{"id":5339,"date":"2014-12-11T02:29:22","date_gmt":"2014-12-11T02:29:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/colphysics\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=5339"},"modified":"2016-02-04T18:25:27","modified_gmt":"2016-02-04T18:25:27","slug":"25-1-the-ray-aspect-of-light","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-physics\/chapter\/25-1-the-ray-aspect-of-light\/","title":{"raw":"The Ray Aspect of Light","rendered":"The Ray Aspect of Light"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>List the ways by which light travels from a source to another location.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nThere are three ways in which light can travel from a source to another location. (See Figure 1.) It can come directly from the source through empty space, such as from the Sun to Earth. Or light can travel through various media, such as air and glass, to the person. Light can also arrive after being reflected, such as by a mirror. In all of these cases, light is modeled as traveling in straight lines called rays. Light may change direction when it encounters objects (such as a mirror) or in passing from one material to another (such as in passing from air to glass), but it then continues in a straight line or as a ray. The word <em class=\"glossterm\"> ray<\/em><a id=\"id3276670\" class=\"indexterm\"><\/a> comes from mathematics and here means a straight line that originates at some point. It is acceptable to visualize light rays as laser rays (or even science fiction depictions of ray guns).\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<h3>Ray<\/h3>\r\nThe word \u201cray\u201d comes from mathematics and here means a straight line that originates at some point.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/resources\/d556ac76fd0222b5d97690aaae5794d6\/Figure%2026_01_01.jpg\" alt=\"Part a shows the suns rays shining through the atmosphere to a house on the earth. The second image shows a woman looking out the window at a car and arrows depicting the light rays hitting the car and the window, then her eyes are shown. \" width=\"300\" height=\"316\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" \/> Figure 1. Three methods for light to travel from a source to another location. (a) Light reaches the upper atmosphere of Earth traveling through empty space directly from the source. (b) Light can reach a person in one of two ways. It can travel through media like air and glass. It can also reflect from an object like a mirror. In the situations shown here, light interacts with objects large enough that it travels in straight lines, like a ray.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nExperiments, as well as our own experiences, show that when light interacts with objects several times as large as its wavelength, it travels in straight lines and acts like a ray. Its wave characteristics are not pronounced in such situations. Since the wavelength of light is less than a micron (a thousandth of a millimeter), it acts like a ray in the many common situations in which it encounters objects larger than a micron. For example, when light encounters anything we can observe with unaided eyes, such as a mirror, it acts like a ray, with only subtle wave characteristics. We will concentrate on the ray characteristics in this chapter.\r\n\r\nSince light moves in straight lines, changing directions when it interacts with materials, it is described by geometry and simple trigonometry. This part of optics, where the ray aspect of light dominates, is therefore called <em>geometric optics<\/em>. There are two laws that govern how light changes direction when it interacts with matter. These are the law of reflection, for situations in which light bounces off matter, and the law of refraction, for situations in which light passes through matter.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<h3 class=\"title\">Geometric Optics<\/h3>\r\nThe part of optics dealing with the ray aspect of light is called geometric optics.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Section Summary<\/h2>\r\nA straight line that originates at some point is called a ray.\r\nThe part of optics dealing with the ray aspect of light is called geometric optics.\r\nLight can travel in three ways from a source to another location: (1) directly from the source through empty space; (2) through various media; (3) after being reflected from a mirror.\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Problems &amp; Exercises<\/h3>\r\nSuppose a man stands in front of a mirror as shown in Figure 2. His eyes are 1.65 m above the floor, and the top of his head is 0.13 m higher. Find the height above the floor of the top and bottom of the smallest mirror in which he can see both the top of his head and his feet. How is this distance related to the man\u2019s height?\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_11038\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"250\"]<img class=\" wp-image-11038\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2016\/02\/20113112\/Figure-26_02_07.jpg\" alt=\"A full-length mirror is one in which you can see all of yourself. It need not be as big as you, and its size is independent of your distance from it.\" width=\"250\" height=\"385\" \/> Figure 2. A man standing in front of a mirror on a wall at a distance of several feet. The mirror\u2019s top is at eye level, but its bottom is only waist high. Arrows illustrate how the man can see his reflection from head to toe in the mirror.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>\u00a0Glossary<\/h2>\r\n<strong>ray:<\/strong>\u00a0straight line that originates at some point\r\n\r\n<strong>geometric optics:<\/strong>\u00a0part of optics dealing with the ray aspect of light\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Solution to\u00a0Problems &amp; Exercises<\/h3>\r\nTop 1.715 m from floor, bottom 0.825 m from floor. Height of mirror is 0.890 m, or precisely one-half the height of the person.\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<p>By the end of this section, you will be able to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>List the ways by which light travels from a source to another location.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>There are three ways in which light can travel from a source to another location. (See Figure 1.) It can come directly from the source through empty space, such as from the Sun to Earth. Or light can travel through various media, such as air and glass, to the person. Light can also arrive after being reflected, such as by a mirror. In all of these cases, light is modeled as traveling in straight lines called rays. Light may change direction when it encounters objects (such as a mirror) or in passing from one material to another (such as in passing from air to glass), but it then continues in a straight line or as a ray. The word <em class=\"glossterm\"> ray<\/em><a id=\"id3276670\" class=\"indexterm\"><\/a> comes from mathematics and here means a straight line that originates at some point. It is acceptable to visualize light rays as laser rays (or even science fiction depictions of ray guns).<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h3>Ray<\/h3>\n<p>The word \u201cray\u201d comes from mathematics and here means a straight line that originates at some point.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/resources\/d556ac76fd0222b5d97690aaae5794d6\/Figure%2026_01_01.jpg\" alt=\"Part a shows the suns rays shining through the atmosphere to a house on the earth. The second image shows a woman looking out the window at a car and arrows depicting the light rays hitting the car and the window, then her eyes are shown.\" width=\"300\" height=\"316\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1. Three methods for light to travel from a source to another location. (a) Light reaches the upper atmosphere of Earth traveling through empty space directly from the source. (b) Light can reach a person in one of two ways. It can travel through media like air and glass. It can also reflect from an object like a mirror. In the situations shown here, light interacts with objects large enough that it travels in straight lines, like a ray.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Experiments, as well as our own experiences, show that when light interacts with objects several times as large as its wavelength, it travels in straight lines and acts like a ray. Its wave characteristics are not pronounced in such situations. Since the wavelength of light is less than a micron (a thousandth of a millimeter), it acts like a ray in the many common situations in which it encounters objects larger than a micron. For example, when light encounters anything we can observe with unaided eyes, such as a mirror, it acts like a ray, with only subtle wave characteristics. We will concentrate on the ray characteristics in this chapter.<\/p>\n<p>Since light moves in straight lines, changing directions when it interacts with materials, it is described by geometry and simple trigonometry. This part of optics, where the ray aspect of light dominates, is therefore called <em>geometric optics<\/em>. There are two laws that govern how light changes direction when it interacts with matter. These are the law of reflection, for situations in which light bounces off matter, and the law of refraction, for situations in which light passes through matter.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">Geometric Optics<\/h3>\n<p>The part of optics dealing with the ray aspect of light is called geometric optics.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Section Summary<\/h2>\n<p>A straight line that originates at some point is called a ray.<br \/>\nThe part of optics dealing with the ray aspect of light is called geometric optics.<br \/>\nLight can travel in three ways from a source to another location: (1) directly from the source through empty space; (2) through various media; (3) after being reflected from a mirror.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Problems &amp; Exercises<\/h3>\n<p>Suppose a man stands in front of a mirror as shown in Figure 2. His eyes are 1.65 m above the floor, and the top of his head is 0.13 m higher. Find the height above the floor of the top and bottom of the smallest mirror in which he can see both the top of his head and his feet. How is this distance related to the man\u2019s height?<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_11038\" style=\"width: 260px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11038\" class=\"wp-image-11038\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2016\/02\/20113112\/Figure-26_02_07.jpg\" alt=\"A full-length mirror is one in which you can see all of yourself. It need not be as big as you, and its size is independent of your distance from it.\" width=\"250\" height=\"385\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-11038\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2. A man standing in front of a mirror on a wall at a distance of several feet. The mirror\u2019s top is at eye level, but its bottom is only waist high. Arrows illustrate how the man can see his reflection from head to toe in the mirror.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>\u00a0Glossary<\/h2>\n<p><strong>ray:<\/strong>\u00a0straight line that originates at some point<\/p>\n<p><strong>geometric optics:<\/strong>\u00a0part of optics dealing with the ray aspect of light<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Solution to\u00a0Problems &amp; Exercises<\/h3>\n<p>Top 1.715 m from floor, bottom 0.825 m from floor. Height of mirror is 0.890 m, or precisely one-half the height of the person.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-5339\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>College Physics. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: OpenStax College. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/031da8d3-b525-429c-80cf-6c8ed997733a\/College_Physics\">http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/031da8d3-b525-429c-80cf-6c8ed997733a\/College_Physics<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Located at License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":5,"menu_order":2,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"College Physics\",\"author\":\"OpenStax College\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/031da8d3-b525-429c-80cf-6c8ed997733a\/College_Physics\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Located at License\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-5339","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":7737,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-physics\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/5339","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-physics\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-physics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-physics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-physics\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/5339\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11039,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-physics\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/5339\/revisions\/11039"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-physics\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/7737"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-physics\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/5339\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-physics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5339"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-physics\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=5339"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-physics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=5339"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-physics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=5339"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}