{"id":24,"date":"2020-11-04T20:37:15","date_gmt":"2020-11-04T20:37:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oswego-businesscommunicationmgrs2\/chapter\/finding-secondary-sources\/"},"modified":"2023-04-10T15:33:38","modified_gmt":"2023-04-10T15:33:38","slug":"4-5-finding-secondary-sources","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oswego-businesscommunicationmgrs2\/chapter\/4-5-finding-secondary-sources\/","title":{"raw":"4.5 Finding Secondary Sources","rendered":"4.5 Finding Secondary Sources"},"content":{"raw":"<h2>What you'll learn to do: Evaluate and practice preliminary, intermediate, and advanced search techniques<\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"tip_top_left\">\r\n\r\nHave you ever heard a song, made a mental note to look up its name, but then forgot all of the words? You remember wanting to hear it again and add\u00a0it to your workout playlist, but all you remember is a short bit of the tune? How did you go about finding the song?\r\n\r\n<img class=\"wp-image-662 size-medium alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2785\/2018\/02\/12215948\/5040978244_e13d821074_z-300x215.jpg\" alt=\"Man strumming an electric guitar during a rock concert.\" width=\"300\" height=\"215\" \/>Chances are, you had to:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Investigate<\/strong> to find out the song's melody. Maybe you hummed the tune for a few friends, or remember that it sounded somewhat similar to another song you already heard, and used that song as a reference point.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Investigate<\/strong> to find out the song's title (\"E.T.,\" \"The Lazy Song,\" \"Born This Way,\" \"Latinoam\u00e9rica\").<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Investigate<\/strong> to find out who performed the song (Lady Gaga, Bruno Mars, Katy Perry, Maroon 5, Kanye West, Calle 13).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Investigate<\/strong> to find out what CD that song was on (<em>Teenage Dream, Doo-Wops &amp; Hooligans, Born This Way,<\/em> <em>Entren Los Que Quieran<\/em>)\u00a0and if there are other songs you might also enjoy.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Investigate<\/strong> to find out where you can purchase or download the song for the best price.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nYou can't\u2014and won't\u2014get what you want without <strong>investigating<\/strong>.\u00a0And it's really no different with researching.\u00a0Investigating is essential to your research because the questions you ask and the places you look will give you the results you need to create a convincing and compelling argument.\u00a0Researching will take time and effort, so it pays off to take the time up front to learn about the best strategies for maximizing your research in order to identify and utilize the best sources.\u00a0The wrong approach can waste your time and effort and result in a weak\u00a0paper or report.\r\n<div id=\"diigolet-csm\" class=\"yellow\">\r\n\r\nSo, where do you start investigating? First, you'll want to\u00a0follow the research process. Once you have a good understanding of your research assignment and goals, you can begin to search for the right sources.\u00a0In this section, you\u2019ll learn how follow\u00a0the research process\u00a0in order to carefully use search engines and library databases to find articles you'll need to write a top notch paper.\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Evaluate preliminary research strategies<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Discuss common tools and strategies for completing online searches<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Identify tools used to find scholarly secondary sources<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Preliminary Research Strategies<\/h2>\r\nAs we have discussed, all research is based upon your research question. Having a well-defined and scoped question is essential to a good research strategy. If your question is not specific enough, or if it lacks boundaries (i.e., it is not well-scoped), your subsequent strategy will be difficult to maintain.\r\n\r\nSteely Library discusses developing a good research question in the video below:\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/LWLYCYeCFak\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>The Human Fund<\/h3>\r\nLet's return to Martha\u2019s case. We can recall that her research question was,\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><em>\u201cIs The Human Fund\u2019s work helping homeless families in downtown Chicago?\u201d<\/em><\/p>\r\nIf we first break her question\u00a0down into its sub-parts, developing a research strategy will be much easier. Her question asks,\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Is The Human Fund\u2019s work -- i.e., what The Human Fund does -- its actions<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">helping -- i.e., we must define \u201chelping\u201d in relation to\u2026<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">...the homeless families\u2026<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">...in downtown Chicago?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nFrom her question, we know that we will need sources that,\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Outline The Human Fund\u2019s activities<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Define how charities and government help the homeless in their cities<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Help to define and understand \u201chomeless\u201d<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Are geographically bound to downtown Chicago<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nWith the above in mind, any secondary source that does not specifically address a part of the question above\u2014and how it is broken down\u2014will be off topic or out of scope.\r\n\r\nWe will also recall that Martha conducted background reading (i.e., secondary source reading) before determining the type of primary source material (i.e., fieldwork and interviews with the homeless) she would use. This can be confusing; when we research, we do background or secondary source reading before determining what primary source material might still be needed. You will <em>not<\/em> typically see a research process that advocates doing primary source research when there is already secondary source material available on a given topic because it is not efficient. It is also important to note that if secondary source material sufficiently addresses your research question, consider this to be a win; this means that the much slower and much more elaborate primary source research process is no longer required. Your report will be that much faster to compile. If Martha, for example, had recent accounts of interviews with homeless people in downtown Chicago about The Human Fund\u2019s work, she would not need to conduct her own interviews.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>practice questions<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/8548\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Finding Sources<\/h2>\r\nFor our purposes here, and with respect to business report writing, it's important to know how to make the most of generic online searches. While Google Scholar and library databases <strong>will be the most valuable<\/strong> tools for finding academic information, many business reports will only need information that is easily available from Google. As you find sources pertinent to your report, be sure to keep track of them so you can cite and reference them later.\r\n\r\nWhen you search for information using keywords in Google, you may yield thousands or millions of search results, and they do not appear in order of credibility or relevance. Use a cautious eye and try different keywords or various combinations in order to find different results. You can also try using different Boolean operators (words like AND, OR, or NOT), or use the Google advanced search features to narrow down your results.\u00a0Work to simplify your search phrases, and be patient in moving through results pages.\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Preliminary Search Tips<\/h3>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wikipedia.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikipedia<\/a>\u00a0can be a great starting point for information, but depending on your research, it is not recommended for use as an official source. It's helpful to look at the links and references at the bottom of the page for more ideas.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Use \u201cCtrl+F\u201d to find certain words within a webpage in order to jump to the sections of the article that interest you.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Use <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/advanced_search\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Google Advanced Search<\/a>\u00a0to be more specific in your search. You can also use\u00a0tricks to be more specific within the main <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Google Search Engine<\/a>:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Use quotation marks to narrow your search from just tanks in WWII to \u201cTanks in WWII\u201d or \u201cTanks\u201d in \u201cWWII\u201d.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Find specific types of websites by adding \u201csite:.gov\u201d or \u201csite:.edu\u201d or \u201csite:.org\u201d. You can also search for specific file types like \"filetype:.pdf\".<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Click on \"Search Tools\" under the search bar in Google and select \"Any time\" to see a list of options for time periods to help limit your search. You can find information just in the past month or year, or even for a custom range.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_654\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"620\"]<img class=\"wp-image-654\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/04\/07130135\/Screen-Shot-2016-04-07-at-8.50.08-AM.png\" alt=\"Google Search Tips screenshot showing the location of Search Tools below the google search bar (with the option to choose a timeframe below that) and advanced search in the right hand side of the screen under the settings option.\" width=\"620\" height=\"166\" \/> Use features already available through Google Search, such as Search Tools and Advanced Search to narrow and refine your results.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>practice question<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/8549\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Using Databases<\/h2>\r\nIn the event Google or other search engines do not yield quality sources, you may find yourself requiring higher level library access. This brings us to two other areas for secondary source material:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Google Scholar<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Library databases<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h3>Google Scholar<\/h3>\r\nGoogle Scholar is an excellent and more refined version of Google that focuses on professional literature. While you can use Google Scholar for free, the results will likely be paywall-protected academic material, so you will need a library for access. Some public libraries offer this for free to their constituents, or if you are a faculty or student at a college or university, you also can gain immediate access to paid content. What Google Scholar can help you gather free of charge is awareness about what type of data may exist. This is important for your business report writing. If data exists, but only behind a paywall, then you may consider conducting your own primary source development (i.e, your own fieldwork such as surveys or interviews) depending on how robust your report needs to be.\r\n\r\nFor our purposes here, look at Figure 1 and compare the results of the captured search to the previous searches where we just used a standard Google search.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_5039\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1331\"]<img class=\"wp-image-5039 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2785\/2018\/02\/18175024\/using-databases-e1529432134552.png\" alt=\"Screenshot of the search engine Google Scholar. &quot;Research process&quot; is in the search bar, and several scholarly articles appear as results.\" width=\"1331\" height=\"605\" \/> Figure 1. An example search in Google Scholar[\/caption]\r\n\r\nOne of the things that Google Scholar does very well is tell you what type of source it is right away. Note how the first listing is a book published in 2002. This book is likely readily available in a library, or it could be purchased online. The sources in Figure 1 are a mix of other books and articles in professional journals.\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Practice Questions<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/8550\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Library Databases<\/h3>\r\nAs mentioned above, in order to access professional journals, you will need higher-end and paywall-guarded database access. However, some institutions (particularly institutions with more academic leanings) will provide their employees with access to these. Public libraries also often have access to many databases. Databases come in all shapes and sizes and are not necessarily just troves of quantitative figures and facts. The video below describes databases, and their use:\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/Q2GMtIuaNzU\r\n<h3>Finding Sources From Databases<\/h3>\r\nIf you have access to a library database, it can be a helpful tool in finding additional sources.\r\n<h4>Subject Headings<\/h4>\r\nMost databases will include related subject headings alongside each search result. Subject headings are a form of descriptive metadata. At their simplest, they may be tags chosen by the authors, but most databases use a controlled vocabulary assigned by professional catalogers\r\n\r\nThe advantage of controlled subject terms is that they\u2019re standardized terms that will be assigned to all appropriate content no matter what terminology (or even language) is used by the author. For example, the database Academic Search Complete uses the subject term \u201cmotion pictures,\u201d even if the article uses the words \u201cfilms,\u201d \u201cmovies,\u201d or \u201ccinema.\u201d\r\n<div class=\"wp-nocaption aligncenter wp-image-1959 size-full\"><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1959 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2016\/07\/19161026\/subject_headings_-_acs.png\" alt=\"Screenshot of a search result in an academic database. The resulting article is titled &quot;Refracting Mental Illness Through Disability: Towards a New Politic of Cultural Locations. In the screenshot the Subjects of the article are highlighted: Mental illness in motion pictures; people with disabilities in motion pictures; evil in motion pictures; violence in motion pictures, etc.\" width=\"657\" height=\"234\" \/><\/div>\r\nWhenever you find a good article in a database, check out the subject headings. If one or more of them look like matches for your topic, re-run your search using those terms\u2014and be sure to specify you want those terms in the subject field. That will ensure the search results are really about that subject and don\u2019t just happen to mention those words in passing somehow.\r\n<h4>Follow the Bibliographic Links<\/h4>\r\nAs long as you find one good scholarly article or book, you can look up the works cited in the footnotes or bibliography to find the sources it\u2019s based on.\r\n\r\nYou can also follow citations forward in time by looking up who cited the work you have.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/apps.webofknowledge.com\/WOS_GeneralSearch_input.do?last_prod=WOS&amp;product=WOS&amp;highlighted_tab=WOS&amp;search_mode=GeneralSearch\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Web of Science<\/a>\u00a0has cited reference searches.","rendered":"<h2>What you&#8217;ll learn to do: Evaluate and practice preliminary, intermediate, and advanced search techniques<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tip_top_left\">\n<p>Have you ever heard a song, made a mental note to look up its name, but then forgot all of the words? You remember wanting to hear it again and add\u00a0it to your workout playlist, but all you remember is a short bit of the tune? How did you go about finding the song?<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-662 size-medium alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2785\/2018\/02\/12215948\/5040978244_e13d821074_z-300x215.jpg\" alt=\"Man strumming an electric guitar during a rock concert.\" width=\"300\" height=\"215\" \/>Chances are, you had to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Investigate<\/strong> to find out the song&#8217;s melody. Maybe you hummed the tune for a few friends, or remember that it sounded somewhat similar to another song you already heard, and used that song as a reference point.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Investigate<\/strong> to find out the song&#8217;s title (&#8220;E.T.,&#8221; &#8220;The Lazy Song,&#8221; &#8220;Born This Way,&#8221; &#8220;Latinoam\u00e9rica&#8221;).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Investigate<\/strong> to find out who performed the song (Lady Gaga, Bruno Mars, Katy Perry, Maroon 5, Kanye West, Calle 13).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Investigate<\/strong> to find out what CD that song was on (<em>Teenage Dream, Doo-Wops &amp; Hooligans, Born This Way,<\/em> <em>Entren Los Que Quieran<\/em>)\u00a0and if there are other songs you might also enjoy.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Investigate<\/strong> to find out where you can purchase or download the song for the best price.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>You can&#8217;t\u2014and won&#8217;t\u2014get what you want without <strong>investigating<\/strong>.\u00a0And it&#8217;s really no different with researching.\u00a0Investigating is essential to your research because the questions you ask and the places you look will give you the results you need to create a convincing and compelling argument.\u00a0Researching will take time and effort, so it pays off to take the time up front to learn about the best strategies for maximizing your research in order to identify and utilize the best sources.\u00a0The wrong approach can waste your time and effort and result in a weak\u00a0paper or report.<\/p>\n<div id=\"diigolet-csm\" class=\"yellow\">\n<p>So, where do you start investigating? First, you&#8217;ll want to\u00a0follow the research process. Once you have a good understanding of your research assignment and goals, you can begin to search for the right sources.\u00a0In this section, you\u2019ll learn how follow\u00a0the research process\u00a0in order to carefully use search engines and library databases to find articles you&#8217;ll need to write a top notch paper.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Evaluate preliminary research strategies<\/li>\n<li>Discuss common tools and strategies for completing online searches<\/li>\n<li>Identify tools used to find scholarly secondary sources<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Preliminary Research Strategies<\/h2>\n<p>As we have discussed, all research is based upon your research question. Having a well-defined and scoped question is essential to a good research strategy. If your question is not specific enough, or if it lacks boundaries (i.e., it is not well-scoped), your subsequent strategy will be difficult to maintain.<\/p>\n<p>Steely Library discusses developing a good research question in the video below:<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Developing a Research Question\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/LWLYCYeCFak?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>The Human Fund<\/h3>\n<p>Let&#8217;s return to Martha\u2019s case. We can recall that her research question was,<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><em>\u201cIs The Human Fund\u2019s work helping homeless families in downtown Chicago?\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<p>If we first break her question\u00a0down into its sub-parts, developing a research strategy will be much easier. Her question asks,<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Is The Human Fund\u2019s work &#8212; i.e., what The Human Fund does &#8212; its actions<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">helping &#8212; i.e., we must define \u201chelping\u201d in relation to\u2026<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8230;the homeless families\u2026<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8230;in downtown Chicago?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>From her question, we know that we will need sources that,<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Outline The Human Fund\u2019s activities<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Define how charities and government help the homeless in their cities<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Help to define and understand \u201chomeless\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Are geographically bound to downtown Chicago<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>With the above in mind, any secondary source that does not specifically address a part of the question above\u2014and how it is broken down\u2014will be off topic or out of scope.<\/p>\n<p>We will also recall that Martha conducted background reading (i.e., secondary source reading) before determining the type of primary source material (i.e., fieldwork and interviews with the homeless) she would use. This can be confusing; when we research, we do background or secondary source reading before determining what primary source material might still be needed. You will <em>not<\/em> typically see a research process that advocates doing primary source research when there is already secondary source material available on a given topic because it is not efficient. It is also important to note that if secondary source material sufficiently addresses your research question, consider this to be a win; this means that the much slower and much more elaborate primary source research process is no longer required. Your report will be that much faster to compile. If Martha, for example, had recent accounts of interviews with homeless people in downtown Chicago about The Human Fund\u2019s work, she would not need to conduct her own interviews.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>practice questions<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"lumen_assessment_8548\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/load?assessment_id=8548&#38;embed=1&#38;external_user_id=&#38;external_context_id=&#38;iframe_resize_id=lumen_assessment_8548\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:400px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Finding Sources<\/h2>\n<p>For our purposes here, and with respect to business report writing, it&#8217;s important to know how to make the most of generic online searches. While Google Scholar and library databases <strong>will be the most valuable<\/strong> tools for finding academic information, many business reports will only need information that is easily available from Google. As you find sources pertinent to your report, be sure to keep track of them so you can cite and reference them later.<\/p>\n<p>When you search for information using keywords in Google, you may yield thousands or millions of search results, and they do not appear in order of credibility or relevance. Use a cautious eye and try different keywords or various combinations in order to find different results. You can also try using different Boolean operators (words like AND, OR, or NOT), or use the Google advanced search features to narrow down your results.\u00a0Work to simplify your search phrases, and be patient in moving through results pages.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Preliminary Search Tips<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wikipedia.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikipedia<\/a>\u00a0can be a great starting point for information, but depending on your research, it is not recommended for use as an official source. It&#8217;s helpful to look at the links and references at the bottom of the page for more ideas.<\/li>\n<li>Use \u201cCtrl+F\u201d to find certain words within a webpage in order to jump to the sections of the article that interest you.<\/li>\n<li>Use <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/advanced_search\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Google Advanced Search<\/a>\u00a0to be more specific in your search. You can also use\u00a0tricks to be more specific within the main <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Google Search Engine<\/a>:\n<ol>\n<li>Use quotation marks to narrow your search from just tanks in WWII to \u201cTanks in WWII\u201d or \u201cTanks\u201d in \u201cWWII\u201d.<\/li>\n<li>Find specific types of websites by adding \u201csite:.gov\u201d or \u201csite:.edu\u201d or \u201csite:.org\u201d. You can also search for specific file types like &#8220;filetype:.pdf&#8221;.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>Click on &#8220;Search Tools&#8221; under the search bar in Google and select &#8220;Any time&#8221; to see a list of options for time periods to help limit your search. You can find information just in the past month or year, or even for a custom range.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div id=\"attachment_654\" style=\"width: 630px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-654\" class=\"wp-image-654\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/04\/07130135\/Screen-Shot-2016-04-07-at-8.50.08-AM.png\" alt=\"Google Search Tips screenshot showing the location of Search Tools below the google search bar (with the option to choose a timeframe below that) and advanced search in the right hand side of the screen under the settings option.\" width=\"620\" height=\"166\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-654\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Use features already available through Google Search, such as Search Tools and Advanced Search to narrow and refine your results.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>practice question<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"lumen_assessment_8549\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/load?assessment_id=8549&#38;embed=1&#38;external_user_id=&#38;external_context_id=&#38;iframe_resize_id=lumen_assessment_8549\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:400px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Using Databases<\/h2>\n<p>In the event Google or other search engines do not yield quality sources, you may find yourself requiring higher level library access. This brings us to two other areas for secondary source material:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Google Scholar<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Library databases<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Google Scholar<\/h3>\n<p>Google Scholar is an excellent and more refined version of Google that focuses on professional literature. While you can use Google Scholar for free, the results will likely be paywall-protected academic material, so you will need a library for access. Some public libraries offer this for free to their constituents, or if you are a faculty or student at a college or university, you also can gain immediate access to paid content. What Google Scholar can help you gather free of charge is awareness about what type of data may exist. This is important for your business report writing. If data exists, but only behind a paywall, then you may consider conducting your own primary source development (i.e, your own fieldwork such as surveys or interviews) depending on how robust your report needs to be.<\/p>\n<p>For our purposes here, look at Figure 1 and compare the results of the captured search to the previous searches where we just used a standard Google search.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_5039\" style=\"width: 1341px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5039\" class=\"wp-image-5039 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2785\/2018\/02\/18175024\/using-databases-e1529432134552.png\" alt=\"Screenshot of the search engine Google Scholar. &quot;Research process&quot; is in the search bar, and several scholarly articles appear as results.\" width=\"1331\" height=\"605\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-5039\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1. An example search in Google Scholar<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>One of the things that Google Scholar does very well is tell you what type of source it is right away. Note how the first listing is a book published in 2002. This book is likely readily available in a library, or it could be purchased online. The sources in Figure 1 are a mix of other books and articles in professional journals.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Practice Questions<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"lumen_assessment_8550\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/load?assessment_id=8550&#38;embed=1&#38;external_user_id=&#38;external_context_id=&#38;iframe_resize_id=lumen_assessment_8550\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:400px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Library Databases<\/h3>\n<p>As mentioned above, in order to access professional journals, you will need higher-end and paywall-guarded database access. However, some institutions (particularly institutions with more academic leanings) will provide their employees with access to these. Public libraries also often have access to many databases. Databases come in all shapes and sizes and are not necessarily just troves of quantitative figures and facts. The video below describes databases, and their use:<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-2\" title=\"What Are Databases and Why You Need Them\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Q2GMtIuaNzU?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3>Finding Sources From Databases<\/h3>\n<p>If you have access to a library database, it can be a helpful tool in finding additional sources.<\/p>\n<h4>Subject Headings<\/h4>\n<p>Most databases will include related subject headings alongside each search result. Subject headings are a form of descriptive metadata. At their simplest, they may be tags chosen by the authors, but most databases use a controlled vocabulary assigned by professional catalogers<\/p>\n<p>The advantage of controlled subject terms is that they\u2019re standardized terms that will be assigned to all appropriate content no matter what terminology (or even language) is used by the author. For example, the database Academic Search Complete uses the subject term \u201cmotion pictures,\u201d even if the article uses the words \u201cfilms,\u201d \u201cmovies,\u201d or \u201ccinema.\u201d<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-nocaption aligncenter wp-image-1959 size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1959 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2016\/07\/19161026\/subject_headings_-_acs.png\" alt=\"Screenshot of a search result in an academic database. The resulting article is titled &quot;Refracting Mental Illness Through Disability: Towards a New Politic of Cultural Locations. In the screenshot the Subjects of the article are highlighted: Mental illness in motion pictures; people with disabilities in motion pictures; evil in motion pictures; violence in motion pictures, etc.\" width=\"657\" height=\"234\" \/><\/div>\n<p>Whenever you find a good article in a database, check out the subject headings. If one or more of them look like matches for your topic, re-run your search using those terms\u2014and be sure to specify you want those terms in the subject field. That will ensure the search results are really about that subject and don\u2019t just happen to mention those words in passing somehow.<\/p>\n<h4>Follow the Bibliographic Links<\/h4>\n<p>As long as you find one good scholarly article or book, you can look up the works cited in the footnotes or bibliography to find the sources it\u2019s based on.<\/p>\n<p>You can also follow citations forward in time by looking up who cited the work you have.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/apps.webofknowledge.com\/WOS_GeneralSearch_input.do?last_prod=WOS&amp;product=WOS&amp;highlighted_tab=WOS&amp;search_mode=GeneralSearch\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Web of Science<\/a>\u00a0has cited reference searches.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-24\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Screenshot of Google Search engine results page. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Freedom Learning Group. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Screenshot of the Google Scholar search engine. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Freedom Learning Group. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Image of guitar. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: erin m. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/8Fskd1\">https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/8Fskd1<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC: Attribution-NonCommercial<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Pot of Gold Research Tutorial. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: University of Notre Dame. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/library.nd.edu\/instruction\/potofgold\/investigating\/\">http:\/\/library.nd.edu\/instruction\/potofgold\/investigating\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Introduction to Finding Sources. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-englishcomposition1\/chapter\/outcome-finding-sources-3-1\/\">https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-englishcomposition1\/chapter\/outcome-finding-sources-3-1\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Finding Sources from Sources. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: UCLA Library. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/guides.library.ucla.edu\/c.php?g=180896&#038;p=1185263\">http:\/\/guides.library.ucla.edu\/c.php?g=180896&#038;p=1185263<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: Choosing and Using Library Databases. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Developing a Research Question. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Steely Library NKU. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=LWLYCYeCFak\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=LWLYCYeCFak<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>All Rights Reserved<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><li>What Are Databases and Why You Need Them. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Yavapai College Library. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Q2GMtIuaNzU\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Q2GMtIuaNzU<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>All Rights Reserved<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t 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