{"id":80,"date":"2023-05-11T12:12:29","date_gmt":"2023-05-11T12:12:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-technicalwriting\/chapter\/use-the-active-voice-2\/"},"modified":"2023-05-22T23:16:49","modified_gmt":"2023-05-22T23:16:49","slug":"usingactivevoice","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-technicalwriting\/chapter\/usingactivevoice\/","title":{"raw":"Using Active Voice","rendered":"Using Active Voice"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Use active voice effectively<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Review the second person perspective<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Use Active Voice<\/h2>\r\nYou may have heard that it is best to use active verbs when you write. What does that mean? The active voice emphasizes the person or thing doing the action in a sentence. For example, here is a sentence that uses the active verbs:\u00a0<em>The outfielder throws the ball<\/em>. The subject, \u201coutfielder\u201d actively performs the action of the verb \u201cthrow.\u201d\r\n\r\nIf you wrote the same sentence in the passive voice, it would emphasize the recipient of the action. In other words, something is being done to something by somebody:\u00a0<em>The ball was thrown<\/em>\u00a0<em>by the outfielder.\u00a0<\/em>While the passive voice has a place, particularly in some subjects like the sciences and social sciences, its overuse can result in writing that is wordy, vague, and stuffy. When possible, use the active voice to convey who or what performs the action of the verb.\r\n<h2>Active and Passive Voices<\/h2>\r\nIn the simplest terms, an active voice sentence is written in the form of \u201cA does B.\u201d\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Example: Carmen sings\u00a0the\u00a0song.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nA passive voice sentence is written in the form of \u201cB is done by A.\u201d\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Example: The song is sung by Carmen.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nBoth constructions are grammatically correct, but active voice is a more powerful sentence construction for most academic writing.\u00a0Let's look at a couple more examples of the passive voice:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>I\u00a0have been hit!<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The car was struck from behind.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nYou may have noticed something unique about the previous two sentences: the subject of the sentence is not the person (or thing) performing the action.\u00a0<span class=\"s1\">The passive voice \"hides\" who does the action. Despite these sentences being completely grammatically sound, we don't know who hit \"me\" or\u00a0what struck the car. <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"s1\">If these sentences used an active voice, they could read:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The paintball hit me in the arm!<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The aggressive truck hit the car from behind.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThese two active voice sentences are more specific, and you get a bit more information as a reader.\r\n\r\nLet's look at a few more examples.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Passive:<\/strong>\u00a0Changes in gun laws were made as a result of student protests in Florida.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Active:\u00a0<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">The Parkland student protests created changes in Florida gun laws.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Passive<\/strong>:\u00a0Studying can improve your grades.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Active<\/strong>:\u00a0Students who study hard typically earn strong grades.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nLet's look at a few more examples.\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">Amy<\/span><strong style=\"font-size: 1em;\">\u00a0grabbed\u00a0<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">the zombie survival guide.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"purple-example shorten\">\r\n<div class=\"example\" style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">The zombie survival guide<strong>\u00a0was grabbed\u00a0<\/strong>by Amy.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nCan you see how these sentences are different? In the first sentence, the verb\u00a0<strong>grabbed<\/strong>\u00a0is active because its subject,\u00a0<strong>Amy<\/strong>\u00a0is the doer or agent. Amy did the grabbing.\r\n\r\nIn the second sentence,\u00a0<strong>was grabbed<\/strong>\u00a0is passive because it describes an action done to its subject,\u00a0<strong>guide<\/strong>. The doer of the action, Amy, is now the object of the preposition\u00a0<strong>by<\/strong>.\u00a0Amy comes last here, almost as if she is an afterthought instead of the important doer of the grabbing or agent of the action.\r\n\r\nWe want to use active verbs whenever possible as they allow us to express ourselves clearly, succinctly, and strongly. Active verbs imply that we are confident with what we\u2019re saying; we believe in our words. Looking back at the two sentences, we can see that the first one uses fewer words and offers no ambiguity about who did the action. The latter sentence is wordy and does not directly address Amy.\r\n<div class=\"teal-example \">\r\n<div class=\"example\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>TIP!\u00a0<\/strong>A little strategy you can use to test to see if you\u2019re using passive voice is to see if you can add \"<strong>by zombies\"<\/strong>\u00a0after the verb. If you can, then you likely have passive voice and may want to restructure your sentence. In the example above, you could certainly say, \"<strong>was grabbed by zombies<\/strong>,\" so you know this is passive voice.\u00a0Or, changes in gun laws were made \"by zombies\" as a result of student protests in Florida (again, passive voice).<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2547\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"213\"]<img class=\"wp-image-2547 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4975\/2020\/01\/27180101\/head-46204_1280-213x300.png\" alt=\"Cartoon bug reading a piece of paper and scratching his head.\" width=\"213\" height=\"300\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Be careful when using the passive voice- it can sometimes create confusing sentences that are difficult for the reader to follow.[\/caption]\r\n<h2>Revise Weak Passive-Voice Sentences<\/h2>\r\nAs we've mentioned, the passive voice can be a shifty operator\u2014it can cover up its source, that is, who is doing the acting. Let's take a look at some examples:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Passive:\u00a0The taxes\u00a0will be collected\u00a0according to the local rules and regulations.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>Collected by whom though?\u00a0<\/em><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Active:\u00a0The town will collect\u00a0the taxes according to the local rules and regulations.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nIt's this ability to cover the actor or agent of the sentence that makes the passive voice a favorite of people in authority, such as politicians, who want to obscure their agency (as if the town wasn't responsible for collecting the taxes). At any rate, you can see how the passive voice can cause wordiness, indirectness, and comprehension problems.\r\n\r\nNote that passive voice is sometimes appropriate to use, particularly in the sciences when the doer of the task is unimportant. For example, in a science lab, the passive voice makes sense when writing:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Photomicrographs were taken to facilitate easy comparison of the samples.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nDon't get the idea that the passive voice is always wrong and should never be used. It is a good writing technique when we don't want to be bothered with an obvious or too-often-repeated subject and when we need to rearrange words in a sentence for emphasis. For most of your academic writing, however, your instructors will recommend the active voice.\r\n<table>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th width=\"36%\">Passive<\/th>\r\n<th width=\"28%\">Question<\/th>\r\n<th width=\"36%\">Active<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Your figures <strong>have been reanalyzed<\/strong> in order to determine the coefficient of error. The results <strong>will be announced<\/strong> when the situation is judged appropriate.<\/td>\r\n<td>Who analyzes, and who will announce?<\/td>\r\n<td><strong>We<\/strong> have reanalyzed your figures in order to determine the range of error. <strong>We<\/strong> will announce the results when the time is right.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>With the price of housing at such inflated levels, those loans\u00a0<strong>cannot be paid<\/strong> off in any shorter period of time.<\/td>\r\n<td>Who can't pay the loans off?<\/td>\r\n<td>With the price of housing at such inflated levels, <strong>homeowners<\/strong> cannot pay off those loans in any shorter period of time.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>After the arm of the hand-held stapler <strong>is pushed<\/strong> down, the blade from the magazine <strong>is raised by<\/strong> the top-leaf spring, and the magazine and base.<\/td>\r\n<td>Who pushes it down, and who or what raises it?<\/td>\r\n<td>After <strong>you<\/strong> push down on the arm of the hand-held stapler, <strong>the top-leaf spring<\/strong> raises the blade from the magazine, and the magazine and base move apart.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>However, market share <strong>is being lost by<\/strong> 5.25-inch diskettes as is shown in the graph in Figure 2.<\/td>\r\n<td>Who or what is losing market share, who or what shows it?<\/td>\r\n<td>However, <strong>5.25-inch diskettes<\/strong> are losing market share as the graph in <strong>Figure 2<\/strong> shows.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>For many years, federal regulations concerning the use of wire-tapping <strong>have been ignored<\/strong>. Only recently <strong>have<\/strong> tighter restrictions <strong>been imposed<\/strong> on the circumstances that warrant it.<\/td>\r\n<td>Who has ignored the regulations, and who is now imposing them?<\/td>\r\n<td>For many years, <strong>government officials<\/strong> have ignored federal regulations concerning the use of wire-tapping. Only recently has<strong> the federal government<\/strong> imposed tighter restrictions on the circumstances that warrant it.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h3>Using the \"You Attitude\" in technical writing<\/h3>\r\nhttp:\/\/youtu.be\/DQaE5fFWDd0","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Use active voice effectively<\/li>\n<li>Review the second person perspective<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Use Active Voice<\/h2>\n<p>You may have heard that it is best to use active verbs when you write. What does that mean? The active voice emphasizes the person or thing doing the action in a sentence. For example, here is a sentence that uses the active verbs:\u00a0<em>The outfielder throws the ball<\/em>. The subject, \u201coutfielder\u201d actively performs the action of the verb \u201cthrow.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>If you wrote the same sentence in the passive voice, it would emphasize the recipient of the action. In other words, something is being done to something by somebody:\u00a0<em>The ball was thrown<\/em>\u00a0<em>by the outfielder.\u00a0<\/em>While the passive voice has a place, particularly in some subjects like the sciences and social sciences, its overuse can result in writing that is wordy, vague, and stuffy. When possible, use the active voice to convey who or what performs the action of the verb.<\/p>\n<h2>Active and Passive Voices<\/h2>\n<p>In the simplest terms, an active voice sentence is written in the form of \u201cA does B.\u201d<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Example: Carmen sings\u00a0the\u00a0song.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A passive voice sentence is written in the form of \u201cB is done by A.\u201d<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Example: The song is sung by Carmen.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Both constructions are grammatically correct, but active voice is a more powerful sentence construction for most academic writing.\u00a0Let&#8217;s look at a couple more examples of the passive voice:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>I\u00a0have been hit!<\/li>\n<li>The car was struck from behind.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>You may have noticed something unique about the previous two sentences: the subject of the sentence is not the person (or thing) performing the action.\u00a0<span class=\"s1\">The passive voice &#8220;hides&#8221; who does the action. Despite these sentences being completely grammatically sound, we don&#8217;t know who hit &#8220;me&#8221; or\u00a0what struck the car. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"s1\">If these sentences used an active voice, they could read:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The paintball hit me in the arm!<\/li>\n<li>The aggressive truck hit the car from behind.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These two active voice sentences are more specific, and you get a bit more information as a reader.<\/p>\n<p>Let&#8217;s look at a few more examples.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Passive:<\/strong>\u00a0Changes in gun laws were made as a result of student protests in Florida.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Active:\u00a0<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">The Parkland student protests created changes in Florida gun laws.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong>Passive<\/strong>:\u00a0Studying can improve your grades.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Active<\/strong>:\u00a0Students who study hard typically earn strong grades.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Let&#8217;s look at a few more examples.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">Amy<\/span><strong style=\"font-size: 1em;\">\u00a0grabbed\u00a0<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">the zombie survival guide.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"purple-example shorten\">\n<div class=\"example\" style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">The zombie survival guide<strong>\u00a0was grabbed\u00a0<\/strong>by Amy.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Can you see how these sentences are different? In the first sentence, the verb\u00a0<strong>grabbed<\/strong>\u00a0is active because its subject,\u00a0<strong>Amy<\/strong>\u00a0is the doer or agent. Amy did the grabbing.<\/p>\n<p>In the second sentence,\u00a0<strong>was grabbed<\/strong>\u00a0is passive because it describes an action done to its subject,\u00a0<strong>guide<\/strong>. The doer of the action, Amy, is now the object of the preposition\u00a0<strong>by<\/strong>.\u00a0Amy comes last here, almost as if she is an afterthought instead of the important doer of the grabbing or agent of the action.<\/p>\n<p>We want to use active verbs whenever possible as they allow us to express ourselves clearly, succinctly, and strongly. Active verbs imply that we are confident with what we\u2019re saying; we believe in our words. Looking back at the two sentences, we can see that the first one uses fewer words and offers no ambiguity about who did the action. The latter sentence is wordy and does not directly address Amy.<\/p>\n<div class=\"teal-example\">\n<div class=\"example\">\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>TIP!\u00a0<\/strong>A little strategy you can use to test to see if you\u2019re using passive voice is to see if you can add &#8220;<strong>by zombies&#8221;<\/strong>\u00a0after the verb. If you can, then you likely have passive voice and may want to restructure your sentence. In the example above, you could certainly say, &#8220;<strong>was grabbed by zombies<\/strong>,&#8221; so you know this is passive voice.\u00a0Or, changes in gun laws were made &#8220;by zombies&#8221; as a result of student protests in Florida (again, passive voice).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_2547\" style=\"width: 223px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2547\" class=\"wp-image-2547 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4975\/2020\/01\/27180101\/head-46204_1280-213x300.png\" alt=\"Cartoon bug reading a piece of paper and scratching his head.\" width=\"213\" height=\"300\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-2547\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Be careful when using the passive voice- it can sometimes create confusing sentences that are difficult for the reader to follow.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Revise Weak Passive-Voice Sentences<\/h2>\n<p>As we&#8217;ve mentioned, the passive voice can be a shifty operator\u2014it can cover up its source, that is, who is doing the acting. Let&#8217;s take a look at some examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Passive:\u00a0The taxes\u00a0will be collected\u00a0according to the local rules and regulations.\n<ul>\n<li><em>Collected by whom though?\u00a0<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Active:\u00a0The town will collect\u00a0the taxes according to the local rules and regulations.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>It&#8217;s this ability to cover the actor or agent of the sentence that makes the passive voice a favorite of people in authority, such as politicians, who want to obscure their agency (as if the town wasn&#8217;t responsible for collecting the taxes). At any rate, you can see how the passive voice can cause wordiness, indirectness, and comprehension problems.<\/p>\n<p>Note that passive voice is sometimes appropriate to use, particularly in the sciences when the doer of the task is unimportant. For example, in a science lab, the passive voice makes sense when writing:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Photomicrographs were taken to facilitate easy comparison of the samples.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Don&#8217;t get the idea that the passive voice is always wrong and should never be used. It is a good writing technique when we don&#8217;t want to be bothered with an obvious or too-often-repeated subject and when we need to rearrange words in a sentence for emphasis. For most of your academic writing, however, your instructors will recommend the active voice.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 36%;\">Passive<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 28%;\">Question<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 36%;\">Active<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Your figures <strong>have been reanalyzed<\/strong> in order to determine the coefficient of error. The results <strong>will be announced<\/strong> when the situation is judged appropriate.<\/td>\n<td>Who analyzes, and who will announce?<\/td>\n<td><strong>We<\/strong> have reanalyzed your figures in order to determine the range of error. <strong>We<\/strong> will announce the results when the time is right.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>With the price of housing at such inflated levels, those loans\u00a0<strong>cannot be paid<\/strong> off in any shorter period of time.<\/td>\n<td>Who can&#8217;t pay the loans off?<\/td>\n<td>With the price of housing at such inflated levels, <strong>homeowners<\/strong> cannot pay off those loans in any shorter period of time.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>After the arm of the hand-held stapler <strong>is pushed<\/strong> down, the blade from the magazine <strong>is raised by<\/strong> the top-leaf spring, and the magazine and base.<\/td>\n<td>Who pushes it down, and who or what raises it?<\/td>\n<td>After <strong>you<\/strong> push down on the arm of the hand-held stapler, <strong>the top-leaf spring<\/strong> raises the blade from the magazine, and the magazine and base move apart.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>However, market share <strong>is being lost by<\/strong> 5.25-inch diskettes as is shown in the graph in Figure 2.<\/td>\n<td>Who or what is losing market share, who or what shows it?<\/td>\n<td>However, <strong>5.25-inch diskettes<\/strong> are losing market share as the graph in <strong>Figure 2<\/strong> shows.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>For many years, federal regulations concerning the use of wire-tapping <strong>have been ignored<\/strong>. Only recently <strong>have<\/strong> tighter restrictions <strong>been imposed<\/strong> on the circumstances that warrant it.<\/td>\n<td>Who has ignored the regulations, and who is now imposing them?<\/td>\n<td>For many years, <strong>government officials<\/strong> have ignored federal regulations concerning the use of wire-tapping. Only recently has<strong> the federal government<\/strong> imposed tighter restrictions on the circumstances that warrant it.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>Using the &#8220;You Attitude&#8221; in technical writing<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"&quot;You Attitude&quot; Tutorial\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/DQaE5fFWDd0?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-80\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li> Using the Active Voice. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.com\/\">https:\/\/lumenlearning.com\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>You Attitude Tutorial. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Mary Workman. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=DQaE5fFWDd0\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=DQaE5fFWDd0<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>All Rights Reserved<\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Stolen on the Outback Express - The passive song. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: University of Adelaide. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/youtu.be\/WekIFyO5OLI?list=PLrj2iJKdUdbzmSkwVoc03-UBGwuIZUj7g\">http:\/\/youtu.be\/WekIFyO5OLI?list=PLrj2iJKdUdbzmSkwVoc03-UBGwuIZUj7g<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>All Rights Reserved<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><li>active vs passive. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Style Academy. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/youtu.be\/_koZ_3Wh87k\">http:\/\/youtu.be\/_koZ_3Wh87k<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>All Rights Reserved<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":395986,"menu_order":5,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\" Using the Active Voice\",\"author\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.com\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Stolen on the Outback Express - 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