{"id":1505,"date":"2014-10-07T05:08:14","date_gmt":"2014-10-07T05:08:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/apvccs\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=1505"},"modified":"2018-05-31T01:15:59","modified_gmt":"2018-05-31T01:15:59","slug":"overview-of-anatomy-and-physiology","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-ulster-ap1\/chapter\/overview-of-anatomy-and-physiology\/","title":{"raw":"Overview of Anatomy and Physiology","rendered":"Overview of Anatomy and Physiology"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Compare and contrast anatomy and physiology, including their specializations and methods of study<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Discuss the fundamental relationship between anatomy and physiology<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nHuman\u00a0<strong>anatomy<\/strong>\u00a0is the scientific study of the <strong>body\u2019s structures<\/strong>. Some of these structures are very small and can only be observed and analyzed with the assistance of a microscope. Other larger structures can readily be seen, manipulated, measured, and weighed. The word \u201canatomy\u201d comes from a Greek root that means \u201cto cut apart.\u201d Human anatomy was first studied by observing the exterior of the body and observing the wounds of soldiers and other injuries. Later, physicians were allowed to dissect bodies of the dead to augment their knowledge. When a body is dissected, its structures are cut apart in order to observe their physical attributes and their relationships to one another. Dissection is still used in medical schools, anatomy courses, and in pathology labs. In order to observe structures in living people, however, a number of <strong>imaging techniques<\/strong> have been developed. These techniques allow clinicians to <strong>visualize structures<\/strong> inside the living body such as a cancerous tumor or a fractured bone.\r\n\r\nLike most scientific disciplines, anatomy has areas of specialization.\u00a0<strong><em>Gross anatomy<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0is the study of the larger structures of the body, those visible without the aid of magnification (Figure\u00a01<strong>a<\/strong>). <em>Macro<\/em>- means \u201clarge,\u201d thus, gross anatomy is also referred to as <strong>macroscopic anatomy.<\/strong> In contrast, <em>micro<\/em>- means \u201csmall,\u201d and\u00a0<strong>microscopic anatomy<\/strong>\u00a0is the study of structures that can be observed only with the use of a <strong>microscope<\/strong> or other magnification devices (Figure\u00a01<strong>b<\/strong>). Microscopic anatomy includes cytology (the study of cells) and histology (the study of tissues). As the technology of microscopes has advanced, anatomists have been able to observe smaller and smaller structures of the body, from slices of large structures like the heart, to the three-dimensional structures of large molecules in the body.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"600\"]<img class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/198\/2014\/10\/20082336\/01_01ab_Gross_and_Microscopic_Anatomy.jpg\" alt=\"Photo A shows an entire human brain which has a lumpy and deeply striated appearance. Photo B is a micrograph of neural tissue. It contains two roughly diamond-shaped cells with dark nuclei. The cells are embedded in a light colored tissue containing smaller cells and fiber strands.\" width=\"600\" height=\"255\" \/> <strong>Figure\u00a01. (a) Gross (macroscopic) anatomy<\/strong> considers large structures such as the brain. (<strong>b) Microscopic anatomy <\/strong>deals with a much smaller scale of tissues like the\u00a0 micrograph of nerve cells from the brain. LM \u00d7 1600. (credit a: \u201cWriterHound\u201d\/Wikimedia Commons; credit b: Micrograph provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School \u00a9 2012)[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<strong>Physiology<\/strong> is about <strong>function ( how the body works)<\/strong>. Human\u00a0physiology\u00a0is the scientific study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body and the ways in which they work together to support the functions of life. Much of the study of physiology centers on the body\u2019s tendency toward homeostasis. <strong>Homeostasis<\/strong> is the state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things. The study of physiology certainly includes observation, both with the naked eye and with microscopes, as well as manipulations and measurements. However, current advances in physiology usually depend on carefully designed laboratory experiments that reveal the functions of the many structures and chemical compounds that make up the human body.\r\n\r\nPhysiologists can specialize in a particular branch of physiology. For example, neurophysiology (the study of the nerve, brain and spinal cord physiology). Gross physiology is the study of how the organ works but physiologists can also study the molecular functions of the organ (such as exploring how secretion of hydrochloric acid is regulated).\r\n\r\nForm is closely related to function in all living things. The size, shape, position, composition etc of an organ influences the function of that organ. For example, the thin flap of your eyelid can snap down to clear away dust particles and almost instantaneously slide back up to allow you to see again. At the microscopic level, the arrangement and function of the nerves and muscles that serve the eyelid allow for its quick action and retreat. At a smaller level of analysis, the function of these nerves and muscles likewise relies on the interactions of specific molecules and ions. Even the three-dimensional structure of certain molecules is essential to their function.\r\n\r\nYour study of anatomy and physiology will make more sense if you continually relate the form of the structures you are studying to their function. In fact, it can be somewhat frustrating to attempt to study anatomy without an understanding of the physiology that a body structure supports. Imagine, for example, trying to appreciate the unique arrangement of the bones of the human hand if you had no conception of the function of the hand. Fortunately, your understanding of how the human hand manipulates tools\u2014from pens to cell phones\u2014helps you appreciate the unique alignment of the thumb in opposition to the four fingers, making your hand a structure that allows you to pinch and grasp objects and type text messages.","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Compare and contrast anatomy and physiology, including their specializations and methods of study<\/li>\n<li>Discuss the fundamental relationship between anatomy and physiology<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Human\u00a0<strong>anatomy<\/strong>\u00a0is the scientific study of the <strong>body\u2019s structures<\/strong>. Some of these structures are very small and can only be observed and analyzed with the assistance of a microscope. Other larger structures can readily be seen, manipulated, measured, and weighed. The word \u201canatomy\u201d comes from a Greek root that means \u201cto cut apart.\u201d Human anatomy was first studied by observing the exterior of the body and observing the wounds of soldiers and other injuries. Later, physicians were allowed to dissect bodies of the dead to augment their knowledge. When a body is dissected, its structures are cut apart in order to observe their physical attributes and their relationships to one another. Dissection is still used in medical schools, anatomy courses, and in pathology labs. In order to observe structures in living people, however, a number of <strong>imaging techniques<\/strong> have been developed. These techniques allow clinicians to <strong>visualize structures<\/strong> inside the living body such as a cancerous tumor or a fractured bone.<\/p>\n<p>Like most scientific disciplines, anatomy has areas of specialization.\u00a0<strong><em>Gross anatomy<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0is the study of the larger structures of the body, those visible without the aid of magnification (Figure\u00a01<strong>a<\/strong>). <em>Macro<\/em>&#8211; means \u201clarge,\u201d thus, gross anatomy is also referred to as <strong>macroscopic anatomy.<\/strong> In contrast, <em>micro<\/em>&#8211; means \u201csmall,\u201d and\u00a0<strong>microscopic anatomy<\/strong>\u00a0is the study of structures that can be observed only with the use of a <strong>microscope<\/strong> or other magnification devices (Figure\u00a01<strong>b<\/strong>). Microscopic anatomy includes cytology (the study of cells) and histology (the study of tissues). As the technology of microscopes has advanced, anatomists have been able to observe smaller and smaller structures of the body, from slices of large structures like the heart, to the three-dimensional structures of large molecules in the body.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/198\/2014\/10\/20082336\/01_01ab_Gross_and_Microscopic_Anatomy.jpg\" alt=\"Photo A shows an entire human brain which has a lumpy and deeply striated appearance. Photo B is a micrograph of neural tissue. It contains two roughly diamond-shaped cells with dark nuclei. The cells are embedded in a light colored tissue containing smaller cells and fiber strands.\" width=\"600\" height=\"255\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure\u00a01. (a) Gross (macroscopic) anatomy<\/strong> considers large structures such as the brain. (<strong>b) Microscopic anatomy <\/strong>deals with a much smaller scale of tissues like the\u00a0 micrograph of nerve cells from the brain. LM \u00d7 1600. (credit a: \u201cWriterHound\u201d\/Wikimedia Commons; credit b: Micrograph provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School \u00a9 2012)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>Physiology<\/strong> is about <strong>function ( how the body works)<\/strong>. Human\u00a0physiology\u00a0is the scientific study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body and the ways in which they work together to support the functions of life. Much of the study of physiology centers on the body\u2019s tendency toward homeostasis. <strong>Homeostasis<\/strong> is the state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things. The study of physiology certainly includes observation, both with the naked eye and with microscopes, as well as manipulations and measurements. However, current advances in physiology usually depend on carefully designed laboratory experiments that reveal the functions of the many structures and chemical compounds that make up the human body.<\/p>\n<p>Physiologists can specialize in a particular branch of physiology. For example, neurophysiology (the study of the nerve, brain and spinal cord physiology). Gross physiology is the study of how the organ works but physiologists can also study the molecular functions of the organ (such as exploring how secretion of hydrochloric acid is regulated).<\/p>\n<p>Form is closely related to function in all living things. The size, shape, position, composition etc of an organ influences the function of that organ. For example, the thin flap of your eyelid can snap down to clear away dust particles and almost instantaneously slide back up to allow you to see again. At the microscopic level, the arrangement and function of the nerves and muscles that serve the eyelid allow for its quick action and retreat. At a smaller level of analysis, the function of these nerves and muscles likewise relies on the interactions of specific molecules and ions. Even the three-dimensional structure of certain molecules is essential to their function.<\/p>\n<p>Your study of anatomy and physiology will make more sense if you continually relate the form of the structures you are studying to their function. In fact, it can be somewhat frustrating to attempt to study anatomy without an understanding of the physiology that a body structure supports. Imagine, for example, trying to appreciate the unique arrangement of the bones of the human hand if you had no conception of the function of the hand. Fortunately, your understanding of how the human hand manipulates tools\u2014from pens to cell phones\u2014helps you appreciate the unique alignment of the thumb in opposition to the four fingers, making your hand a structure that allows you to pinch and grasp objects and type text messages.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-1505\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Chapter 1: An Introduction to the Human Body. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: OpenStax College. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Rice University. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/files\/textbook_version\/low_res_pdf\/13\/col11496-lr.pdf\">http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/files\/textbook_version\/low_res_pdf\/13\/col11496-lr.pdf<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: Anatomy &amp; Physiology. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/content\/col11496\/latest\/<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":74,"menu_order":2,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Chapter 1: An Introduction to the Human Body\",\"author\":\"OpenStax College\",\"organization\":\"Rice University\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/files\/textbook_version\/low_res_pdf\/13\/col11496-lr.pdf\",\"project\":\"Anatomy & Physiology\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/content\/col11496\/latest\/\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-1505","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":35,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-ulster-ap1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1505","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-ulster-ap1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-ulster-ap1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-ulster-ap1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/74"}],"version-history":[{"count":18,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-ulster-ap1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1505\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4675,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-ulster-ap1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1505\/revisions\/4675"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-ulster-ap1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/35"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-ulster-ap1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1505\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-ulster-ap1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1505"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-ulster-ap1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1505"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-ulster-ap1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1505"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-ulster-ap1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1505"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}