{"id":4178,"date":"2017-01-25T19:16:51","date_gmt":"2017-01-25T19:16:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology1\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=4178"},"modified":"2017-04-18T20:53:10","modified_gmt":"2017-04-18T20:53:10","slug":"the-central-dogma","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-wmopen-biology1\/chapter\/the-central-dogma\/","title":{"raw":"The Central Dogma","rendered":"The Central Dogma"},"content":{"raw":"<h2>Identify the central dogma of\u00a0life<\/h2>\r\nAs you have learned, information flow in an organism takes place from DNA to RNA to protein. DNA dictates the structure of mRNA in a process known as <span data-type=\"term\">transcription<\/span>, and RNA dictates the structure of protein in a process known as <span data-type=\"term\">translation<\/span>. This is known as the <strong>Central Dogma of Life<\/strong>, which holds true for all organisms.\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Identify the central dogma of life<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nAs you have learned, information flow in an organism takes place from DNA to RNA to protein:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>DNA is transcribed to RNA via complementary base pairing rules (but with U instead of T in the transcript)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The RNA transcript, specifically mRNA, is then translated to an amino acid polypeptide<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Final folding and modifications of the polypeptide lead to functional proteins that actually do things in cells<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThis is known as the <strong>Central Dogma of Life<\/strong>, which holds true for all organisms.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_4182\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1024\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1087\/2017\/01\/25191457\/Figure_15_01_02a.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img class=\"wp-image-4182 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1087\/2017\/01\/25191457\/Figure_15_01_02a-1024x205.jpg\" alt=\"To make a protein, genetic information encoded by the DNA must be transcribed onto an mRNA molecule. The RNA is then processed by splicing to remove exons and by the addition of a 5\u2032 cap and a poly-A tail. A ribosome then reads the sequence on the mRNA, and uses this information to string amino acids into a protein.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"205\" \/><\/a> Figure 1. Click for a larger image. Instructions on DNA are transcribed onto messenger RNA. Ribosomes are able to read the genetic information inscribed on a strand of messenger RNA and use this information to string amino acids together into a protein.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.oppia.org\/embed\/exploration\/exjRkfVQADh2\" width=\"700\" height=\"800\"><\/iframe>\r\n\r\n<a href=\".\/dna-rna-proteins\/\" target=\"_blank\">Click here for a text-only version of the activity.<\/a>\r\n<h2><strong>Check Your Understanding<\/strong><\/h2>\r\nAnswer the question(s) below to see how well you understand the topics covered in the previous section. This short quiz does\u00a0<strong>not<\/strong>\u00a0count toward your grade in the class, and you can retake it an unlimited number of times.\r\n\r\nUse this quiz to check your understanding and decide whether to (1) study the previous section further or (2) move on to the next section.\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/3365","rendered":"<h2>Identify the central dogma of\u00a0life<\/h2>\n<p>As you have learned, information flow in an organism takes place from DNA to RNA to protein. DNA dictates the structure of mRNA in a process known as <span data-type=\"term\">transcription<\/span>, and RNA dictates the structure of protein in a process known as <span data-type=\"term\">translation<\/span>. This is known as the <strong>Central Dogma of Life<\/strong>, which holds true for all organisms.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Identify the central dogma of life<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>As you have learned, information flow in an organism takes place from DNA to RNA to protein:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>DNA is transcribed to RNA via complementary base pairing rules (but with U instead of T in the transcript)<\/li>\n<li>The RNA transcript, specifically mRNA, is then translated to an amino acid polypeptide<\/li>\n<li>Final folding and modifications of the polypeptide lead to functional proteins that actually do things in cells<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>This is known as the <strong>Central Dogma of Life<\/strong>, which holds true for all organisms.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_4182\" style=\"width: 1034px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1087\/2017\/01\/25191457\/Figure_15_01_02a.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4182\" class=\"wp-image-4182 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1087\/2017\/01\/25191457\/Figure_15_01_02a-1024x205.jpg\" alt=\"To make a protein, genetic information encoded by the DNA must be transcribed onto an mRNA molecule. The RNA is then processed by splicing to remove exons and by the addition of a 5\u2032 cap and a poly-A tail. A ribosome then reads the sequence on the mRNA, and uses this information to string amino acids into a protein.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"205\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-4182\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1. Click for a larger image. Instructions on DNA are transcribed onto messenger RNA. Ribosomes are able to read the genetic information inscribed on a strand of messenger RNA and use this information to string amino acids together into a protein.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.oppia.org\/embed\/exploration\/exjRkfVQADh2\" width=\"700\" height=\"800\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><a href=\".\/dna-rna-proteins\/\" target=\"_blank\">Click here for a text-only version of the activity.<\/a><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Check Your Understanding<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Answer the question(s) below to see how well you understand the topics covered in the previous section. This short quiz does\u00a0<strong>not<\/strong>\u00a0count toward your grade in the class, and you can retake it an unlimited number of times.<\/p>\n<p>Use this quiz to check your understanding and decide whether to (1) study the previous section further or (2) move on to the next section.<\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"lumen_assessment_3365\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/load?assessment_id=3365&#38;embed=1&#38;external_user_id=&#38;external_context_id=&#38;iframe_resize_id=lumen_assessment_3365\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:400px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-4178\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>The Central Dogma. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Shelli Carter and Lumen Learning. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Biology. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax CNX. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/185cbf87-c72e-48f5-b51e-f14f21b5eabd@10.8\">http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/185cbf87-c72e-48f5-b51e-f14f21b5eabd@10.8<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/185cbf87-c72e-48f5-b51e-f14f21b5eabd@10.8<\/li><li>The Central Dogma of Life. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oppia.org\/explore\/exjRkfVQADh2\">https:\/\/www.oppia.org\/explore\/exjRkfVQADh2<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":17,"menu_order":5,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Biology\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax CNX\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/185cbf87-c72e-48f5-b51e-f14f21b5eabd@10.8\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/185cbf87-c72e-48f5-b51e-f14f21b5eabd@10.8\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"The Central Dogma\",\"author\":\"Shelli Carter and Lumen 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