{"id":2540,"date":"2016-06-02T17:12:16","date_gmt":"2016-06-02T17:12:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/biologyxwaymakerxmaster\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=2540"},"modified":"2017-08-08T14:55:10","modified_gmt":"2017-08-08T14:55:10","slug":"putting-it-together-dna-structure-and-replication","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-wmopen-biology1\/chapter\/putting-it-together-dna-structure-and-replication\/","title":{"raw":"Putting It Together: DNA Structure and Replication","rendered":"Putting It Together: DNA Structure and Replication"},"content":{"raw":"Let\u2019s expand just a bit on how the\u00a0process of personalized medicine works. Within any given genome there will be small differences in the DNA sequence. All humans, for example, are 99.99% identical and only\u00a0differ by 0.01%. These small differences account for many features in an individual, including how he or she responds to disease treatments.\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Personalized Medicine in Practice<\/h3>\r\nLet's return\u00a0to our examples from the beginning of the module:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Blood clot treatments:\u00a0<\/strong>Screening the genome of a patient prior to prescribing Warafin for blood clots allows clinicians to determine if the drug will even work and if so, to pinpoint a specific dosage.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Colorectal cancer treatments:\u00a0<\/strong>In the case of colorectal cancer, the KRAS protein can be examined to determine if cetuximab will be effective. This is an important step as this drug is ineffective in about 40% of patients.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Breast cancer treatments:<\/strong>\u00a0Anti-breast cancer treatments can be assessed prior to trial-and-error in a patient based on the DNA sequence of key receptors in the body.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nSo, should you have your genes tested? Unfortunately, the decision about whether to get a particular genetic test can be complicated.\r\n\r\n<img class=\"alignright wp-image-4083\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1087\/2017\/01\/06001015\/16068674648_383d653ccb_b.jpg\" alt=\"A doctor holding a file folder of information\" width=\"300\" height=\"416\" \/>Getting a genetic test usually isn\u2019t difficult. Doctors generally take a sample of body fluid or tissue, such as blood, saliva or skin, and send it to a lab. Most genetic tests used today analyze just one or a few genes, often to help diagnose disease. Newborns, for example, are routinely screened for several genetic disorders by taking a few drops of blood from their heels. When life-threatening conditions are caught early, infants can be treated right away to prevent problems.\r\n\r\nGenetic tests are now available for about 2,500 diseases, and that number keeps growing. Your doctor might advise you to get tested for specific genetic diseases if they tend to run in your family or if you have certain symptoms.\r\n\r\n\u201cWhile there are many genetic tests, they vary as to how well they predict risk,\u201d says Dr. Lawrence Brody, a genetic testing expert at NIH.\r\n\r\nFor some diseases, such as sickle cell anemia or cystic fibrosis, inheriting 2 copies of abnormal genes means a person will get that disease. But for other diseases and conditions, the picture is more complex. For type 2 diabetes, testing positive for some specific gene variants may help predict risk, but no better than other factors\u2014such as obesity, high blood pressure and having a close relative with the disease.\r\n\r\nThe latest approach to personalized medicine is to get your whole genome sequenced. That\u2019s still expensive, but the cost has dropped dramatically over the past decade and will likely continue to fall. Since your genome essentially stays the same over time, this information might one day become part of your medical record, so doctors could consult it as needed.\r\n\r\nYou can start to get a sense of your genetic risks by putting together your family\u2019s health history. A free online tool called <a href=\"https:\/\/familyhistory.hhs.gov\/FHH\/html\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">My Family Health Portrait<\/a> from the U.S. Surgeon General can help you and your doctor spot early warning signs of conditions that run in your family.\r\n\r\nBut personalized medicine isn\u2019t just about genes. You can learn a lot about your health risks by taking a close look at your current health and habits. Smoking, a poor diet, and lack of exercise can raise your risks for life-threatening health problems, such as heart disease and cancer. Talk to your health care provider about the steps you can take to understand and reduce your unique health risks.\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Learn More<\/h3>\r\nVisit this site\u00a0to learn more about how <a href=\"http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/scienceresearch\/specialtopics\/personalizedmedicine\/default.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">FDA regulations<\/a> come into play.\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<p>Let\u2019s expand just a bit on how the\u00a0process of personalized medicine works. Within any given genome there will be small differences in the DNA sequence. All humans, for example, are 99.99% identical and only\u00a0differ by 0.01%. These small differences account for many features in an individual, including how he or she responds to disease treatments.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Personalized Medicine in Practice<\/h3>\n<p>Let&#8217;s return\u00a0to our examples from the beginning of the module:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Blood clot treatments:\u00a0<\/strong>Screening the genome of a patient prior to prescribing Warafin for blood clots allows clinicians to determine if the drug will even work and if so, to pinpoint a specific dosage.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Colorectal cancer treatments:\u00a0<\/strong>In the case of colorectal cancer, the KRAS protein can be examined to determine if cetuximab will be effective. This is an important step as this drug is ineffective in about 40% of patients.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Breast cancer treatments:<\/strong>\u00a0Anti-breast cancer treatments can be assessed prior to trial-and-error in a patient based on the DNA sequence of key receptors in the body.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>So, should you have your genes tested? Unfortunately, the decision about whether to get a particular genetic test can be complicated.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-4083\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1087\/2017\/01\/06001015\/16068674648_383d653ccb_b.jpg\" alt=\"A doctor holding a file folder of information\" width=\"300\" height=\"416\" \/>Getting a genetic test usually isn\u2019t difficult. Doctors generally take a sample of body fluid or tissue, such as blood, saliva or skin, and send it to a lab. Most genetic tests used today analyze just one or a few genes, often to help diagnose disease. Newborns, for example, are routinely screened for several genetic disorders by taking a few drops of blood from their heels. When life-threatening conditions are caught early, infants can be treated right away to prevent problems.<\/p>\n<p>Genetic tests are now available for about 2,500 diseases, and that number keeps growing. Your doctor might advise you to get tested for specific genetic diseases if they tend to run in your family or if you have certain symptoms.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWhile there are many genetic tests, they vary as to how well they predict risk,\u201d says Dr. Lawrence Brody, a genetic testing expert at NIH.<\/p>\n<p>For some diseases, such as sickle cell anemia or cystic fibrosis, inheriting 2 copies of abnormal genes means a person will get that disease. But for other diseases and conditions, the picture is more complex. For type 2 diabetes, testing positive for some specific gene variants may help predict risk, but no better than other factors\u2014such as obesity, high blood pressure and having a close relative with the disease.<\/p>\n<p>The latest approach to personalized medicine is to get your whole genome sequenced. That\u2019s still expensive, but the cost has dropped dramatically over the past decade and will likely continue to fall. Since your genome essentially stays the same over time, this information might one day become part of your medical record, so doctors could consult it as needed.<\/p>\n<p>You can start to get a sense of your genetic risks by putting together your family\u2019s health history. A free online tool called <a href=\"https:\/\/familyhistory.hhs.gov\/FHH\/html\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">My Family Health Portrait<\/a> from the U.S. Surgeon General can help you and your doctor spot early warning signs of conditions that run in your family.<\/p>\n<p>But personalized medicine isn\u2019t just about genes. You can learn a lot about your health risks by taking a close look at your current health and habits. Smoking, a poor diet, and lack of exercise can raise your risks for life-threatening health problems, such as heart disease and cancer. Talk to your health care provider about the steps you can take to understand and reduce your unique health risks.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Learn More<\/h3>\n<p>Visit this site\u00a0to learn more about how <a href=\"http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/scienceresearch\/specialtopics\/personalizedmedicine\/default.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">FDA regulations<\/a> come into play.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-2540\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Putting It Together: DNA Structure and Replication. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Shelli Carter and Lumen Learning. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>adult, africa, african, black, care, cheerful, clinic, doctor,. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Ilmicrofono Oggiono . <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: www.audio-luci-store.it. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/qtWa9C\">https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/qtWa9C<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">Public domain content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Personalized Medicine: Matching Treatments to Your Genes. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Vicki Contie, Dana Steinberg, Carol Torgan, and Katherine Wendelsdorf. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: NIH. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/newsinhealth.nih.gov\/issue\/dec2013\/feature1\">https:\/\/newsinhealth.nih.gov\/issue\/dec2013\/feature1<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":17,"menu_order":5,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Putting It Together: DNA Structure and Replication\",\"author\":\"Shelli Carter and Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"pd\",\"description\":\"Personalized Medicine: Matching Treatments to Your Genes\",\"author\":\"Vicki Contie, Dana Steinberg, Carol Torgan, and Katherine 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\",\"organization\":\"www.audio-luci-store.it\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/qtWa9C\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"d28b1a84-5fc3-4467-8602-c5965e5c5054","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-2540","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":297,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-wmopen-biology1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2540","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-wmopen-biology1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-wmopen-biology1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-wmopen-biology1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-wmopen-biology1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2540\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4828,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-wmopen-biology1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2540\/revisions\/4828"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-wmopen-biology1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/297"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-wmopen-biology1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2540\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-wmopen-biology1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2540"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-wmopen-biology1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=2540"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-wmopen-biology1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=2540"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-wmopen-biology1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=2540"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}