{"id":1468,"date":"2018-02-06T17:20:05","date_gmt":"2018-02-06T17:20:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-osuniversityphysics\/?post_type=chapter&p=1468"},"modified":"2018-02-06T17:24:15","modified_gmt":"2018-02-06T17:24:15","slug":"12-chapter-review","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-osuniversityphysics\/chapter\/12-chapter-review\/","title":{"raw":"12 Chapter Review","rendered":"12 Chapter Review"},"content":{"raw":"
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Key Terms<\/span><\/h3>\r\n
\r\n \t
breaking stress (ultimate stress)<\/strong><\/dt>\r\n \t
value of stress at the fracture point<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
bulk modulus<\/strong><\/dt>\r\n \t
elastic modulus for the bulk stress<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
bulk strain<\/strong><\/dt>\r\n \t
(or\u00a0volume strain<\/strong>) strain under the bulk stress, given as fractional change in volume<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
bulk stress<\/strong><\/dt>\r\n \t
(or\u00a0volume stress<\/strong>) stress caused by compressive forces, in all directions<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
center of gravity<\/strong><\/dt>\r\n \t
point where the weight vector is attached<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
compressibility<\/strong><\/dt>\r\n \t
reciprocal of the bulk modulus<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
compressive strain<\/strong><\/dt>\r\n \t
strain that occurs when forces are contracting an object, causing its shortening<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
compressive stress<\/strong><\/dt>\r\n \t
stress caused by compressive forces, only in one direction<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
elastic<\/strong><\/dt>\r\n \t
object that comes back to its original size and shape when the load is no longer present<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
elastic limit<\/strong><\/dt>\r\n \t
stress value beyond which material no longer behaves elastically and becomes permanently deformed<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
elastic modulus<\/strong><\/dt>\r\n \t
proportionality constant in linear relation between stress and strain, in SI pascals<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
equilibrium<\/strong><\/dt>\r\n \t
body is in equilibrium when its linear and angular accelerations are both zero relative to an inertial frame of reference<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
first equilibrium condition<\/strong><\/dt>\r\n \t
expresses translational equilibrium; all external forces acting on the body balance out and their vector sum is zero<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
gravitational torque<\/strong><\/dt>\r\n \t
torque on the body caused by its weight; it occurs when the center of gravity of the body is not located on the axis of rotation<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
linearity limit (proportionality limit)<\/strong><\/dt>\r\n \t
largest stress value beyond which stress is no longer proportional to strain<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
normal pressure<\/strong><\/dt>\r\n \t
pressure of one atmosphere, serves as a reference level for pressure<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
pascal (Pa)<\/strong><\/dt>\r\n \t
SI unit of stress, SI unit of pressure<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
plastic behavior<\/strong><\/dt>\r\n \t
material deforms irreversibly, does not go back to its original shape and size when load is removed and stress vanishes<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
pressure<\/strong><\/dt>\r\n \t
force pressing in normal direction on a surface per the surface area, the bulk stress in fluids<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
second equilibrium condition<\/strong><\/dt>\r\n \t
expresses rotational equilibrium; all torques due to external forces acting on the body balance out and their vector sum is zero<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
shear modulus<\/strong><\/dt>\r\n \t
elastic modulus for shear stress<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
shear strain<\/strong><\/dt>\r\n \t
strain caused by shear stress<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
shear stress<\/strong><\/dt>\r\n \t
stress caused by shearing forces<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
static equilibrium<\/strong><\/dt>\r\n \t
body is in static equilibrium when it is at rest in our selected inertial frame of reference<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
strain<\/strong><\/dt>\r\n \t
dimensionless quantity that gives the amount of deformation of an object or medium under stress<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
stress<\/strong><\/dt>\r\n \t
quantity that contains information about the magnitude of force causing deformation, defined as force per unit area<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
stress-strain diagram<\/strong><\/dt>\r\n \t
graph showing the relationship between stress and strain, characteristic of a material<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
tensile strain<\/strong><\/dt>\r\n \t
strain under tensile stress, given as fractional change in length, which occurs when forces are stretching an object, causing its elongation<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
tensile stress<\/strong><\/dt>\r\n \t
stress caused by tensile forces, only in one direction, which occurs when forces are stretching an object, causing its elongation<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
Young\u2019s modulus<\/strong><\/dt>\r\n \t
elastic modulus for tensile or compressive stress<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
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Key Equations<\/span><\/h3>\r\n
\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
First Equilibrium Condition<\/td>\r\n\u2211<\/span>k<\/span><\/span>F<\/span>\u20d7\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>k<\/span><\/span>=<\/span>0<\/span>\u20d7\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u2211kF\u2192k=0\u2192<\/span><\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Second Equilibrium Condition<\/td>\r\n\u2211<\/span>k<\/span><\/span>\u03c4<\/span>\u20d7\u00a0<\/span><\/span>k<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>=<\/span>0<\/span>\u20d7\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u2211k\u03c4\u2192k=0\u2192<\/span><\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Linear relation between\r\n
<\/div>\r\nstress and strain<\/td>\r\n
stress<\/span>=<\/span>(elastic modulus)<\/span><\/span>\u00d7<\/span><\/span>strain<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>stress=(elastic modulus)\u00d7strain<\/span><\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Young\u2019s modulus<\/td>\r\nY<\/span>=<\/span>tensile stress<\/span><\/span>tensile strain<\/span><\/span><\/span>=<\/span>F<\/span>\u22a5<\/span><\/span><\/span>A<\/span><\/span><\/span>L<\/span>0<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u0394<\/span>L<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Y=tensile stresstensile strain=F\u22a5AL0\u0394L<\/span><\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Bulk modulus<\/td>\r\nB<\/span>=<\/span>bulk stress<\/span><\/span>bulk strain<\/span><\/span><\/span>=<\/span>\u2212<\/span>\u0394<\/span>p<\/span>V<\/span>0<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u0394<\/span>V<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>B=bulk stressbulk strain=\u2212\u0394pV0\u0394V<\/span><\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Shear modulus<\/td>\r\nS<\/span>=<\/span>shear stress<\/span><\/span>shear strain<\/span><\/span><\/span>=<\/span>F<\/span>\u2225<\/span><\/span><\/span>A<\/span><\/span><\/span>L<\/span>0<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u0394<\/span>x<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>S=shear stressshear strain=F\u2225AL0\u0394x<\/span><\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
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Summary<\/span><\/h3>\r\n
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12.1<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Conditions for Static Equilibrium<\/span><\/h4>\r\n