{"id":392,"date":"2017-08-09T21:06:40","date_gmt":"2017-08-09T21:06:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-principlesofmanagement\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=392"},"modified":"2017-09-29T18:02:46","modified_gmt":"2017-09-29T18:02:46","slug":"the-need-for-ethics-in-the-workplace","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-principlesmanagement\/chapter\/the-need-for-ethics-in-the-workplace\/","title":{"raw":"The Need for Ethics in the Workplace","rendered":"The Need for Ethics in the Workplace"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Explain the need for ethics in the workplace.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe the costs to a company\u2019s health of unethical behavior.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1222\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1972\/2017\/07\/09205928\/business-ethics-300x172.jpg\" alt=\"Green sign with the words \u201cBusiness Ethics\u201d on it\" width=\"558\" height=\"320\" \/>\r\n\r\nThe Association of Certified Fraud Examiners estimates that fraud costs US companies about 5 percent of their revenues. In 2016, this meant roughly $900 billion was lost to fraud.[footnote]The Association of Certified Fraud Examiners, ACFE Report to the Nations on Occupational Fraud and Abuse, 2016, https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/acfepublic\/2016-report-to-the-nations.pdf.[\/footnote] This includes the identity and credit card thefts that concern everyone and the massive corporate frauds that bring down companies. This estimate includes only <em>reported<\/em> fraud. We don\u2019t know the cost of unreported fraud and unethical behavior, but we can assume it\u2019s significant. This is a continuing battle that managers cannot delegate to HR or the legal department.\r\n\r\nJust how much can unethical behavior cost a business? In some cases, billions. For example, in 2004 and 2005, General Motors engineers \u201cmisdiagnosed [an ignition switch problem] as a customer satisfaction issue and not a safety issue,\u201d according to GM CEO Mary Barra, and they hid information from regulatory agencies and the public. Their unethical decisions led to 124 deaths. \u201cA series of mistakes were made over a period of time . . . . This had tragic consequences,\u201d said Barra.[footnote]Margaret Cronin Fisk and Laurel Brubaker Calkins, \u201cGM CEO Barra Tells Jury Company Flubbed Fatal Ignition Flaw,\u201d August 15, 2016, https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2016-08-15\/gm-ceo-barra-tells-texas-jury-company-flubbed-fatal-switch-flaw.[\/footnote] GM has paid settlements, penalties, and legal costs close to $2.5 billion, and it could face additional lawsuits.[footnote]Melissa Burden, \u201cLost Appeal Could Cost GM Billions,\u201d April 24, 2017, http:\/\/www.detroitnews.com\/story\/business\/autos\/general-motors\/2017\/04\/24\/gm-ignition-switch\/100837116\/.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\nThe improper actions of board members, corporate-suite (C-suite) executives, mid-level managers, and nonmanagerial employees can create negative consequences ranging in intensity from petty annoyances to global recessions. Those affected by the consequences can include stakeholders, customers, and the general public. When the stakes are so high, it\u2019s imperative that the leaders of an organization understand ethical behavior, be committed to making ethical decisions, and encourage and empower all stakeholders to take ethical actions.\r\n\r\nEthics is defined as principles of conduct or moral behavior. <strong>Business ethics<\/strong> is ethics as it relates to the conduct or behavior of the members of a business organization. The need for ethics in business is twofold. First, it prevents the external constituents of an organization (i.e., the public, other organizations, and the environment) from being harmed. Second, it benefits the organization internally by helping to ensure its success.\r\n\r\nGood business ethics involves, but is not limited to, adhering to laws, regulations, and standards related to fair employment, product safety and quality, truthful advertisement, and environmental responsibility. Companies do suffer for bad ethical behavior and gain from good ethical behavior.\r\n\r\nThe reputation of a company reflects the ethical or unethical decisions of managers, and consumers often purchase the products or services of companies with a good reputation. If a business has a good reputation, consumers may prefer that company over similar businesses that offer the same products or services, even at higher prices. The companies Tom\u2019s Shoes and Patagonia both advertise their ethical practices. And wise executives go to great lengths to repair their company\u2019s reputation. For example, British Petroleum (BP) has extended cleanup and conservation efforts following oil spills, and Toyota has issued several major recalls to address potential problems associated with a faulty accelerator pedal.\r\n\r\nA broad survey of consumers shows that many factors affect reputation but that ethics is the primary concern.[footnote]Percy Marquina Feldman, Rolando Arellano Bahamonde, and Isabel Velasquez Bellido, \u201cA New Approach for Measuring Corporate Reputation,\u201d Revista de Administra\u00e7\u00e3o de Empresas 54, no. 1 (2014): 53\u201366, http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/pdf\/rae\/v54n1\/a06v54n1.pdf.[\/footnote] Customers will switch to other brands when a company appears in headlines reporting ethics violations. BP gas stations suffered a boycott for a year after the Gulf of Mexico spill. The volume of sales did not recover to pre-spill levels in that time.[footnote]Zhongmin Wang, Alvin Lee, and Michael Polonsky, \u201cEgregiousness and Boycott Intensity: Evidence from the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill\u201d (discussion paper, Resources for the Future, February 2015), http:\/\/www.rff.org\/files\/sharepoint\/WorkImages\/Download\/RFF-DP-15-06.pdf.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\nA good reputation creates a buffer, a \u201chalo\u201d effect, where customers, suppliers, and regulators are slower to judge a company. Employees\u2019 morale is better in ethical companies, and new employees are easier to hire. An ethics program also gives stock an edge. Ethisphere, an ethics consulting firm, found that share price of the publicly traded companies recognized as the 2016 World\u2019s Most Ethical Companies consistently outperform other major indices, including performing 3.3 percent higher than the S&amp;P 500 last year. Exhibiting good business ethics is essential to the survival and success of a company.[footnote]The Ethics Centre, \u201cInvesting in Ethics Pays Off Financially\u2014Three Reasons to Care about Culture,\u201d May 10, 2016. http:\/\/www.ethics.org.au\/on-ethics\/blog\/may-2016\/investing-in-ethics-pays-off-financially-%E2%80%93-three-r.\u00a0[\/footnote]\r\n<h2>Costs of Unethical Behavior<\/h2>\r\nThe costs of unethical behavior are varied and numerous. In addition to a poor reputation, these costs can include reduced customer loyalty and subsequent revenue loss, heavy fines, probation, criminal or civil prosecution, and the loss of needed employee talent. For example, Wells Fargo has paid penalties totaling $170 million and faces civil lawsuits for defrauding customers.\r\n\r\nTo reach high sales goals, Wells Fargo employees opened unauthorized customer accounts, forged client signatures, charged unnecessary fees on unwanted accounts, and misstated customer phone numbers to hinder customer-satisfaction surveys. Employees resorted to issuing illegal credit cards and lines of credit to avoid pressure from managers. Some employees lost their jobs after reporting the illegal tactics. A civil lawsuit filed in California in 2015 called for reimbursement of the fraudulent fees charged to customers, a fine of $2,500 for each violation of California\u2019s Unfair Competition Law, and an injunction against unethical practices.[footnote]Zacks Equity Research, \u201cWells Fargo Faces LA Lawsuit for Unethical Conduct,\u201d May 5, 2015. https:\/\/www.zacks.com\/stock\/news\/173783\/wells-fargo-faces-la-lawsuit-for-unethical-conduct.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\nAs a result of the unethical behavior of executives and employees, there has been a strong drive to improve business ethics. Congress passed the <strong>Sarbanes-Oxley Act<\/strong> in 2002 to impose sanctions on executives who commit unethical acts in financial reporting and to protect employees who report fraud. In addition, business schools have increased their focus on informing students of ethical\/unethical acts, and more individuals and organizations have filed lawsuits against companies involved in fraud, regardless of whether senior executives are aware of the unethical acts committed.[footnote]Eugene Brigham and Joel Houston, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 12th ed. (Mason, OH: South-Western, Cengage Learning, 2009). [\/footnote]","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Explain the need for ethics in the workplace.<\/li>\n<li>Describe the costs to a company\u2019s health of unethical behavior.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1222\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1972\/2017\/07\/09205928\/business-ethics-300x172.jpg\" alt=\"Green sign with the words \u201cBusiness Ethics\u201d on it\" width=\"558\" height=\"320\" \/><\/p>\n<p>The Association of Certified Fraud Examiners estimates that fraud costs US companies about 5 percent of their revenues. In 2016, this meant roughly $900 billion was lost to fraud.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"The Association of Certified Fraud Examiners, ACFE Report to the Nations on Occupational Fraud and Abuse, 2016, https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/acfepublic\/2016-report-to-the-nations.pdf.\" id=\"return-footnote-392-1\" href=\"#footnote-392-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a> This includes the identity and credit card thefts that concern everyone and the massive corporate frauds that bring down companies. This estimate includes only <em>reported<\/em> fraud. We don\u2019t know the cost of unreported fraud and unethical behavior, but we can assume it\u2019s significant. This is a continuing battle that managers cannot delegate to HR or the legal department.<\/p>\n<p>Just how much can unethical behavior cost a business? In some cases, billions. For example, in 2004 and 2005, General Motors engineers \u201cmisdiagnosed [an ignition switch problem] as a customer satisfaction issue and not a safety issue,\u201d according to GM CEO Mary Barra, and they hid information from regulatory agencies and the public. Their unethical decisions led to 124 deaths. \u201cA series of mistakes were made over a period of time . . . . This had tragic consequences,\u201d said Barra.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Margaret Cronin Fisk and Laurel Brubaker Calkins, \u201cGM CEO Barra Tells Jury Company Flubbed Fatal Ignition Flaw,\u201d August 15, 2016, https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2016-08-15\/gm-ceo-barra-tells-texas-jury-company-flubbed-fatal-switch-flaw.\" id=\"return-footnote-392-2\" href=\"#footnote-392-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a> GM has paid settlements, penalties, and legal costs close to $2.5 billion, and it could face additional lawsuits.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Melissa Burden, \u201cLost Appeal Could Cost GM Billions,\u201d April 24, 2017, http:\/\/www.detroitnews.com\/story\/business\/autos\/general-motors\/2017\/04\/24\/gm-ignition-switch\/100837116\/.\" id=\"return-footnote-392-3\" href=\"#footnote-392-3\" aria-label=\"Footnote 3\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>The improper actions of board members, corporate-suite (C-suite) executives, mid-level managers, and nonmanagerial employees can create negative consequences ranging in intensity from petty annoyances to global recessions. Those affected by the consequences can include stakeholders, customers, and the general public. When the stakes are so high, it\u2019s imperative that the leaders of an organization understand ethical behavior, be committed to making ethical decisions, and encourage and empower all stakeholders to take ethical actions.<\/p>\n<p>Ethics is defined as principles of conduct or moral behavior. <strong>Business ethics<\/strong> is ethics as it relates to the conduct or behavior of the members of a business organization. The need for ethics in business is twofold. First, it prevents the external constituents of an organization (i.e., the public, other organizations, and the environment) from being harmed. Second, it benefits the organization internally by helping to ensure its success.<\/p>\n<p>Good business ethics involves, but is not limited to, adhering to laws, regulations, and standards related to fair employment, product safety and quality, truthful advertisement, and environmental responsibility. Companies do suffer for bad ethical behavior and gain from good ethical behavior.<\/p>\n<p>The reputation of a company reflects the ethical or unethical decisions of managers, and consumers often purchase the products or services of companies with a good reputation. If a business has a good reputation, consumers may prefer that company over similar businesses that offer the same products or services, even at higher prices. The companies Tom\u2019s Shoes and Patagonia both advertise their ethical practices. And wise executives go to great lengths to repair their company\u2019s reputation. For example, British Petroleum (BP) has extended cleanup and conservation efforts following oil spills, and Toyota has issued several major recalls to address potential problems associated with a faulty accelerator pedal.<\/p>\n<p>A broad survey of consumers shows that many factors affect reputation but that ethics is the primary concern.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Percy Marquina Feldman, Rolando Arellano Bahamonde, and Isabel Velasquez Bellido, \u201cA New Approach for Measuring Corporate Reputation,\u201d Revista de Administra\u00e7\u00e3o de Empresas 54, no. 1 (2014): 53\u201366, http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/pdf\/rae\/v54n1\/a06v54n1.pdf.\" id=\"return-footnote-392-4\" href=\"#footnote-392-4\" aria-label=\"Footnote 4\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[4]<\/sup><\/a> Customers will switch to other brands when a company appears in headlines reporting ethics violations. BP gas stations suffered a boycott for a year after the Gulf of Mexico spill. The volume of sales did not recover to pre-spill levels in that time.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Zhongmin Wang, Alvin Lee, and Michael Polonsky, \u201cEgregiousness and Boycott Intensity: Evidence from the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill\u201d (discussion paper, Resources for the Future, February 2015), http:\/\/www.rff.org\/files\/sharepoint\/WorkImages\/Download\/RFF-DP-15-06.pdf.\" id=\"return-footnote-392-5\" href=\"#footnote-392-5\" aria-label=\"Footnote 5\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>A good reputation creates a buffer, a \u201chalo\u201d effect, where customers, suppliers, and regulators are slower to judge a company. Employees\u2019 morale is better in ethical companies, and new employees are easier to hire. An ethics program also gives stock an edge. Ethisphere, an ethics consulting firm, found that share price of the publicly traded companies recognized as the 2016 World\u2019s Most Ethical Companies consistently outperform other major indices, including performing 3.3 percent higher than the S&amp;P 500 last year. Exhibiting good business ethics is essential to the survival and success of a company.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"The Ethics Centre, \u201cInvesting in Ethics Pays Off Financially\u2014Three Reasons to Care about Culture,\u201d May 10, 2016. http:\/\/www.ethics.org.au\/on-ethics\/blog\/may-2016\/investing-in-ethics-pays-off-financially-%E2%80%93-three-r.\u00a0\" id=\"return-footnote-392-6\" href=\"#footnote-392-6\" aria-label=\"Footnote 6\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[6]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Costs of Unethical Behavior<\/h2>\n<p>The costs of unethical behavior are varied and numerous. In addition to a poor reputation, these costs can include reduced customer loyalty and subsequent revenue loss, heavy fines, probation, criminal or civil prosecution, and the loss of needed employee talent. For example, Wells Fargo has paid penalties totaling $170 million and faces civil lawsuits for defrauding customers.<\/p>\n<p>To reach high sales goals, Wells Fargo employees opened unauthorized customer accounts, forged client signatures, charged unnecessary fees on unwanted accounts, and misstated customer phone numbers to hinder customer-satisfaction surveys. Employees resorted to issuing illegal credit cards and lines of credit to avoid pressure from managers. Some employees lost their jobs after reporting the illegal tactics. A civil lawsuit filed in California in 2015 called for reimbursement of the fraudulent fees charged to customers, a fine of $2,500 for each violation of California\u2019s Unfair Competition Law, and an injunction against unethical practices.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Zacks Equity Research, \u201cWells Fargo Faces LA Lawsuit for Unethical Conduct,\u201d May 5, 2015. https:\/\/www.zacks.com\/stock\/news\/173783\/wells-fargo-faces-la-lawsuit-for-unethical-conduct.\" id=\"return-footnote-392-7\" href=\"#footnote-392-7\" aria-label=\"Footnote 7\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[7]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>As a result of the unethical behavior of executives and employees, there has been a strong drive to improve business ethics. Congress passed the <strong>Sarbanes-Oxley Act<\/strong> in 2002 to impose sanctions on executives who commit unethical acts in financial reporting and to protect employees who report fraud. In addition, business schools have increased their focus on informing students of ethical\/unethical acts, and more individuals and organizations have filed lawsuits against companies involved in fraud, regardless of whether senior executives are aware of the unethical acts committed.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Eugene Brigham and Joel Houston, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 12th ed. (Mason, OH: South-Western, Cengage Learning, 2009).\" id=\"return-footnote-392-8\" href=\"#footnote-392-8\" aria-label=\"Footnote 8\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[8]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-392\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>The Need for Ethics in the Workplace. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Talia Lambarki and Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Image: Business Ethics. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Nick Youngson. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.picserver.org\/b\/business-ethics.html\">http:\/\/www.picserver.org\/b\/business-ethics.html<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-392-1\">The Association of Certified Fraud Examiners, ACFE Report to the Nations on Occupational Fraud and Abuse, 2016, https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/acfepublic\/2016-report-to-the-nations.pdf. <a href=\"#return-footnote-392-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-392-2\">Margaret Cronin Fisk and Laurel Brubaker Calkins, \u201cGM CEO Barra Tells Jury Company Flubbed Fatal Ignition Flaw,\u201d August 15, 2016, https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2016-08-15\/gm-ceo-barra-tells-texas-jury-company-flubbed-fatal-switch-flaw. <a href=\"#return-footnote-392-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-392-3\">Melissa Burden, \u201cLost Appeal Could Cost GM Billions,\u201d April 24, 2017, http:\/\/www.detroitnews.com\/story\/business\/autos\/general-motors\/2017\/04\/24\/gm-ignition-switch\/100837116\/. <a href=\"#return-footnote-392-3\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 3\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-392-4\">Percy Marquina Feldman, Rolando Arellano Bahamonde, and Isabel Velasquez Bellido, \u201cA New Approach for Measuring Corporate Reputation,\u201d Revista de Administra\u00e7\u00e3o de Empresas 54, no. 1 (2014): 53\u201366, http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/pdf\/rae\/v54n1\/a06v54n1.pdf. <a href=\"#return-footnote-392-4\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 4\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-392-5\">Zhongmin Wang, Alvin Lee, and Michael Polonsky, \u201cEgregiousness and Boycott Intensity: Evidence from the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill\u201d (discussion paper, Resources for the Future, February 2015), http:\/\/www.rff.org\/files\/sharepoint\/WorkImages\/Download\/RFF-DP-15-06.pdf. <a href=\"#return-footnote-392-5\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 5\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-392-6\">The Ethics Centre, \u201cInvesting in Ethics Pays Off Financially\u2014Three Reasons to Care about Culture,\u201d May 10, 2016. http:\/\/www.ethics.org.au\/on-ethics\/blog\/may-2016\/investing-in-ethics-pays-off-financially-%E2%80%93-three-r.\u00a0 <a href=\"#return-footnote-392-6\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 6\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-392-7\">Zacks Equity Research, \u201cWells Fargo Faces LA Lawsuit for Unethical Conduct,\u201d May 5, 2015. https:\/\/www.zacks.com\/stock\/news\/173783\/wells-fargo-faces-la-lawsuit-for-unethical-conduct. <a href=\"#return-footnote-392-7\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 7\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-392-8\">Eugene Brigham and Joel Houston, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 12th ed. (Mason, OH: South-Western, Cengage Learning, 2009).  <a href=\"#return-footnote-392-8\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 8\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":21046,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"The Need for Ethics in the Workplace\",\"author\":\"Talia Lambarki and Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Image: Business Ethics\",\"author\":\"Nick Youngson\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.picserver.org\/b\/business-ethics.html\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"d096fb27-c394-4577-b216-654b84c1db61, dd117cf6-7278-435f-a070-eceb78387ae6, 41adf744-af0e-4123-9326-abce0de393a1","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-392","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":54,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-principlesmanagement\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/392","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-principlesmanagement\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-principlesmanagement\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-principlesmanagement\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/21046"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-principlesmanagement\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/392\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1964,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-principlesmanagement\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/392\/revisions\/1964"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-principlesmanagement\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/54"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-principlesmanagement\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/392\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-principlesmanagement\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=392"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-principlesmanagement\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=392"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-principlesmanagement\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=392"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-principlesmanagement\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=392"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}