{"id":311,"date":"2018-11-21T17:16:13","date_gmt":"2018-11-21T17:16:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-potsdam-organicchemistry2\/?post_type=chapter&p=311"},"modified":"2019-01-08T14:33:42","modified_gmt":"2019-01-08T14:33:42","slug":"video-xii-7-4-and-xii-7-5","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-potsdam-organicchemistry2\/chapter\/video-xii-7-4-and-xii-7-5\/","title":{"raw":"12.3. Naming aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, plus common names","rendered":"12.3. Naming aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, plus common names"},"content":{"raw":"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=-xQ_A3mMj-E\r\n

\"\"<\/h3>\r\n

Aldehydes<\/span><\/h3>\r\n
Main article: Aldehydes<\/a><\/div>\r\n
\"IUPAC-aldehyde.svg\"<\/a><\/div>\r\nAldehydes (R-CHO) take the suffix \"-al<\/a>\". If other functional groups are present, the chain is numbered such that the aldehyde carbon is in the \"1\" position, unless functional groups of higher precedence are present.\r\n\r\nIf a prefix form is required, \"oxo-\" is used (as for ketones), with the position number indicating the end of a chain: CHOCH2<\/sub>COOH is 3-oxopropanoic acid. If the carbon in the carbonyl group cannot be included in the attached chain (for instance in the case of cyclic aldehydes<\/a>), the prefix \"formyl-\" or the suffix \"-carbaldehyde<\/b>\" is used: C6<\/sub>H11<\/sub>CHO is cyclohexanecarbaldehyde. If an aldehyde is attached to a benzene and is the main functional group, the suffix becomes benzaldehyde.\r\n

Ketones<\/span><\/h3>\r\n
Main article: Ketones<\/a><\/div>\r\n
\"IUPAC-ketone.svg\"<\/a><\/div>\r\nIn general ketones (R-CO-R) take the suffix \"-one<\/a>\" (pronounced own<\/i>, not won<\/i>) with an infix position number: CH3<\/sub>CH2<\/sub>CH2<\/sub>COCH3<\/sub> is pentan-2-one. If a higher precedence suffix is in use, the prefix \"oxo-\" is used:<\/b> CH3<\/sub>CH2<\/sub>CH2<\/sub>COCH2<\/sub>CHO is 3-oxohexanal.\r\n

Carboxylic acids<\/span><\/h3>\r\n
Main article: Carboxylic acids<\/a><\/div>\r\n
\"IUPAC-carboxylic<\/a><\/div>\r\nIn general carboxylic acids are named with the suffix -oic acid<\/a><\/i> (etymologically a back-formation<\/a> from benzoic acid<\/a>). Similar to aldehydes, they take the \"1\" position on the parent chain, but do not have their position number indicated. For example, CH3<\/sub>CH2<\/sub>CH2<\/sub>CH2<\/sub>COOH (valeric acid) is named pentanoic acid. For common carboxylic acids some traditional names such as acetic acid<\/a> are in such widespread use they are considered retained IUPAC names<\/a>, although \"systematic\" names such as ethanoic acid are also acceptable. For carboxylic acids attached to a benzene ring such as Ph<\/a>-COOH, these are named as benzoic acid or its derivatives.\r\n\r\nIf there are multiple carboxyl<\/a> groups on the same parent chain, the suffix \"-carboxylic acid\" can be used (as -dicarboxylic acid, -tricarboxylic acid, etc.). In these cases, the carbon in the carboxyl group does not<\/i> count as being part of the main alkane chain. The same is true for the prefix form, \"carboxyl-\". Citric acid<\/a> is one example; it is named 2-hydroxypropane- 1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid, rather than 3-carboxy-3-hydroxypentanedioic acid.\r\n

Esters<\/span><\/h3>\r\n
Main article: Esters<\/a><\/div>\r\n
\"IUPAC-ester-1.svg\"<\/a><\/div>\r\nEsters (R-CO-O-R') are named as alkyl derivatives of carboxylic acids. The alkyl (R') group is named first. The R-CO-O part is then named as a separate word based on the carboxylic acid name, with the ending changed from -oic acid<\/i> to -oate<\/a><\/i>. For example, CH3<\/sub>CH2<\/sub>CH2<\/sub>CH2<\/sub>COOCH3<\/sub> is methyl pentanoate<\/i>, and (CH3<\/sub>)2<\/sub>CHCH2<\/sub>CH2<\/sub>COOCH2<\/sub>CH3<\/sub> is ethyl 4-methylpentanoate<\/i>. For esters such as ethyl acetate<\/a> (CH3<\/sub>COOCH2<\/sub>CH3<\/sub>), ethyl formate<\/a> (HCOOCH2<\/sub>CH3<\/sub>) or dimethyl phthalate that are based on common acids, IUPAC recommends use of these established names, called retained names<\/a>. The -oate<\/i> changes to -ate<\/i>. Some simple examples, named both ways, are shown in the figure above.\r\n
\"IUPAC-ester-2.svg\"<\/a><\/div>\r\nIf the alkyl group is not attached at the end of the chain, the bond position to the ester group is infixed before \"-yl\": CH3<\/sub>CH2<\/sub>CH(CH3<\/sub>)OOCCH2<\/sub>CH3<\/sub> may be called but-2-yl propanoate or but-2-yl propionate.","rendered":"