration during contact with the floor if that contact lasts 3.50 ms (3.50×10−3s)(3.50×10−3s) (d) How much did the ball compress during its collision with the floor, assuming the floor is absolutely rigid?

104.

Unreasonable results. A raindrop falls from a cloud 100 m above the ground. Neglect air resistance. What is the speed of the raindrop when it hits the ground? Is this a reasonable number?

105.

Compare the time in the air of a basketball player who jumps 1.0 m vertically off the floor with that of a player who jumps 0.3 m vertically.

106.

Suppose that a person takes 0.5 s to react and move his hand to catch an object he has dropped. (a) How far does the object fall on Earth, where g=9.8m/s2?g=9.8m/s2? (b) How far does the object fall on the Moon, where the acceleration due to gravity is 1/6 of that on Earth?

107.

A hot-air balloon rises from ground level at a constant velocity of 3.0 m/s. One minute after liftoff, a sandbag is dropped accidentally from the balloon. Calculate (a) the time it takes for the sandbag to reach the ground and (b) the velocity of the sandbag when it hits the ground.

108.

(a) A world record was set for the men’s 100-m dash in the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing by Usain Bolt of Jamaica. Bolt “coasted” across the finish line with a time of 9.69 s. If we assume that Bolt accelerated for 3.00 s to reach his maximum speed, and maintained that speed for the rest of the race, calculate his maximum speed and his acceleration. (b) During the same Olympics, Bolt also set the world record in the 200-m dash with a time of 19.30 s. Using the same assumptions as for the 100-m dash, what was his maximum speed for this race?

109.

An object is dropped from a height of 75.0 m above ground level. (a) Determine the distance traveled during the first second. (b) Determine the final velocity at which the object hits the ground. (c) Determine the distance traveled during the last second of motion before hitting the ground.

110.

A steel ball is dropped onto a hard floor from a height of 1.50 m and rebounds to a height of 1.45 m. (a) Calculate its velocity just before it strikes the floor. (b) Calculate its velocity just after it leaves the floor on its way back up. (c) Calculate its acceleration during contact with the floor if that contact lasts 0.0800 ms (8.00×10−5s)(8.00×10−5s) (d) How much did the ball compress during its collision with the floor, assuming the floor is absolutely rigid?

111.

An object is dropped from a roof of a building of height h. During the last second of its descent, it drops a distance h/3. Calculate the height of the building.

Challenge Problems

112.

In a 100-m race, the winner is timed at 11.2 s. The second-place finisher’s time is 11.6 s. How far is the second-place finisher behind the winner when she crosses the finish line? Assume the velocity of each runner is constant throughout the race.

113.

The position of a particle moving along the x-axis varies with time according to x(t)=5.0t2−4.0t3x(t)=5.0t2−4.0t3 m. Find (a) the velocity and acceleration of the particle as functions of time, (b) the velocity and acceleration at t = 2.0 s, (c) the time at which the position is a maximum, (d) the time at which the velocity is zero, and (e) the maximum position.

114.

A cyclist sprints at the end of a race to clinch a victory. She has an initial velocity of 11.5 m/s and accelerates at a rate of 0.500 m/s2 for 7.00 s. (a) What is her final velocity? (b) The cyclist continues at this velocity to the finish line. If she is 300 m from the finish line when she starts to accelerate, how much time did she save? (c) The second-place winner was 5.00 m ahead when the winner started to accelerate, but he was unable to accelerate, and traveled at 11.8 m/s until the finish line. What was the difference in finish time in seconds between the winner and runner-up? How far back was the runner-up when the winner crossed the finish line?

115.

In 1967, New Zealander Burt Munro set the world record for an Indian motorcycle, on the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah, of 295.38 km/h. The one-way course was 8.00 km long. Acceleration rates are often described by the time it takes to reach 96.0 km/h from rest. If this time was 4.00 s and Burt accelerated at this rate until he reached his maximum speed, how long did it take Burt to complete the course?