{"id":3698,"date":"2018-07-14T18:39:14","date_gmt":"2018-07-14T18:39:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-potsdam-organicchemistry\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=3698"},"modified":"2018-08-06T16:17:10","modified_gmt":"2018-08-06T16:17:10","slug":"1-1-introduction-to-organic-chemistry","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-potsdam-organicchemistry\/chapter\/1-1-introduction-to-organic-chemistry\/","title":{"raw":"1.1. Introduction to organic chemistry","rendered":"1.1. Introduction to organic chemistry"},"content":{"raw":"<h2 class=\"title editable block\"><span class=\"title-prefix\">1.1.<\/span> Introduction to organic chemistry<\/h2>\r\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_n01\" class=\"learning_objectives editable block\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3 class=\"title\">Learning objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ol id=\"gob-ch04_s06_l01\" class=\"orderedlist\">\r\n \t<li>Define <em class=\"emphasis\">organic chemistry<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Identify organic molecules as alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, or carboxylic acids.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p02\" class=\"para editable block\"><span class=\"margin_term\"><a class=\"glossterm\">Organic chemistry<\/a><\/span> is the study of the chemistry of carbon compounds. Carbon is singled out because it has a chemical diversity unrivaled by any other chemical element. Its diversity is based on the following:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul id=\"gob-ch04_s06_l02\" class=\"itemizedlist editable block\">\r\n \t<li>Carbon atoms bond reasonably strongly with other carbon atoms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Carbon atoms bond reasonably strongly with atoms of other elements.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Carbon atoms make a large number of covalent bonds (four).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p03\" class=\"para editable block\">Curiously, elemental carbon is not particularly abundant. It does not even appear in the <a href=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/s05-01-the-elements.html\">list of the most common elements in Earth\u2019s crust<\/a>.\u00a0 Nevertheless, all living things consist of organic compounds.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p04\" class=\"para editable block\">Most organic chemicals are covalent compounds, which is why we introduce organic chemistry here. By convention, compounds containing carbonate ions and bicarbonate ions, as well as carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, are not considered part of organic chemistry, even though they contain carbon.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p05\" class=\"para editable block\">The simplest organic compounds are the <span class=\"margin_term\"><a class=\"glossterm\">hydrocarbons<\/a><\/span>, compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms only. Some hydrocarbons have only single bonds and appear as a chain (which can be a straight chain or can have branches) of carbon atoms also bonded to hydrogen atoms. These hydrocarbons are called <span class=\"margin_term\"><a class=\"glossterm\">alkanes (saturated hydrocarbons)<\/a><\/span>. Each alkane has a characteristic, systematic name depending on the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. These names consist of a stem that indicates the number of carbon atoms in the chain plus the ending -<em class=\"emphasis\">ane<\/em>. The stem <em class=\"emphasis\">meth<\/em>- means one carbon atom, so methane is an alkane with one carbon atom. Similarly, the stem <em class=\"emphasis\">eth<\/em>- means two carbon atoms; ethane is an alkane with two carbon atoms. Continuing, the stem <em class=\"emphasis\">prop<\/em>- means three carbon atoms, so propane is an alkane with three carbon atoms. Figure 1.1. \"Formulas and Molecular Models of the Three Simplest Alkanes\" gives the formulas and the molecular models of the three simplest alkanes. (For more information about alkanes, see <a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-potsdam-organicchemistry\/chapter\/3-3-properties-of-alkanes\/\">section 3.3.<\/a>)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_f01\" class=\"figure large editable block\">\r\n<p class=\"title\"><span class=\"title-prefix\">Figure 1.1.<\/span> Formulae and molecular models of the three simplest alkanes<\/p>\r\n<img class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/92cfa5ee0e72208794d60b47a81733ea.jpg\" width=\"472\" height=\"354\" \/>\r\n<p class=\"para\">The three smallest alkanes are methane, ethane, and propane.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p06\" class=\"para editable block\">Some hydrocarbons have one or more carbon\u2013carbon double bonds (denoted C=C). These hydrocarbons are called <span class=\"margin_term\"><a class=\"glossterm\">alkenes<\/a><\/span> (see <a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-potsdam-organicchemistry\/chapter\/3-2-nomenclature-of-unsaturated-hydrocarbons\/\">section 3.2.<\/a> for more information) Note that the names of alkenes have the same stem as the alkane with the same number of carbon atoms in its chain but have the ending -<em class=\"emphasis\">ene<\/em>. Thus, ethene is an alkene with two carbon atoms per molecule, and propene is a compound with three carbon atoms and one double bond.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_f02\" class=\"figure large editable block\">\r\n<p class=\"title\"><span class=\"title-prefix\">Figure 1.2.<\/span> Formulas and Molecular Models of the Two Simplest Alkenes<\/p>\r\n<img class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/388292d2cba1612531fc7ce68f3329a3.jpg\" width=\"474\" height=\"212\" \/>\r\n<p class=\"para\">Ethene is commonly called ethylene, while propene is commonly called propylene.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p07\" class=\"para editable block\"><span class=\"margin_term\"><a class=\"glossterm\">Alkynes<\/a><\/span> are hydrocarbons with a carbon\u2013carbon triple bond (denoted C\u2261C) as part of their carbon skeleton (see <a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-potsdam-organicchemistry\/chapter\/3-2-nomenclature-of-unsaturated-hydrocarbons\/\">section 3.2.<\/a> for more information). The names for alkynes have the same stems as for alkanes but with the ending -<em class=\"emphasis\">yne<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_f03\" class=\"figure large editable block\">\r\n<p class=\"title\"><span class=\"title-prefix\">Figure 1.3.<\/span> Formulas and Molecular Models of the Two Simplest Alkynes<\/p>\r\n<img class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/44d0f85d59419c94e39e71feed3baa54.jpg\" width=\"502\" height=\"175\" \/>\r\n<p class=\"para\">Ethyne is more commonly called acetylene.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_n03\" class=\"callout block\">\r\n<h3 class=\"title\">To your health: saturated and unsaturated fats<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p09\" class=\"para\">Hydrocarbons are not the only compounds that can have carbon\u2013carbon double bonds. A group of compounds called fats can have them as well, and their presence or absence in the human diet is becoming increasingly correlated with health issues.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p10\" class=\"para\">Fats are combinations of long-chain organic compounds (fatty acids) and glycerol (C<sub class=\"subscript\">3<\/sub>H<sub class=\"subscript\">8<\/sub>O<sub class=\"subscript\">3<\/sub>). The long carbon chains can have either all single bonds, in which case the fat is classified as <em class=\"emphasis\">saturated<\/em>, or one or more double bonds, in which case it is a <em class=\"emphasis\">monounsaturated<\/em> or a <em class=\"emphasis\">polyunsaturated<\/em> fat, respectively. Saturated fats are typically solids at room temperature; beef fat (tallow) is one example. Mono- or polyunsaturated fats are likely to be liquids at room temperature and are often called oils. Olive oil, flaxseed oil, and many fish oils are mono- or polyunsaturated fats.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p11\" class=\"para\">Some studies have linked higher amounts of saturated fats in people\u2019s diets with a greater likelihood of developing heart disease, high cholesterol, and other diet-related diseases. In contrast, increases in unsaturated fats (either mono- or polyunsaturated) have been linked to a lower incidence of certain diseases. Thus, there have been recommendations by government bodies and health associations to decrease the proportion of saturated fat and increase the proportion of unsaturated fat in the diet. Most of these organizations also recommend decreasing the total amount of fat in the diet.\u00a0 A difference as simple as the difference between a single and double carbon\u2013carbon bond can have a significant impact on health.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p14\" class=\"para editable block\">The carbon\u2013carbon double and triple bonds are examples of <span class=\"margin_term\"><a class=\"glossterm\">functional groups<\/a><\/span> in organic chemistry. A functional group is a specific structural arrangement of atoms or bonds that imparts a characteristic chemical reactivity to a molecule. Alkanes have no functional group, and they are mostly inert (unreactive). A carbon\u2013carbon double bond is considered a functional group because carbon\u2013carbon double bonds chemically react in specific ways that differ from reactions of alkanes (for example, under certain circumstances, alkenes react with water); a carbon\u2013carbon triple bond also undergoes certain specific chemical reactions. In the remainder of this section, we introduce two other common functional groups.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p15\" class=\"para editable block\">If an OH group (also called a hydroxyl group) is substituted for a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon molecule, the compound is an <span class=\"margin_term\"><a class=\"glossterm\">alcohol<\/a><\/span>. Alcohols are named using the parent hydrocarbon name but with the final -<em class=\"emphasis\">e<\/em> dropped and the suffix -<em class=\"emphasis\">ol<\/em> attached. The two simplest alcohols are methanol and ethanol (see Figure 1.4.).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_f04\" class=\"figure large editable block\">\r\n<p class=\"title\"><span class=\"title-prefix\">Figure 1.4.<\/span> The two simplest organic alcohol compounds<\/p>\r\n<img class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/df0037bec7a798b1168f544b4499340d.jpg\" width=\"523\" height=\"263\" \/>\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p17\" class=\"para\">Alcohols have an OH functional group in the molecule.\u00a0 Ethanol (also called ethyl alcohol) is the alcohol in alcoholic beverages. Other alcohols include methanol (or methyl alcohol), which is used as a solvent and a cleaner, and 2-propanol (also called isopropyl alcohol or rubbing alcohol), which is used as a medicinal disinfectant. Neither methanol nor isopropyl alcohol should be ingested, as they are toxic even in small quantities.\u00a0 Cholesterol is an example of a more complex alcohol.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p17\" class=\"para\">Another important family of organic compounds has a <span class=\"margin_term\"><a class=\"glossterm\">carboxyl group<\/a><\/span>, in which a carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom and to an OH group. Compounds with a carboxyl functional group are called <span class=\"margin_term\"><a class=\"glossterm\">carboxylic acids<\/a><\/span>, and their names end in -<em class=\"emphasis\">oic acid<\/em>. The two simplest carboxylic acids are shown in Figure 1.5.\u00a0 They are perhaps best known by the common names formic acid (found in the stingers of ants) and acetic acid\u00a0(found in vinegar).\u00a0 The carboxyl group is sometimes written in molecules as COOH.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_f05\" class=\"figure large editable block\">\r\n<p class=\"title\"><span class=\"title-prefix\">Figure 1.5.<\/span> The two smallest organic acids<\/p>\r\n<img class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/e7fb6ec74a9613f4e9df9890d48bb4a0.jpg\" width=\"549\" height=\"267\" \/>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p19\" class=\"para editable block\">Many organic compounds are considerably more complex than the examples described here. Many compounds contain more than one functional group. The formal names can also be quite complex. In <a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-potsdam-organicchemistry\/chapter\/1-6-functional-groups\/\">section 1.6.<\/a> we will examine functional groups in more detail, and we will learn about the system of naming (nomenclature) for hydrocarbons in <a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-potsdam-organicchemistry\/part\/3-nomenclature-isomerism-conformations\/\">chapter 3<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_n06\" class=\"exercises editable block\">\r\n<h3 class=\"title\">Example 1<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p20\" class=\"para\">Identify the functional group(s) in each molecule as a double bond, a triple bond, an alcohol, or a carboxyl.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol id=\"gob-ch04_s06_l03\" class=\"orderedlist\">\r\n \t<li>CH<sub class=\"subscript\">3<\/sub>CH<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>CH<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>CH<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>OH<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/b398bf617efc6276f4d064ff67fdb9b2.jpg\" width=\"530\" height=\"132\" \/><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/6ff3ed44437ff5d4a8dcbdd44b659351.jpg\" width=\"558\" height=\"77\" \/><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/2eed86ef8d47f868931068ffc54450a9.jpg\" width=\"599\" height=\"104\" \/><\/div><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p class=\"simpara\">Solution<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol id=\"gob-ch04_s06_l04\" class=\"orderedlist\">\r\n \t<li>This molecule has an alcohol functional group.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>This molecule has a double bond and a carboxyl functional group.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>This molecule has an alcohol functional group.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>This molecule has a double bond and a carboxyl functional group.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs01\" class=\"qandaset block\">\r\n<h3 class=\"title\">Skill-building exercise<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs01_p01\" class=\"para\">Identify the functional group(s) in each molecule as a double bond, a triple bond, an alcohol, or a carboxyl.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs01_qd01\" class=\"qandadiv\">\r\n \t<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs01_qd01_qa01\" class=\"qandaentry\">\r\n<div class=\"question\">\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/3802941d5534289b0a97beca854a6343.jpg\" width=\"745\" height=\"46\" \/><\/div>\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs01_qd01_qa02\" class=\"qandaentry\">\r\n<div class=\"question\">\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/64d0f95b65074c869bbf6a862099c22d.jpg\" width=\"724\" height=\"147\" \/><\/div>\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs01_qd01_qa03\" class=\"qandaentry\">\r\n<div class=\"question\">\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/ddfd6b94addb3a7fa255a46a0875061c.jpg\" width=\"699\" height=\"117\" \/><\/div>\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs01_qd01_qa04\" class=\"qandaentry\">\r\n<div class=\"question\">\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/8e994eaf896cb72e423625e76471b41b.jpg\" width=\"729\" height=\"45\" \/><\/div>\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs02\" class=\"qandaset block\">\r\n<h3 class=\"title\">Concept review exercises<\/h3>\r\n<ol id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs02_qd01\" class=\"qandadiv\">\r\n \t<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs02_qd01_qa01\" class=\"qandaentry\">\r\n<div class=\"question\">\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs02_p01\" class=\"para\">What is organic chemistry?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs02_qd01_qa02\" class=\"qandaentry\">\r\n<div class=\"question\">\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs02_p03\" class=\"para\">What is a functional group? Give at least two examples of functional groups.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs02_ans\" class=\"qandaset block\">\r\n<h3 class=\"title\">Answers<\/h3>\r\n<ol class=\"qandadiv\">\r\n \t<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs02_qd01_qa01_ans\" class=\"qandaentry\">\r\n<div class=\"answer\">\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs02_p02_ans\" class=\"para\">Organic chemistry is the study of the chemistry of carbon compounds.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs02_qd01_qa02_ans\" class=\"qandaentry\">\r\n<div class=\"answer\">\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs02_p04_ans\" class=\"para\">A functional group is a specific structural arrangement of atoms or bonds that imparts a characteristic chemical reactivity to the molecule; alcohol group and carboxylic group (answers will vary).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_n10\" class=\"key_takeaways editable block\">\r\n<h3 class=\"title\">Key takeaways<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"gob-ch04_s06_l07\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\r\n \t<li>Organic chemistry is the study of the chemistry of carbon compounds.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Organic molecules can be classified according to the types of elements and bonds in the molecules.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03\" class=\"qandaset block\">\r\n<h3 class=\"title\">Exercises<\/h3>\r\n<ol id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01\" class=\"qandadiv\">\r\n \t<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01_qa01\" class=\"qandaentry\">\r\n<div class=\"question\">\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_p01\" class=\"para\">Give three reasons why carbon is the central element in organic chemistry.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01_qa02\" class=\"qandaentry\">\r\n<div class=\"question\">\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_p03\" class=\"para\">Are organic compounds based more on ionic bonding or covalent bonding? Explain.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01_qa03\" class=\"qandaentry\">\r\n<div class=\"question\">\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_p05\" class=\"para\">Identify the type of hydrocarbon in each structure.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_l01\" class=\"orderedlist\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/b58c4e1c2bebf52822af71ad89aafed8.jpg\" width=\"703\" height=\"86\" \/><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/c6e4a40b76b8c22c1e70b2fe335b7df8.jpg\" width=\"712\" height=\"87\" \/><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/7733dbbcdb5d44dd6915124fff901e99.jpg\" width=\"714\" height=\"85\" \/><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/4ee9c304271e80446e9588a8c17a7ad7.jpg\" width=\"718\" height=\"87\" \/><\/div><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01_qa04\" class=\"qandaentry\">\r\n<div class=\"question\">\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_p06\" class=\"para\">Identify the type of hydrocarbon in each structure.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_l03\" class=\"orderedlist\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/c88ed6bb56a33246a45c5dafa3567ae3.jpg\" width=\"682\" height=\"134\" \/><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/8c102bc6b826571563f43f82f298df69.jpg\" width=\"699\" height=\"90\" \/><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/19711784f729d53f416220da791cd97f.jpg\" width=\"755\" height=\"47\" \/><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/28cf1da37c0547e63e10a40b2bf3fab7.jpg\" width=\"721\" height=\"137\" \/><\/div><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01_qa05\" class=\"qandaentry\">\r\n<div class=\"question\">\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_p07\" class=\"para\">Identify the functional group(s) in each molecule.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_l05\" class=\"orderedlist\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/14b05e7e95f733fd2e2a0a422b994d4f.jpg\" width=\"736\" height=\"147\" \/><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/1cf2d67dc542e4014b1c5cda37cd35b4.jpg\" width=\"763\" height=\"164\" \/><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/edd227c793f861cc9b94d1ea7e4222f9.jpg\" width=\"737\" height=\"131\" \/><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/c349e369f883916c09ca07ed30a42778.jpg\" width=\"761\" height=\"147\" \/><\/div><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01_qa06\" class=\"qandaentry\">\r\n<div class=\"question\">\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_p08\" class=\"para\">Identify the functional group(s) in each molecule.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_l07\" class=\"orderedlist\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/2759f948bec3023eda3c8d4c9c986fd0.jpg\" width=\"747\" height=\"84\" \/><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/188c3699b616d3aed430f828a5326999.jpg\" width=\"736\" height=\"131\" \/><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/9c82c99b443244af717f813dc4a88883.jpg\" width=\"708\" height=\"123\" \/><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/55913bc245b5e841bce28b79c54383b4.jpg\" width=\"744\" height=\"255\" \/><\/div><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01_qa07\" class=\"qandaentry\">\r\n<div class=\"question\">\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_p09\" class=\"para\">How many functional groups described in this section contain carbon and hydrogen atoms only? Name them.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01_qa08\" class=\"qandaentry\">\r\n<div class=\"question\">\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_p11\" class=\"para\">What is the difference in the ways the two oxygen atoms in the carboxyl group are bonded to the carbon atom?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_ans\" class=\"qandaset block\">\r\n<h3 class=\"title\">Answers<\/h3>\r\n<ol class=\"qandadiv\">\r\n \t<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01_qa01_ans\" class=\"qandaentry\">\r\n<div class=\"answer\">\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_p02_ans\" class=\"para\">Carbon atoms bond reasonably strongly with other carbon atoms. Carbon atoms bond reasonably strongly with atoms of other elements. Carbon atoms make a large number of covalent bonds (four).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01_qa02_ans\" class=\"qandaentry\">\r\n<div class=\"answer\"><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01_qa03_ans\" class=\"qandaentry\">\r\n<div class=\"answer\">\r\n<ol id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_l02_ans\" class=\"orderedlist\">\r\n \t<li>alkane<\/li>\r\n \t<li>alkene<\/li>\r\n \t<li>alkene<\/li>\r\n \t<li>alkyne<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01_qa04_ans\" class=\"qandaentry\">\r\n<div class=\"answer\"><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01_qa05_ans\" class=\"qandaentry\">\r\n<div class=\"answer\">\r\n<ol id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_l06_ans\" class=\"orderedlist\">\r\n \t<li>alcohol<\/li>\r\n \t<li>carboxyl<\/li>\r\n \t<li>alcohol<\/li>\r\n \t<li>carbon-carbon double bond and carbon-carbon triple bond<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01_qa06_ans\" class=\"qandaentry\">\r\n<div class=\"answer\"><\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01_qa07_ans\" class=\"qandaentry\">\r\n<div class=\"answer\">\r\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_p10_ans\" class=\"para\">two; carbon-carbon double bonds and carbon-carbon triple bonds<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Further reading<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/LibreTexts\/University_of_Arkansas_Little_Rock\/2015_ChemInformatics%3A_Chem_4399%2F%2F5399\/Topics\/4A_Communicating_chemical_structure_with_formulas_and_names\">Communicating chemical structure with formulas and names<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/LibreTexts\/University_of_Arkansas_Little_Rock\/2015_ChemInformatics%3A_Chem_4399%2F%2F5399\/Topics\/4A_Communicating_chemical_structure_with_formulas_and_names\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-4033 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3369\/2018\/07\/26143253\/frame-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<h2 class=\"title editable block\"><span class=\"title-prefix\">1.1.<\/span> Introduction to organic chemistry<\/h2>\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_n01\" class=\"learning_objectives editable block\">\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">Learning objectives<\/h3>\n<ol id=\"gob-ch04_s06_l01\" class=\"orderedlist\">\n<li>Define <em class=\"emphasis\">organic chemistry<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>Identify organic molecules as alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, or carboxylic acids.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p02\" class=\"para editable block\"><span class=\"margin_term\"><a class=\"glossterm\">Organic chemistry<\/a><\/span> is the study of the chemistry of carbon compounds. Carbon is singled out because it has a chemical diversity unrivaled by any other chemical element. Its diversity is based on the following:<\/p>\n<ul id=\"gob-ch04_s06_l02\" class=\"itemizedlist editable block\">\n<li>Carbon atoms bond reasonably strongly with other carbon atoms.<\/li>\n<li>Carbon atoms bond reasonably strongly with atoms of other elements.<\/li>\n<li>Carbon atoms make a large number of covalent bonds (four).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p03\" class=\"para editable block\">Curiously, elemental carbon is not particularly abundant. It does not even appear in the <a href=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/s05-01-the-elements.html\">list of the most common elements in Earth\u2019s crust<\/a>.\u00a0 Nevertheless, all living things consist of organic compounds.<\/p>\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p04\" class=\"para editable block\">Most organic chemicals are covalent compounds, which is why we introduce organic chemistry here. By convention, compounds containing carbonate ions and bicarbonate ions, as well as carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, are not considered part of organic chemistry, even though they contain carbon.<\/p>\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p05\" class=\"para editable block\">The simplest organic compounds are the <span class=\"margin_term\"><a class=\"glossterm\">hydrocarbons<\/a><\/span>, compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms only. Some hydrocarbons have only single bonds and appear as a chain (which can be a straight chain or can have branches) of carbon atoms also bonded to hydrogen atoms. These hydrocarbons are called <span class=\"margin_term\"><a class=\"glossterm\">alkanes (saturated hydrocarbons)<\/a><\/span>. Each alkane has a characteristic, systematic name depending on the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. These names consist of a stem that indicates the number of carbon atoms in the chain plus the ending &#8211;<em class=\"emphasis\">ane<\/em>. The stem <em class=\"emphasis\">meth<\/em>&#8211; means one carbon atom, so methane is an alkane with one carbon atom. Similarly, the stem <em class=\"emphasis\">eth<\/em>&#8211; means two carbon atoms; ethane is an alkane with two carbon atoms. Continuing, the stem <em class=\"emphasis\">prop<\/em>&#8211; means three carbon atoms, so propane is an alkane with three carbon atoms. Figure 1.1. &#8220;Formulas and Molecular Models of the Three Simplest Alkanes&#8221; gives the formulas and the molecular models of the three simplest alkanes. (For more information about alkanes, see <a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-potsdam-organicchemistry\/chapter\/3-3-properties-of-alkanes\/\">section 3.3.<\/a>)<\/p>\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_f01\" class=\"figure large editable block\">\n<p class=\"title\"><span class=\"title-prefix\">Figure 1.1.<\/span> Formulae and molecular models of the three simplest alkanes<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/92cfa5ee0e72208794d60b47a81733ea.jpg\" width=\"472\" height=\"354\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"para\">The three smallest alkanes are methane, ethane, and propane.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p06\" class=\"para editable block\">Some hydrocarbons have one or more carbon\u2013carbon double bonds (denoted C=C). These hydrocarbons are called <span class=\"margin_term\"><a class=\"glossterm\">alkenes<\/a><\/span> (see <a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-potsdam-organicchemistry\/chapter\/3-2-nomenclature-of-unsaturated-hydrocarbons\/\">section 3.2.<\/a> for more information) Note that the names of alkenes have the same stem as the alkane with the same number of carbon atoms in its chain but have the ending &#8211;<em class=\"emphasis\">ene<\/em>. Thus, ethene is an alkene with two carbon atoms per molecule, and propene is a compound with three carbon atoms and one double bond.<\/p>\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_f02\" class=\"figure large editable block\">\n<p class=\"title\"><span class=\"title-prefix\">Figure 1.2.<\/span> Formulas and Molecular Models of the Two Simplest Alkenes<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/388292d2cba1612531fc7ce68f3329a3.jpg\" width=\"474\" height=\"212\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"para\">Ethene is commonly called ethylene, while propene is commonly called propylene.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p07\" class=\"para editable block\"><span class=\"margin_term\"><a class=\"glossterm\">Alkynes<\/a><\/span> are hydrocarbons with a carbon\u2013carbon triple bond (denoted C\u2261C) as part of their carbon skeleton (see <a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-potsdam-organicchemistry\/chapter\/3-2-nomenclature-of-unsaturated-hydrocarbons\/\">section 3.2.<\/a> for more information). The names for alkynes have the same stems as for alkanes but with the ending &#8211;<em class=\"emphasis\">yne<\/em>.<\/p>\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_f03\" class=\"figure large editable block\">\n<p class=\"title\"><span class=\"title-prefix\">Figure 1.3.<\/span> Formulas and Molecular Models of the Two Simplest Alkynes<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/44d0f85d59419c94e39e71feed3baa54.jpg\" width=\"502\" height=\"175\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"para\">Ethyne is more commonly called acetylene.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_n03\" class=\"callout block\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">To your health: saturated and unsaturated fats<\/h3>\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p09\" class=\"para\">Hydrocarbons are not the only compounds that can have carbon\u2013carbon double bonds. A group of compounds called fats can have them as well, and their presence or absence in the human diet is becoming increasingly correlated with health issues.<\/p>\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p10\" class=\"para\">Fats are combinations of long-chain organic compounds (fatty acids) and glycerol (C<sub class=\"subscript\">3<\/sub>H<sub class=\"subscript\">8<\/sub>O<sub class=\"subscript\">3<\/sub>). The long carbon chains can have either all single bonds, in which case the fat is classified as <em class=\"emphasis\">saturated<\/em>, or one or more double bonds, in which case it is a <em class=\"emphasis\">monounsaturated<\/em> or a <em class=\"emphasis\">polyunsaturated<\/em> fat, respectively. Saturated fats are typically solids at room temperature; beef fat (tallow) is one example. Mono- or polyunsaturated fats are likely to be liquids at room temperature and are often called oils. Olive oil, flaxseed oil, and many fish oils are mono- or polyunsaturated fats.<\/p>\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p11\" class=\"para\">Some studies have linked higher amounts of saturated fats in people\u2019s diets with a greater likelihood of developing heart disease, high cholesterol, and other diet-related diseases. In contrast, increases in unsaturated fats (either mono- or polyunsaturated) have been linked to a lower incidence of certain diseases. Thus, there have been recommendations by government bodies and health associations to decrease the proportion of saturated fat and increase the proportion of unsaturated fat in the diet. Most of these organizations also recommend decreasing the total amount of fat in the diet.\u00a0 A difference as simple as the difference between a single and double carbon\u2013carbon bond can have a significant impact on health.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p14\" class=\"para editable block\">The carbon\u2013carbon double and triple bonds are examples of <span class=\"margin_term\"><a class=\"glossterm\">functional groups<\/a><\/span> in organic chemistry. A functional group is a specific structural arrangement of atoms or bonds that imparts a characteristic chemical reactivity to a molecule. Alkanes have no functional group, and they are mostly inert (unreactive). A carbon\u2013carbon double bond is considered a functional group because carbon\u2013carbon double bonds chemically react in specific ways that differ from reactions of alkanes (for example, under certain circumstances, alkenes react with water); a carbon\u2013carbon triple bond also undergoes certain specific chemical reactions. In the remainder of this section, we introduce two other common functional groups.<\/p>\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p15\" class=\"para editable block\">If an OH group (also called a hydroxyl group) is substituted for a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon molecule, the compound is an <span class=\"margin_term\"><a class=\"glossterm\">alcohol<\/a><\/span>. Alcohols are named using the parent hydrocarbon name but with the final &#8211;<em class=\"emphasis\">e<\/em> dropped and the suffix &#8211;<em class=\"emphasis\">ol<\/em> attached. The two simplest alcohols are methanol and ethanol (see Figure 1.4.).<\/p>\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_f04\" class=\"figure large editable block\">\n<p class=\"title\"><span class=\"title-prefix\">Figure 1.4.<\/span> The two simplest organic alcohol compounds<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/df0037bec7a798b1168f544b4499340d.jpg\" width=\"523\" height=\"263\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p17\" class=\"para\">Alcohols have an OH functional group in the molecule.\u00a0 Ethanol (also called ethyl alcohol) is the alcohol in alcoholic beverages. Other alcohols include methanol (or methyl alcohol), which is used as a solvent and a cleaner, and 2-propanol (also called isopropyl alcohol or rubbing alcohol), which is used as a medicinal disinfectant. Neither methanol nor isopropyl alcohol should be ingested, as they are toxic even in small quantities.\u00a0 Cholesterol is an example of a more complex alcohol.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p17\" class=\"para\">Another important family of organic compounds has a <span class=\"margin_term\"><a class=\"glossterm\">carboxyl group<\/a><\/span>, in which a carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom and to an OH group. Compounds with a carboxyl functional group are called <span class=\"margin_term\"><a class=\"glossterm\">carboxylic acids<\/a><\/span>, and their names end in &#8211;<em class=\"emphasis\">oic acid<\/em>. The two simplest carboxylic acids are shown in Figure 1.5.\u00a0 They are perhaps best known by the common names formic acid (found in the stingers of ants) and acetic acid\u00a0(found in vinegar).\u00a0 The carboxyl group is sometimes written in molecules as COOH.<\/p>\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_f05\" class=\"figure large editable block\">\n<p class=\"title\"><span class=\"title-prefix\">Figure 1.5.<\/span> The two smallest organic acids<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/e7fb6ec74a9613f4e9df9890d48bb4a0.jpg\" width=\"549\" height=\"267\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p19\" class=\"para editable block\">Many organic compounds are considerably more complex than the examples described here. Many compounds contain more than one functional group. The formal names can also be quite complex. In <a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-potsdam-organicchemistry\/chapter\/1-6-functional-groups\/\">section 1.6.<\/a> we will examine functional groups in more detail, and we will learn about the system of naming (nomenclature) for hydrocarbons in <a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-potsdam-organicchemistry\/part\/3-nomenclature-isomerism-conformations\/\">chapter 3<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_n06\" class=\"exercises editable block\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">Example 1<\/h3>\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_p20\" class=\"para\">Identify the functional group(s) in each molecule as a double bond, a triple bond, an alcohol, or a carboxyl.<\/p>\n<ol id=\"gob-ch04_s06_l03\" class=\"orderedlist\">\n<li>CH<sub class=\"subscript\">3<\/sub>CH<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>CH<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>CH<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>OH<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/b398bf617efc6276f4d064ff67fdb9b2.jpg\" width=\"530\" height=\"132\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/6ff3ed44437ff5d4a8dcbdd44b659351.jpg\" width=\"558\" height=\"77\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/2eed86ef8d47f868931068ffc54450a9.jpg\" width=\"599\" height=\"104\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"simpara\">Solution<\/p>\n<ol id=\"gob-ch04_s06_l04\" class=\"orderedlist\">\n<li>This molecule has an alcohol functional group.<\/li>\n<li>This molecule has a double bond and a carboxyl functional group.<\/li>\n<li>This molecule has an alcohol functional group.<\/li>\n<li>This molecule has a double bond and a carboxyl functional group.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs01\" class=\"qandaset block\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">Skill-building exercise<\/h3>\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs01_p01\" class=\"para\">Identify the functional group(s) in each molecule as a double bond, a triple bond, an alcohol, or a carboxyl.<\/p>\n<ol id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs01_qd01\" class=\"qandadiv\">\n<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs01_qd01_qa01\" class=\"qandaentry\">\n<div class=\"question\">\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/3802941d5534289b0a97beca854a6343.jpg\" width=\"745\" height=\"46\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs01_qd01_qa02\" class=\"qandaentry\">\n<div class=\"question\">\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/64d0f95b65074c869bbf6a862099c22d.jpg\" width=\"724\" height=\"147\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs01_qd01_qa03\" class=\"qandaentry\">\n<div class=\"question\">\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/ddfd6b94addb3a7fa255a46a0875061c.jpg\" width=\"699\" height=\"117\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs01_qd01_qa04\" class=\"qandaentry\">\n<div class=\"question\">\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/8e994eaf896cb72e423625e76471b41b.jpg\" width=\"729\" height=\"45\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs02\" class=\"qandaset block\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">Concept review exercises<\/h3>\n<ol id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs02_qd01\" class=\"qandadiv\">\n<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs02_qd01_qa01\" class=\"qandaentry\">\n<div class=\"question\">\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs02_p01\" class=\"para\">What is organic chemistry?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs02_qd01_qa02\" class=\"qandaentry\">\n<div class=\"question\">\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs02_p03\" class=\"para\">What is a functional group? Give at least two examples of functional groups.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs02_ans\" class=\"qandaset block\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">Answers<\/h3>\n<ol class=\"qandadiv\">\n<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs02_qd01_qa01_ans\" class=\"qandaentry\">\n<div class=\"answer\">\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs02_p02_ans\" class=\"para\">Organic chemistry is the study of the chemistry of carbon compounds.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs02_qd01_qa02_ans\" class=\"qandaentry\">\n<div class=\"answer\">\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs02_p04_ans\" class=\"para\">A functional group is a specific structural arrangement of atoms or bonds that imparts a characteristic chemical reactivity to the molecule; alcohol group and carboxylic group (answers will vary).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_n10\" class=\"key_takeaways editable block\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">Key takeaways<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"gob-ch04_s06_l07\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\n<li>Organic chemistry is the study of the chemistry of carbon compounds.<\/li>\n<li>Organic molecules can be classified according to the types of elements and bonds in the molecules.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03\" class=\"qandaset block\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">Exercises<\/h3>\n<ol id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01\" class=\"qandadiv\">\n<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01_qa01\" class=\"qandaentry\">\n<div class=\"question\">\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_p01\" class=\"para\">Give three reasons why carbon is the central element in organic chemistry.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01_qa02\" class=\"qandaentry\">\n<div class=\"question\">\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_p03\" class=\"para\">Are organic compounds based more on ionic bonding or covalent bonding? Explain.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01_qa03\" class=\"qandaentry\">\n<div class=\"question\">\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_p05\" class=\"para\">Identify the type of hydrocarbon in each structure.<\/p>\n<ol id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_l01\" class=\"orderedlist\">\n<li>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/b58c4e1c2bebf52822af71ad89aafed8.jpg\" width=\"703\" height=\"86\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/c6e4a40b76b8c22c1e70b2fe335b7df8.jpg\" width=\"712\" height=\"87\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/7733dbbcdb5d44dd6915124fff901e99.jpg\" width=\"714\" height=\"85\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/4ee9c304271e80446e9588a8c17a7ad7.jpg\" width=\"718\" height=\"87\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01_qa04\" class=\"qandaentry\">\n<div class=\"question\">\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_p06\" class=\"para\">Identify the type of hydrocarbon in each structure.<\/p>\n<ol id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_l03\" class=\"orderedlist\">\n<li>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/c88ed6bb56a33246a45c5dafa3567ae3.jpg\" width=\"682\" height=\"134\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/8c102bc6b826571563f43f82f298df69.jpg\" width=\"699\" height=\"90\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/19711784f729d53f416220da791cd97f.jpg\" width=\"755\" height=\"47\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/28cf1da37c0547e63e10a40b2bf3fab7.jpg\" width=\"721\" height=\"137\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01_qa05\" class=\"qandaentry\">\n<div class=\"question\">\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_p07\" class=\"para\">Identify the functional group(s) in each molecule.<\/p>\n<ol id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_l05\" class=\"orderedlist\">\n<li>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/14b05e7e95f733fd2e2a0a422b994d4f.jpg\" width=\"736\" height=\"147\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/1cf2d67dc542e4014b1c5cda37cd35b4.jpg\" width=\"763\" height=\"164\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/edd227c793f861cc9b94d1ea7e4222f9.jpg\" width=\"737\" height=\"131\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/c349e369f883916c09ca07ed30a42778.jpg\" width=\"761\" height=\"147\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01_qa06\" class=\"qandaentry\">\n<div class=\"question\">\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_p08\" class=\"para\">Identify the functional group(s) in each molecule.<\/p>\n<ol id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_l07\" class=\"orderedlist\">\n<li>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/2759f948bec3023eda3c8d4c9c986fd0.jpg\" width=\"747\" height=\"84\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/188c3699b616d3aed430f828a5326999.jpg\" width=\"736\" height=\"131\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/9c82c99b443244af717f813dc4a88883.jpg\" width=\"708\" height=\"123\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/saylordotorg.github.io\/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry\/section_07\/55913bc245b5e841bce28b79c54383b4.jpg\" width=\"744\" height=\"255\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01_qa07\" class=\"qandaentry\">\n<div class=\"question\">\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_p09\" class=\"para\">How many functional groups described in this section contain carbon and hydrogen atoms only? Name them.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01_qa08\" class=\"qandaentry\">\n<div class=\"question\">\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_p11\" class=\"para\">What is the difference in the ways the two oxygen atoms in the carboxyl group are bonded to the carbon atom?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_ans\" class=\"qandaset block\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">Answers<\/h3>\n<ol class=\"qandadiv\">\n<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01_qa01_ans\" class=\"qandaentry\">\n<div class=\"answer\">\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_p02_ans\" class=\"para\">Carbon atoms bond reasonably strongly with other carbon atoms. Carbon atoms bond reasonably strongly with atoms of other elements. Carbon atoms make a large number of covalent bonds (four).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01_qa02_ans\" class=\"qandaentry\">\n<div class=\"answer\"><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01_qa03_ans\" class=\"qandaentry\">\n<div class=\"answer\">\n<ol id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_l02_ans\" class=\"orderedlist\">\n<li>alkane<\/li>\n<li>alkene<\/li>\n<li>alkene<\/li>\n<li>alkyne<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01_qa04_ans\" class=\"qandaentry\">\n<div class=\"answer\"><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01_qa05_ans\" class=\"qandaentry\">\n<div class=\"answer\">\n<ol id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_l06_ans\" class=\"orderedlist\">\n<li>alcohol<\/li>\n<li>carboxyl<\/li>\n<li>alcohol<\/li>\n<li>carbon-carbon double bond and carbon-carbon triple bond<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01_qa06_ans\" class=\"qandaentry\">\n<div class=\"answer\"><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_qd01_qa07_ans\" class=\"qandaentry\">\n<div class=\"answer\">\n<p id=\"gob-ch04_s06_qs03_p10_ans\" class=\"para\">two; carbon-carbon double bonds and carbon-carbon triple bonds<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Further reading<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/LibreTexts\/University_of_Arkansas_Little_Rock\/2015_ChemInformatics%3A_Chem_4399%2F%2F5399\/Topics\/4A_Communicating_chemical_structure_with_formulas_and_names\">Communicating chemical structure with formulas and names<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/LibreTexts\/University_of_Arkansas_Little_Rock\/2015_ChemInformatics%3A_Chem_4399%2F%2F5399\/Topics\/4A_Communicating_chemical_structure_with_formulas_and_names\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-4033 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3369\/2018\/07\/26143253\/frame-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-3698\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li><strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Saylor Academy. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":96103,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"\",\"author\":\"Saylor Academy\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["based-on-content-written-by-saylor-academy"],"pb_section_license":"cc-by-nc-sa"},"chapter-type":[47],"contributor":[53],"license":[60],"class_list":["post-3698","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-standard","contributor-based-on-content-written-by-saylor-academy","license-cc-by-nc-sa"],"part":2222,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-potsdam-organicchemistry\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3698","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-potsdam-organicchemistry\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-potsdam-organicchemistry\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-potsdam-organicchemistry\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/96103"}],"version-history":[{"count":14,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-potsdam-organicchemistry\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3698\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4905,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-potsdam-organicchemistry\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3698\/revisions\/4905"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-potsdam-organicchemistry\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/2222"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-potsdam-organicchemistry\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3698\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-potsdam-organicchemistry\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3698"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-potsdam-organicchemistry\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=3698"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-potsdam-organicchemistry\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=3698"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-potsdam-organicchemistry\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=3698"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}