{"id":26,"date":"2020-11-04T20:37:16","date_gmt":"2020-11-04T20:37:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oswego-businesscommunicationmgrs2\/chapter\/writing-ethically\/"},"modified":"2023-04-10T15:33:55","modified_gmt":"2023-04-10T15:33:55","slug":"4-6-writing-ethically","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oswego-businesscommunicationmgrs2\/chapter\/4-6-writing-ethically\/","title":{"raw":"4.6 Writing Ethically","rendered":"4.6 Writing Ethically"},"content":{"raw":"<h2>What you'll learn to do:\u00a0Discuss issues of plagiarism, copyright and fair use<\/h2>\r\nDeveloping a business report or other communication comes with certain responsibilities, namely proper citation of other people\u2019s work. There are three common concepts that we will review here; all three have to do with the right author or creator getting credit for his or her efforts:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Plagiarism<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Copyright<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Fair Use<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nPlagiarism is using someone\u2019s ideas or materials without properly citing their authority. The following eHow Education video discusses the problem:\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/8S6Ti1iG_98\r\n\r\nCopyright is a concept originating in 17th Century England. Concerned about the unregulated copying of books, the English Parliament passed a law detailing how a copy of a published text needed to be deposited with the government, ostensibly to track and gauge authorship, and then provide due credit. This practice has evolved since obviously, but the same concept applies -- that of the governing authority in a given region being charged with regulating authorship and creation of content.\r\n\r\nLastly, Fair Use is a related concept that details how one may use copyrighted or other protected material without citation. There are four conditions, and all four must be met:[footnote]Larson, Aaron. \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.expertlaw.com\/library\/intellectual_property\/fair_use.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fair Use Doctrine and Copyright Law<\/a>\". ExpertLaw.com.11 February 2018 Web. 16 April 2018.[\/footnote]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the nature of the copyrighted work<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nIn the following pages, we will go into each in greater detail.\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning outcomes<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Discuss the importance of professional integrity in written communication\/reports<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Identify guidelines to avoid plagiarism, copyright, or violation of Fair Use Act<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Document and cite sources using the correct style and formatting<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Professional Integrity<\/h2>\r\nConsider the earlier discussion on the CRAAP Test for evaluating sources:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Currency<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Relevance<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Authority<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Accuracy<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Purpose<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nThe test and its authors argue that for a source to be useful, it must meet criteria laid out in the above categories. The same concept applies to material you author, and the materials you submit to others in your organization.\r\n\r\nFor decision-makers or colleagues to trust the reports you write, your professional integrity, and the manner or how you go about doing your work, must be above any concern.\r\n\r\nConsider the following ethical violations in recent memory; all of which highlight the role of the individual\u2019s behavior:[footnote]Shen, Lucinda. \"<a href=\"http:\/\/fortune.com\/2017\/12\/31\/biggest-corporate-scandals-misconduct-2017-pr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The 10 Biggest Business Scandals of 2017<\/a>,\" <em>Fortune<\/em>. 21 Dec 2017. Web. 18 June 2018.[\/footnote]The 10 Biggest Business Scandals of 2017\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Facebook\u2019s use of your personal data, and the role of Cambridge Analytica in the 2016 US Presidential election<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wells Fargo\u2019s fake accounts, and over-charging of customers<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Apple\u2019s deliberately slowed down iPhones<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Melania Trump\u2019s speechwriter\u2019s use of Michelle Obama\u2019s speech<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nIn viewing the above instances, and thinking on your own role in the development of reports and other information, we can consider the concept of professional integrity to orient our thinking and action. In each of the above cases, individuals, or groups of individuals, knowingly violated reasonable ethical standards and norms. These standards are either codified in law, as is the case around copyright and use of someone\u2019s personal data, or what we could consider a common sense standard.\r\n\r\nA common sense standard is one about which we could quickly ask ourselves: \u201cWould anyone question the manner in which I\u2019m doing this work or activity?\u201d If the answer is yes, your behavior needs to adjust. In the above cases, it is clear that this did not happen.\r\n\r\nThe University of St. Andrews describes Professional Integrity, and details the following concepts as central to the idea:[footnote]University of St. Andrews. \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.st-andrews.ac.uk\/research\/integrity-ethics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Professional Integrity<\/a>.\" Web. 18 June 2018.[\/footnote]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The researcher (or business report writer), operates at the highest levels of ethical responsibility. We should take this to mean that you will do everything you can to build reports, and use information in ways that no one would ever question your conduct. Proper citation and use of others\u2019 work, care to anonymize sources\u2014especially anyone vulnerable, and safeguarding of data to ensure it is not tampered with, are all germane.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Operate and conduct yourself within your skillset. This is an interesting concept that can be difficult to think through and maintain in one\u2019s action in a busy and competitive organization. St. Andrews\u2019 here is describing a sort of intellectual honesty around what you might be qualified or unqualified to do. Bottom line: if someone asks you to do something for which you are not qualified, consider ways to turn down the project, rescope the project, or get help with the areas or pieces that are outside your skillset.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>practice question<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/8556\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Avoiding Plagiarism<\/h2>\r\nAs discussed in the previous page, incidents of plagiarism and related ethical violations are unfortunately common features of contemporary life, both in and out of our work environments. The video below from 2016 describes 10 famous cases:\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/hDnN9TeN65E\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>practice question<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/8557.1\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nBoth intentional and unintentional plagiarism are problems, and you should do everything you can to keep them from happening. It is obvious that intentional plagiarism would be a gross violation; however, unintentional plagiarism is a bit more difficult to nail down.\r\n\r\nAs the UNSW Sydney\u2019s page for their current students describes, \u201cmost incidents of plagiarism are the product not of deliberate cheating, but of underdeveloped academic skills.\u201d[footnote]UNSW Sydney. \"<a href=\"https:\/\/student.unsw.edu.au\/how-does-plagiarism-happen\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">How Does Plagiarism Happen?<\/a>\" Web. 18 June 2018.[\/footnote] Often the problem isn't with the ethical standing of the author but with something else, such as lack of time, lack of clear notes, and lack of understanding of proper referencing. Thus, the basic rule of thumb for avoiding plagiarism is three-fold:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If you even suspect the idea is someone else\u2019s, take the time to go back through notes, Google, or other reputable sources, and search for the author.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Allow enough time to build your reports.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If you are not sure of authorship, consider using other evidence or sources to articulate your idea.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThere are, however, a very few things that don't require attributions: scientific or mathematical equations and \"common knowledge.\" You don't have to provide a citation if you include the equation\u00a0E = mc<sup>2<\/sup>, but you do need to attribute a quote that explains the history of the equation's discovery. You don't have to provide a citation if you include the fact that gravity exists, but you do need to provide a citation for a study that discusses how gravity impacts astronauts on the ISS.\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Practice Question<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/8558\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Documenting and Citing Sources<\/h2>\r\nProper citation of sources is essential to avoiding plagiarism or copyright violations.\r\n\r\nThere is however something pertinent to the business world that we should consider: there is a common tension between Academic\/University environments, and the often-labeled, \u201cReal World.\u201d While academic writing clearly requires proper citation in accordance with generally agreed upon rules, business writing might not need to be so precise. The spirit of attribution however, and not taking credit for someone else\u2019s work, is still obviously at play. Consider your audience, the time available, and the purpose of the communication when making a decision about style and formatting of citations.\r\n\r\nStyle and visual considerations are often important for business writing as well. Consider this\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/~\/media\/McKinsey\/Business%20Functions\/McKinsey%20Analytics\/Our%20Insights\/The%20age%20of%20analytics%20Competing%20in%20a%20data%20driven%20world\/MGI-The-Age-of-Analytics-Full-report.ashx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">McKinsey Global Institute report<\/a>.\u00a0On page 11 of the report, we can find one simple reference. So as not to visually distract the reader, the authors use a footnote. This is appropriate for a glossy high dollar report, for which McKinsey and other powerful consulting houses are well known. On page 12 of the report, an infographic with extensive quantifiable data, provides source material towards the bottom of the table in a very muted and small font. This is reasonable for the type of document at hand, and could provide you with insight into citation style for your reports.\r\n\r\nThe key here is proper attribution, and doing it in a manner that conforms with the visual and general use of your sources. The closer to academic or think-tank like work you are, the more precise and formal it needs to be; if,\u00a0however, you worked for something like a startup or a smaller company, overly formal and precise citation could actually be distracting and cumbersome. Use your best judgement.\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Practice Question<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/8559\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<h2>What you&#8217;ll learn to do:\u00a0Discuss issues of plagiarism, copyright and fair use<\/h2>\n<p>Developing a business report or other communication comes with certain responsibilities, namely proper citation of other people\u2019s work. There are three common concepts that we will review here; all three have to do with the right author or creator getting credit for his or her efforts:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Plagiarism<\/li>\n<li>Copyright<\/li>\n<li>Fair Use<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Plagiarism is using someone\u2019s ideas or materials without properly citing their authority. The following eHow Education video discusses the problem:<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Why Is Plagiarism Wrong?\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/8S6Ti1iG_98?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Copyright is a concept originating in 17th Century England. Concerned about the unregulated copying of books, the English Parliament passed a law detailing how a copy of a published text needed to be deposited with the government, ostensibly to track and gauge authorship, and then provide due credit. This practice has evolved since obviously, but the same concept applies &#8212; that of the governing authority in a given region being charged with regulating authorship and creation of content.<\/p>\n<p>Lastly, Fair Use is a related concept that details how one may use copyrighted or other protected material without citation. There are four conditions, and all four must be met:<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Larson, Aaron. &quot;Fair Use Doctrine and Copyright Law&quot;. ExpertLaw.com.11 February 2018 Web. 16 April 2018.\" id=\"return-footnote-26-1\" href=\"#footnote-26-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the nature of the copyrighted work<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>In the following pages, we will go into each in greater detail.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning outcomes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Discuss the importance of professional integrity in written communication\/reports<\/li>\n<li>Identify guidelines to avoid plagiarism, copyright, or violation of Fair Use Act<\/li>\n<li>Document and cite sources using the correct style and formatting<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Professional Integrity<\/h2>\n<p>Consider the earlier discussion on the CRAAP Test for evaluating sources:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Currency<\/li>\n<li>Relevance<\/li>\n<li>Authority<\/li>\n<li>Accuracy<\/li>\n<li>Purpose<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>The test and its authors argue that for a source to be useful, it must meet criteria laid out in the above categories. The same concept applies to material you author, and the materials you submit to others in your organization.<\/p>\n<p>For decision-makers or colleagues to trust the reports you write, your professional integrity, and the manner or how you go about doing your work, must be above any concern.<\/p>\n<p>Consider the following ethical violations in recent memory; all of which highlight the role of the individual\u2019s behavior:<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Shen, Lucinda. &quot;The 10 Biggest Business Scandals of 2017,&quot; Fortune. 21 Dec 2017. Web. 18 June 2018.\" id=\"return-footnote-26-2\" href=\"#footnote-26-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a>The 10 Biggest Business Scandals of 2017<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Facebook\u2019s use of your personal data, and the role of Cambridge Analytica in the 2016 US Presidential election<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wells Fargo\u2019s fake accounts, and over-charging of customers<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Apple\u2019s deliberately slowed down iPhones<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Melania Trump\u2019s speechwriter\u2019s use of Michelle Obama\u2019s speech<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In viewing the above instances, and thinking on your own role in the development of reports and other information, we can consider the concept of professional integrity to orient our thinking and action. In each of the above cases, individuals, or groups of individuals, knowingly violated reasonable ethical standards and norms. These standards are either codified in law, as is the case around copyright and use of someone\u2019s personal data, or what we could consider a common sense standard.<\/p>\n<p>A common sense standard is one about which we could quickly ask ourselves: \u201cWould anyone question the manner in which I\u2019m doing this work or activity?\u201d If the answer is yes, your behavior needs to adjust. In the above cases, it is clear that this did not happen.<\/p>\n<p>The University of St. Andrews describes Professional Integrity, and details the following concepts as central to the idea:<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"University of St. Andrews. &quot;Professional Integrity.&quot; Web. 18 June 2018.\" id=\"return-footnote-26-3\" href=\"#footnote-26-3\" aria-label=\"Footnote 3\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The researcher (or business report writer), operates at the highest levels of ethical responsibility. We should take this to mean that you will do everything you can to build reports, and use information in ways that no one would ever question your conduct. Proper citation and use of others\u2019 work, care to anonymize sources\u2014especially anyone vulnerable, and safeguarding of data to ensure it is not tampered with, are all germane.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Operate and conduct yourself within your skillset. This is an interesting concept that can be difficult to think through and maintain in one\u2019s action in a busy and competitive organization. St. Andrews\u2019 here is describing a sort of intellectual honesty around what you might be qualified or unqualified to do. Bottom line: if someone asks you to do something for which you are not qualified, consider ways to turn down the project, rescope the project, or get help with the areas or pieces that are outside your skillset.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>practice question<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"lumen_assessment_8556\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/load?assessment_id=8556&#38;embed=1&#38;external_user_id=&#38;external_context_id=&#38;iframe_resize_id=lumen_assessment_8556\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:400px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Avoiding Plagiarism<\/h2>\n<p>As discussed in the previous page, incidents of plagiarism and related ethical violations are unfortunately common features of contemporary life, both in and out of our work environments. The video below from 2016 describes 10 famous cases:<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-2\" title=\"10 Famous Cases of PLAGIARISM\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/hDnN9TeN65E?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>practice question<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"lumen_assessment_8557\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/load?assessment_id=8557&#38;embed=1&#38;external_user_id=&#38;external_context_id=&#38;iframe_resize_id=lumen_assessment_8557\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:400px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Both intentional and unintentional plagiarism are problems, and you should do everything you can to keep them from happening. It is obvious that intentional plagiarism would be a gross violation; however, unintentional plagiarism is a bit more difficult to nail down.<\/p>\n<p>As the UNSW Sydney\u2019s page for their current students describes, \u201cmost incidents of plagiarism are the product not of deliberate cheating, but of underdeveloped academic skills.\u201d<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"UNSW Sydney. &quot;How Does Plagiarism Happen?&quot; Web. 18 June 2018.\" id=\"return-footnote-26-4\" href=\"#footnote-26-4\" aria-label=\"Footnote 4\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[4]<\/sup><\/a> Often the problem isn&#8217;t with the ethical standing of the author but with something else, such as lack of time, lack of clear notes, and lack of understanding of proper referencing. Thus, the basic rule of thumb for avoiding plagiarism is three-fold:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If you even suspect the idea is someone else\u2019s, take the time to go back through notes, Google, or other reputable sources, and search for the author.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Allow enough time to build your reports.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If you are not sure of authorship, consider using other evidence or sources to articulate your idea.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>There are, however, a very few things that don&#8217;t require attributions: scientific or mathematical equations and &#8220;common knowledge.&#8221; You don&#8217;t have to provide a citation if you include the equation\u00a0E = mc<sup>2<\/sup>, but you do need to attribute a quote that explains the history of the equation&#8217;s discovery. You don&#8217;t have to provide a citation if you include the fact that gravity exists, but you do need to provide a citation for a study that discusses how gravity impacts astronauts on the ISS.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Practice Question<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"lumen_assessment_8558\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/load?assessment_id=8558&#38;embed=1&#38;external_user_id=&#38;external_context_id=&#38;iframe_resize_id=lumen_assessment_8558\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:400px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Documenting and Citing Sources<\/h2>\n<p>Proper citation of sources is essential to avoiding plagiarism or copyright violations.<\/p>\n<p>There is however something pertinent to the business world that we should consider: there is a common tension between Academic\/University environments, and the often-labeled, \u201cReal World.\u201d While academic writing clearly requires proper citation in accordance with generally agreed upon rules, business writing might not need to be so precise. The spirit of attribution however, and not taking credit for someone else\u2019s work, is still obviously at play. Consider your audience, the time available, and the purpose of the communication when making a decision about style and formatting of citations.<\/p>\n<p>Style and visual considerations are often important for business writing as well. Consider this\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/~\/media\/McKinsey\/Business%20Functions\/McKinsey%20Analytics\/Our%20Insights\/The%20age%20of%20analytics%20Competing%20in%20a%20data%20driven%20world\/MGI-The-Age-of-Analytics-Full-report.ashx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">McKinsey Global Institute report<\/a>.\u00a0On page 11 of the report, we can find one simple reference. So as not to visually distract the reader, the authors use a footnote. This is appropriate for a glossy high dollar report, for which McKinsey and other powerful consulting houses are well known. On page 12 of the report, an infographic with extensive quantifiable data, provides source material towards the bottom of the table in a very muted and small font. This is reasonable for the type of document at hand, and could provide you with insight into citation style for your reports.<\/p>\n<p>The key here is proper attribution, and doing it in a manner that conforms with the visual and general use of your sources. The closer to academic or think-tank like work you are, the more precise and formal it needs to be; if,\u00a0however, you worked for something like a startup or a smaller company, overly formal and precise citation could actually be distracting and cumbersome. Use your best judgement.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Practice Question<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"lumen_assessment_8559\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/load?assessment_id=8559&#38;embed=1&#38;external_user_id=&#38;external_context_id=&#38;iframe_resize_id=lumen_assessment_8559\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:400px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-26\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Introduction to Writing Ethically. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Freedom Learning Group. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Why is Plagiarism Wrong?. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: eHowEducation. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=8S6Ti1iG_98\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=8S6Ti1iG_98<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>All Rights Reserved<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><li>10 Famous Cases of PLAGIARISM. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: MatthewSantoro. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/hDnN9TeN65E\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/hDnN9TeN65E<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>All Rights Reserved<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><li>Citing-How to Cite in Chicago\/Turabian Style: A Three Minute Tutorial. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Conestoga College Library Resource Centre. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?time_continue=1&#038;v=0NdT4Y620nE\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?time_continue=1&#038;v=0NdT4Y620nE<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>All Rights Reserved<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-26-1\">Larson, Aaron. \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.expertlaw.com\/library\/intellectual_property\/fair_use.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fair Use Doctrine and Copyright Law<\/a>\". ExpertLaw.com.11 February 2018 Web. 16 April 2018. <a href=\"#return-footnote-26-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-26-2\">Shen, Lucinda. \"<a href=\"http:\/\/fortune.com\/2017\/12\/31\/biggest-corporate-scandals-misconduct-2017-pr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The 10 Biggest Business Scandals of 2017<\/a>,\" <em>Fortune<\/em>. 21 Dec 2017. Web. 18 June 2018. <a href=\"#return-footnote-26-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-26-3\">University of St. Andrews. \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.st-andrews.ac.uk\/research\/integrity-ethics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Professional Integrity<\/a>.\" Web. 18 June 2018. <a href=\"#return-footnote-26-3\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 3\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-26-4\">UNSW Sydney. \"<a href=\"https:\/\/student.unsw.edu.au\/how-does-plagiarism-happen\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">How Does Plagiarism Happen?<\/a>\" Web. 18 June 2018. <a href=\"#return-footnote-26-4\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 4\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":141992,"menu_order":6,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Introduction to Writing Ethically\",\"author\":\"Freedom Learning Group\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Why is Plagiarism Wrong?\",\"author\":\"eHowEducation\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=8S6Ti1iG_98\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"arr\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"10 Famous Cases of PLAGIARISM\",\"author\":\"MatthewSantoro\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/hDnN9TeN65E\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"arr\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Citing-How to Cite in Chicago\/Turabian Style: A Three Minute Tutorial\",\"author\":\"Conestoga College Library Resource Centre\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?time_continue=1&v=0NdT4Y620nE\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"arr\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"da3adc51-afe4-4281-9adc-353fc7654878","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-26","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":20,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oswego-businesscommunicationmgrs2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/26","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oswego-businesscommunicationmgrs2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oswego-businesscommunicationmgrs2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oswego-businesscommunicationmgrs2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/141992"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oswego-businesscommunicationmgrs2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/26\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1719,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oswego-businesscommunicationmgrs2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/26\/revisions\/1719"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oswego-businesscommunicationmgrs2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/20"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oswego-businesscommunicationmgrs2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/26\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oswego-businesscommunicationmgrs2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=26"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oswego-businesscommunicationmgrs2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=26"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oswego-businesscommunicationmgrs2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=26"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-oswego-businesscommunicationmgrs2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=26"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}