{"id":5638,"date":"2016-06-07T22:01:23","date_gmt":"2016-06-07T22:01:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/masterybusiness2xngcxmasterspring2016\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=5638"},"modified":"2017-07-18T20:11:41","modified_gmt":"2017-07-18T20:11:41","slug":"external-forces-2","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-wmopen-introbusiness\/chapter\/external-forces-2\/","title":{"raw":"External Forces","rendered":"External Forces"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>List the external forces that affect\u00a0businesses<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Give examples\u00a0of how various external forces affect the participants in a business and its functional areas<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>External Forces That Shape\u00a0Business Activities<\/h2>\r\nBusinesses do not operate in a vacuum, and they are influenced by forces beyond their control. How they respond\u2014and <em>how<\/em> <em>quickly<\/em> they respond\u2014to these external forces can make the difference between success and failure, especially in today's fast-paced business climate. We can organize\u00a0the external forces that affect\u00a0business into the following\u00a0six categories:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Economic environment<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Legal environment<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Competitive environment<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Technological environment<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Social\u00a0environment<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Global environment<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nBusinesses operate in all of these environments simultaneously, and factors in one environment can\u00a0affect or complicate\u00a0factors in another.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/143\/2016\/08\/04175113\/17086570218_650ba5e1e5_k.jpg\"><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-5920\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/143\/2016\/08\/04175113\/17086570218_650ba5e1e5_k-300x174.jpg\" alt=\"Photo of the famous &quot;charging bull&quot; sculpture on Wall Street, NYC\" width=\"500\" height=\"290\" \/><\/a>\r\n<h3>Economic Environment<\/h3>\r\nThe economic environment of business has changed dramatically in recent years. After decades of growth and dominance, the U.S. economy is now challenged by the developing economies of other nations,\u00a0which are jockeying\u00a0to be number one. Since the financial crisis in 2008, the U.S. economy and businesses have struggled to recover from the greatest economic\u00a0crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. Long-established companies have closed their doors, costing workers their jobs, retirement savings, and even their homes. Thus far the U.S. economy has proven\u00a0resilient, and since the Great Recession in 2008, progress has been made to stabilize the housing industry, maintain low and affordable interest rates, and provide additional incentives for businesses to open and\/or expand. These economic events have all had a direct impact on businesses, regardless of size.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/143\/2016\/08\/08165143\/8422844630_2f89fb429a_k.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-6018 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/143\/2016\/08\/08165143\/8422844630_2f89fb429a_k-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Photo of an in-store display of Tide laundry &quot;pods.&quot; \" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" \/><\/a>\r\n<h3>Legal Environment<\/h3>\r\nThe legal environment of business is by far the most complex and potentially\u00a0dangerous external factor a business faces. There is a minefield of regulations, laws, and liabilities that companies\u00a0must cope with\u00a0in order to stay in business\u2014just turn on the TV or listen to the news\u00a0to verify this fact. Volkswagen teeters on the brink of ruin\u00a0because it falsified data about its\u00a0cars' emissions. Tide is airing\u00a0commercials not to promote the marvels of its laundry detergent but to warn parents to keep the Tide pods away from children, who may be tempted to eat them. These days\u00a0it takes five minutes and a sharp instrument to open a bottle of Tylenol\u2014the result of Johnson &amp; Johnson's move in 1982 to make the product more difficult to open\u00a0after a tampering incident in 1982 caused a spate of deaths and illness. Legal developments in our culture at large\u2014for instance, the legalization of marijuana and same-sex marriage or the strengthening of privacy laws\u2014can and do have an enormous impact on the way companies do business, on everything from what companies sell to how their products are manufactured, labeled, and marketed.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/143\/2016\/08\/04180040\/2931616307_24e57e0cdc_b.jpg\"><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-5922\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/143\/2016\/08\/04180040\/2931616307_24e57e0cdc_b-300x235.jpg\" alt=\"Photo of a True Value Hardware store sign on the side of a brick building, with additional signage that reads, &quot;Arizona's most unique store.&quot;\" width=\"500\" height=\"392\" \/><\/a>\r\n<h3>Competitive Environment<\/h3>\r\nHow do businesses stay\u00a0competitive and still maintain a level of profitability that allows them to be successful? The competitive environment has intensified with the development of new technologies, the opening up\u00a0of\u00a0foreign markets, and the rise of consumer expectations. The local hardware store now finds itself competing with \"big box\" stores such as Lowe's and Home Depot. These larger stores have\u00a0enough clout\u00a0with suppliers that they can often sell a product to the consumer for less than an independent store can purchase it. Customers of these large chains can order online,\u00a0get\u00a0their items the same day, and receive loyalty rewards, free delivery, customization, and even service and installation. Staying competitive is a challenge for every business, and business owners are finding that benefits\u00a0such as customer service, employee knowledge, and high quality can help them survive.\r\n<h3>Technological Environment<\/h3>\r\nAlmost daily, businesses are driven\u00a0to rethink the\u00a0business technology they use to reach customers, produce their products, and provide their services. When we refer to <strong>business technology<\/strong> we mean\u00a0digital tools such as computers, telecommunications, and the Internet. The expansion of Internet access to virtually every corner of the world has forced many traditional brick-and-mortar businesses into\u00a0<strong>e-commerce<\/strong> or online sales. The advantage to businesses is that their customers no longer have to live in proximity to their stores in order to purchase goods and services. Consumers can conveniently\u00a0shop for products and services without leaving their home, their desk, or their phone. <span style=\"color: #333333;\">The disadvantage\u00a0to businesses is that consumers are also able to compare competitors' prices, benefits, features, and services (which shows\u00a0how one environment\u2014technology\u2014can affect another\u2014the competitive environment). Today's\u00a0businesses have to\u00a0be vigilant about\u00a0spotting\u00a0emerging trends not only\u00a0in technology but in the way\u00a0consumers use that technology.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/143\/2016\/08\/04171249\/5125333684_798df00e96_b.jpg\"><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-5916\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/143\/2016\/08\/04171249\/5125333684_798df00e96_b-300x240.jpg\" alt=\"Photo of four &quot;little people&quot; (members of a group called the Centerfold Stripper Midgets) wearing chicken suits, protesting against animal cruelty in front of a McDonald's. Two hold signs that read, &quot;I am not a nugget.&quot;\" width=\"500\" height=\"400\" \/><\/a>\r\n<h3>Social Environment<\/h3>\r\nThe social environment of business encompasses the values, attitudes, beliefs, wants, and desires of the consuming public. The <strong>demographics\u00a0<\/strong>that describe the American population by gender, age, ethnicity, location, occupation, education and income are constantly evolving. The American population is steadily\u00a0becoming more ethnically diverse: The U.S. Census Bureau estimates that the Hispanic and Asian populations in the U.S. will double by 2050. At the same time, America\u00a0is\u00a0aging, and with the current median above\u00a0thirty-six years of age, it will not be long before the majority of Americans is\u00a0ready to retire. In addition to ethnic diversity and age, the social environment brings\u00a0forces such as <strong>Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)<\/strong>, which means that more and more consumers are demanding that businesses be \"good corporate citizens\" by supporting charitable causes and contributing to local communities, adhering to\u00a0ethical standards in their treatment of workers and others, and adopting environmentally responsible practices. Combine these factors with the whirlwind of changing fads,\u00a0trends, and \"hot topics,\" and you have some idea of why the social environment can present the greatest challenge to business.\r\n<h3>Global Environment<\/h3>\r\nFrom a business\u00a0perspective, it is a small world, and it's only getting smaller. <strong>Free trade<\/strong> among nations has allowed goods and services to flow across international borders more efficiently and cheaply. Formal trade agreements among nations have\u00a0forged unprecedented links\u00a0and interdependencies\u00a0among\u00a0economies. Look at the items on your desk, and you may see\u00a0items from China, Mexico, Canada, or Japan. It's possible that you drive a car that was made in the U.S. but was produced in a plant owned by a Japanese company. The growth of the Chinese economy has brought a flood of affordable goods into the U.S. and, along with those cheaper prices, created a\u00a0reliance on foreign goods and materials. Now, when the Chinese economy slows down, the U.S. economy is affected. When the price of foreign oil increases or decreases, businesses in the U.S. feel the impact. So, it's not just the local economy or even the national economy that businesses must track\u2014they must also\u00a0keep an eye on the world economy in order to anticipate and adapt to changes that will impact their products and services.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_10570\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"500\"]<img class=\"wp-image-10570\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/143\/2017\/03\/09001500\/business-and-its-environment.png\" alt=\"The environment of business divided into three layers. Outside the business is the economy, the government, consumer trends, and corporate citizenship. The next level in is management, finance, accounting, marketing, and operations. The center of the business environment is the owners, employees, and customers.\" width=\"500\" height=\"361\" \/> Figure 1. Business and its environment[\/caption]\r\n<h2>Check Your Understanding<\/h2>\r\nAnswer the question(s) below to see how well you understand the topics covered above. This short quiz does <strong>not<\/strong> count toward your grade in the class, and you can retake it an unlimited number of times.\r\n\r\nUse this quiz to check your understanding and decide whether to (1) study the previous section further or (2) move on to the next section.\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/2963","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>List the external forces that affect\u00a0businesses<\/li>\n<li>Give examples\u00a0of how various external forces affect the participants in a business and its functional areas<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>External Forces That Shape\u00a0Business Activities<\/h2>\n<p>Businesses do not operate in a vacuum, and they are influenced by forces beyond their control. How they respond\u2014and <em>how<\/em> <em>quickly<\/em> they respond\u2014to these external forces can make the difference between success and failure, especially in today&#8217;s fast-paced business climate. We can organize\u00a0the external forces that affect\u00a0business into the following\u00a0six categories:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Economic environment<\/li>\n<li>Legal environment<\/li>\n<li>Competitive environment<\/li>\n<li>Technological environment<\/li>\n<li>Social\u00a0environment<\/li>\n<li>Global environment<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Businesses operate in all of these environments simultaneously, and factors in one environment can\u00a0affect or complicate\u00a0factors in another.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/143\/2016\/08\/04175113\/17086570218_650ba5e1e5_k.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-5920\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/143\/2016\/08\/04175113\/17086570218_650ba5e1e5_k-300x174.jpg\" alt=\"Photo of the famous &quot;charging bull&quot; sculpture on Wall Street, NYC\" width=\"500\" height=\"290\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>Economic Environment<\/h3>\n<p>The economic environment of business has changed dramatically in recent years. After decades of growth and dominance, the U.S. economy is now challenged by the developing economies of other nations,\u00a0which are jockeying\u00a0to be number one. Since the financial crisis in 2008, the U.S. economy and businesses have struggled to recover from the greatest economic\u00a0crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. Long-established companies have closed their doors, costing workers their jobs, retirement savings, and even their homes. Thus far the U.S. economy has proven\u00a0resilient, and since the Great Recession in 2008, progress has been made to stabilize the housing industry, maintain low and affordable interest rates, and provide additional incentives for businesses to open and\/or expand. These economic events have all had a direct impact on businesses, regardless of size.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/143\/2016\/08\/08165143\/8422844630_2f89fb429a_k.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-6018 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/143\/2016\/08\/08165143\/8422844630_2f89fb429a_k-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Photo of an in-store display of Tide laundry &quot;pods.&quot;\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>Legal Environment<\/h3>\n<p>The legal environment of business is by far the most complex and potentially\u00a0dangerous external factor a business faces. There is a minefield of regulations, laws, and liabilities that companies\u00a0must cope with\u00a0in order to stay in business\u2014just turn on the TV or listen to the news\u00a0to verify this fact. Volkswagen teeters on the brink of ruin\u00a0because it falsified data about its\u00a0cars&#8217; emissions. Tide is airing\u00a0commercials not to promote the marvels of its laundry detergent but to warn parents to keep the Tide pods away from children, who may be tempted to eat them. These days\u00a0it takes five minutes and a sharp instrument to open a bottle of Tylenol\u2014the result of Johnson &amp; Johnson&#8217;s move in 1982 to make the product more difficult to open\u00a0after a tampering incident in 1982 caused a spate of deaths and illness. Legal developments in our culture at large\u2014for instance, the legalization of marijuana and same-sex marriage or the strengthening of privacy laws\u2014can and do have an enormous impact on the way companies do business, on everything from what companies sell to how their products are manufactured, labeled, and marketed.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/143\/2016\/08\/04180040\/2931616307_24e57e0cdc_b.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-5922\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/143\/2016\/08\/04180040\/2931616307_24e57e0cdc_b-300x235.jpg\" alt=\"Photo of a True Value Hardware store sign on the side of a brick building, with additional signage that reads, &quot;Arizona's most unique store.&quot;\" width=\"500\" height=\"392\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>Competitive Environment<\/h3>\n<p>How do businesses stay\u00a0competitive and still maintain a level of profitability that allows them to be successful? The competitive environment has intensified with the development of new technologies, the opening up\u00a0of\u00a0foreign markets, and the rise of consumer expectations. The local hardware store now finds itself competing with &#8220;big box&#8221; stores such as Lowe&#8217;s and Home Depot. These larger stores have\u00a0enough clout\u00a0with suppliers that they can often sell a product to the consumer for less than an independent store can purchase it. Customers of these large chains can order online,\u00a0get\u00a0their items the same day, and receive loyalty rewards, free delivery, customization, and even service and installation. Staying competitive is a challenge for every business, and business owners are finding that benefits\u00a0such as customer service, employee knowledge, and high quality can help them survive.<\/p>\n<h3>Technological Environment<\/h3>\n<p>Almost daily, businesses are driven\u00a0to rethink the\u00a0business technology they use to reach customers, produce their products, and provide their services. When we refer to <strong>business technology<\/strong> we mean\u00a0digital tools such as computers, telecommunications, and the Internet. The expansion of Internet access to virtually every corner of the world has forced many traditional brick-and-mortar businesses into\u00a0<strong>e-commerce<\/strong> or online sales. The advantage to businesses is that their customers no longer have to live in proximity to their stores in order to purchase goods and services. Consumers can conveniently\u00a0shop for products and services without leaving their home, their desk, or their phone. <span style=\"color: #333333;\">The disadvantage\u00a0to businesses is that consumers are also able to compare competitors&#8217; prices, benefits, features, and services (which shows\u00a0how one environment\u2014technology\u2014can affect another\u2014the competitive environment). Today&#8217;s\u00a0businesses have to\u00a0be vigilant about\u00a0spotting\u00a0emerging trends not only\u00a0in technology but in the way\u00a0consumers use that technology.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/143\/2016\/08\/04171249\/5125333684_798df00e96_b.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-5916\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/143\/2016\/08\/04171249\/5125333684_798df00e96_b-300x240.jpg\" alt=\"Photo of four &quot;little people&quot; (members of a group called the Centerfold Stripper Midgets) wearing chicken suits, protesting against animal cruelty in front of a McDonald's. Two hold signs that read, &quot;I am not a nugget.&quot;\" width=\"500\" height=\"400\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>Social Environment<\/h3>\n<p>The social environment of business encompasses the values, attitudes, beliefs, wants, and desires of the consuming public. The <strong>demographics\u00a0<\/strong>that describe the American population by gender, age, ethnicity, location, occupation, education and income are constantly evolving. The American population is steadily\u00a0becoming more ethnically diverse: The U.S. Census Bureau estimates that the Hispanic and Asian populations in the U.S. will double by 2050. At the same time, America\u00a0is\u00a0aging, and with the current median above\u00a0thirty-six years of age, it will not be long before the majority of Americans is\u00a0ready to retire. In addition to ethnic diversity and age, the social environment brings\u00a0forces such as <strong>Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)<\/strong>, which means that more and more consumers are demanding that businesses be &#8220;good corporate citizens&#8221; by supporting charitable causes and contributing to local communities, adhering to\u00a0ethical standards in their treatment of workers and others, and adopting environmentally responsible practices. Combine these factors with the whirlwind of changing fads,\u00a0trends, and &#8220;hot topics,&#8221; and you have some idea of why the social environment can present the greatest challenge to business.<\/p>\n<h3>Global Environment<\/h3>\n<p>From a business\u00a0perspective, it is a small world, and it&#8217;s only getting smaller. <strong>Free trade<\/strong> among nations has allowed goods and services to flow across international borders more efficiently and cheaply. Formal trade agreements among nations have\u00a0forged unprecedented links\u00a0and interdependencies\u00a0among\u00a0economies. Look at the items on your desk, and you may see\u00a0items from China, Mexico, Canada, or Japan. It&#8217;s possible that you drive a car that was made in the U.S. but was produced in a plant owned by a Japanese company. The growth of the Chinese economy has brought a flood of affordable goods into the U.S. and, along with those cheaper prices, created a\u00a0reliance on foreign goods and materials. Now, when the Chinese economy slows down, the U.S. economy is affected. When the price of foreign oil increases or decreases, businesses in the U.S. feel the impact. So, it&#8217;s not just the local economy or even the national economy that businesses must track\u2014they must also\u00a0keep an eye on the world economy in order to anticipate and adapt to changes that will impact their products and services.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_10570\" style=\"width: 510px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10570\" class=\"wp-image-10570\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/143\/2017\/03\/09001500\/business-and-its-environment.png\" alt=\"The environment of business divided into three layers. Outside the business is the economy, the government, consumer trends, and corporate citizenship. The next level in is management, finance, accounting, marketing, and operations. The center of the business environment is the owners, employees, and customers.\" width=\"500\" height=\"361\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-10570\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1. Business and its environment<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Check Your Understanding<\/h2>\n<p>Answer the question(s) below to see how well you understand the topics covered above. This short quiz does <strong>not<\/strong> count toward your grade in the class, and you can retake it an unlimited number of times.<\/p>\n<p>Use this quiz to check your understanding and decide whether to (1) study the previous section further or (2) move on to the next section.<\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"lumen_assessment_2963\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/load?assessment_id=2963&#38;embed=1&#38;external_user_id=&#38;external_context_id=&#38;iframe_resize_id=lumen_assessment_2963\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:400px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-5638\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Reading: External Forces. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Linda Williams and Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Check Your Understanding Assessments. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Hardware Store Sign. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Elizabeth Freniere. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/fethernutter\/2931616307\/\">https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/fethernutter\/2931616307\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-ND: Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives <\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Charging Bullu2014New York City. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Sam Valadi. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/132084522@N05\/17086570218\/\">https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/132084522@N05\/17086570218\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Centerfold Stripper Midgets. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: David Shankbone. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/shankbone\/5125333684\/\">https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/shankbone\/5125333684\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Tide Pods Laundry Detergent Capsules. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Austin Kirk. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/aukirk\/8422844630\/\">https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/aukirk\/8422844630\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":26,"menu_order":13,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Reading: External Forces\",\"author\":\"Linda Williams and Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Hardware Store Sign\",\"author\":\"Elizabeth 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