{"id":3700,"date":"2017-07-25T19:45:48","date_gmt":"2017-07-25T19:45:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-worldhistory\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=3700"},"modified":"2017-09-19T14:47:01","modified_gmt":"2017-09-19T14:47:01","slug":"24-1-2-participants-of-the-congress","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-worldhistory\/chapter\/24-1-2-participants-of-the-congress\/","title":{"raw":"Participants of the Congress","rendered":"Participants of the Congress"},"content":{"raw":"<h2 id=\"concept_1200\">24.1.2: Participants of the Congress<\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"brief\">\r\n\r\nThe leading participants of the Congress of Vienna were British foreign secretary Lord Castlereagh, Austrian Chancellor Klemens von Metternich, and Tsar Alexander I of Russia, all of whom had a reactionary, conservative vision for Europe after the Napoleonic Wars, favoring stability and the <em>status quo<\/em> over liberal progress.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objective<\/h3>\r\nIdentify the participants in the Congress of Vienna and their representatives\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Key Points<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The objective of the Congress of Vienna was to provide a long-term peace plan for Europe by settling critical issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The leading personalities of the Congress were British foreign secretary Lord Castlereagh, Austrian Chancellor Klemens von Metternich, and Tsar Alexander I of Russia.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>These three leaders in the Congress are known for their conservatism, aimed at creating lasting peace and maintaining the<em> status quo<\/em> and opposed to liberal progress and nationalism.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>This conservative agenda has been heavily criticized by many historians who argue that it stood in the way of progress and created the conditions for World War I.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-P\u00e9rigord of France was largely responsible for quickly returning France to its place alongside the other major powers in international diplomacy after their defeat in the Napoleonic Wars.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Virtually every state in Europe had a delegation in Vienna \u2013 more than 200 states and princely houses were represented at the Congress.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Key Terms<\/h3>\r\n<dl class=\"key_terms\">\r\n \t<dt><strong>Napoleonic Wars<\/strong><\/dt>\r\n \t<dd>A series of major conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European powers formed into various coalitions, primarily led and financed by the United Kingdom. War broke out as a continuation of the French Revolution, which had plunged the European continent into war since 1792.<\/dd>\r\n \t<dt><strong>reactionary<\/strong><\/dt>\r\n \t<dd>A person who holds political views that favor a return to the <em>status quo ante<\/em>, the previous political state of society, which they believe possessed characteristics (discipline, respect for authority, etc.) that are negatively absent from the contemporary <em>status quo<\/em> of a society.<\/dd>\r\n \t<dt><strong>Klemens von Metternich<\/strong><\/dt>\r\n \t<dd>A politician and statesman of Rhenish extraction and one of the most important diplomats of his era, serving as the Austrian Empire's Foreign Minister from 1809 and Chancellor from 1821 until the liberal revolutions of 1848 forced his resignation. He led the Austrian delegation at the Congress of Vienna that divided post-Napoleonic Europe amongst the major powers.<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nThe Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich and held in Vienna from November 1814 to June 1815, though the delegates had arrived and were already negotiating by late September 1814. The objective of the Congress was to provide a long-term peace plan for Europe by settling critical issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. In a technical sense, the \"Congress of Vienna\" was not properly a Congress: it never met in plenary session, and most of the discussions occurred in informal, face-to-face sessions among the Great Powers of Austria, Britain, France, Russia, and sometimes Prussia, with limited or no participation by other delegates.\r\n<h1><\/h1>\r\n<h1>Major Participants of the Congress<\/h1>\r\nThe Congress functioned through formal meetings such as working groups and official diplomatic functions; however, a large portion was conducted informally at salons, banquets, and balls.\r\n\r\nAustria was represented by Prince Klemens von Metternich, the Foreign Minister, and by his deputy, Baron Johann von Wessenberg. As the Congress's sessions were in Vienna, Emperor Francis was kept closely informed. Metternich was one of main architects of the balance of power in Europe and approached the matter from a perspective of conservatism. He was a staunch opponent of liberalism and nationalism, favoring instead the preservation of the <em>status quo<\/em> in the face of the revolutionary challenge. He was also wary of Russian dominance. Critics of his diplomatic agenda paint him as the man who prevented Austria and the rest of central Europe from \u201cdeveloping along normal liberal and constitutional lines.\" Had Metternich not stood in the way of \u201cprogress,\u201d some argue, Austria might have reformed and dealt better with its problems of nationality, and the First World War might never have happened.\r\n\r\nGreat Britain was represented first by its Foreign Secretary, Viscount Castlereagh, then by the Duke of Wellington, after Castlereagh's return to England in February 1815. In the last weeks it was headed by the Earl of Clancarty after Wellington left to face Napoleon during the Hundred Days. Castlereagh, a conservative like Metternich, had a vision of long-term peace in Europe that united efforts of the great powers. At the same time he was watchful of Britain's mercantile and imperial interests. He saw that a harsh treaty based on vengeance and retaliation against France would fail, and anyway the conservative Bourbons were back in power. He employed his diplomatic skills to block harsh terms. Bringing France back into diplomatic balance was important to his vision of peace.\r\n\r\nTsar Alexander I controlled the Russian delegation formally led by the foreign minister, Count Karl Robert Nesselrode. The tsar had three main goals: to gain control of Poland, to form a league that could intervene and stop revolutions against monarchies and traditionalism, and to promote the peaceful coexistence of European nations. He succeeded in forming the Holy Alliance (1815), based on monarchism and anti-secularism, and formed to combat any threat of revolution or republicanism.\r\n\r\nPrussia was represented by Prince Karl August von Hardenberg, the Chancellor, and the diplomat and scholar Wilhelm von Humboldt. King Frederick William III of Prussia was also in Vienna, playing his role behind the scenes. Hardenberg was more liberal than the other main participants, and earlier in his career implemented a variety of liberal reforms. To him and Baron von Stein, Prussia was indebted for improvements in its army system, the abolition of serfdom and feudal burdens, the opening of civil service to all classes, and the complete reform of the educational system. However, by the time of the Congress of Vienna, the zenith of his influence, if not of his fame, was passed. In diplomacy he was no match for Metternich, whose influence soon overshadowed his own. During his late career he acquiesced to reactionary policies along the lines of the rest of the Congress.\r\n\r\nFrance, the \"fifth\" power, was represented by its foreign minister, Talleyrand, as well as the Minister Plenipotentiary the Duke of Dalberg. Talleyrand had already negotiated the Treaty of Paris (1814) for Louis XVIII of France; the king, however, distrusted him and was also secretly negotiating with Metternich by mail. Talleyrand played a major role at the Congress, where he negotiated a favorable settlement for France while undoing Napoleon's conquests. He sought a negotiated secure peace so as to perpetuate the gains of the French revolution.\r\n\r\nInitially, the representatives of the four victorious powers hoped to exclude the French from serious participation in the negotiations, but Talleyrand skillfully managed to insert himself into \"her inner councils\" in the first weeks of negotiations. He allied himself to a Committee of Eight lesser powers (including Spain, Sweden, and Portugal) to control the negotiations. Once Talleyrand was able to use this committee to make himself a part of the inner negotiations, he then left it, once again abandoning his allies.\r\n\r\nCongress Secretary Friedrich von Gentz reported, \"The intervention of Talleyrand and Labrador has hopelessly upset all our plans. Talleyrand protested against the procedure we have adopted and soundly [be]rated us for two hours. It was a scene I shall never forget.\"\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h2>Other Participants<\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Spain \u2013 Marquis Pedro G\u00f3mez de Labrador<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves \u2013 Plenipotentiaries: Pedro de Sousa Holstein, Count of Palmela; Ant\u00f3nio de Saldanha da Gama, Count of Porto Santo; Joaquim Lobo da Silveira.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Sweden \u2013 Count Carl L\u00f6wenhielm<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Denmark \u2013 Count Niels Rosenkrantz, foreign minister. King Frederick VI was also present in Vienna.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The Netherlands \u2013 Earl of Clancarty, the British Ambassador at the Dutch court, and Baron Hans von Gagern<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Switzerland \u2013 Every canton had its own delegation. Charles Pictet de Rochemont from Geneva played a prominent role.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The Papal States \u2013 Cardinal Ercole Consalvi<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Republic of Genoa \u2013 Marquise Agostino Pareto, Senator of the Republic<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Bavaria \u2013 Maximilian Graf von Montgelas<\/li>\r\n \t<li>W\u00fcrttemberg \u2013 Georg Ernst Levin von Wintzingerode<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Hanover, then in a personal union with the British crown \u2013 Georg Graf zu M\u00fcnster.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Mecklenburg-Schwerin \u2013 Leopold von Plessen<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nVirtually every state in Europe had a delegation in Vienna \u2013 more than 200 states and princely houses were represented at the Congress. In addition, there were representatives of cities, corporations, religious organizations (for instance, abbeys), and special interest groups (e.g. a delegation representing German publishers, demanding a copyright law and freedom of the press). The Congress was noted for its lavish entertainment: according to a famous joke it did not move, but danced.\r\n<div class=\"atom__components__figure\">\r\n<div class=\"atom__components__figure__cont\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"340\"]<img class=\"atom__components__figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1599\/2017\/07\/18194359\/media_35222_medium.png\" alt=\"A drawing of the participants of the Congress of Vienna, seated or standing in a lavishly decorated parlor room.\" width=\"340\" height=\"253\" \/> Participants of the Congress of Vienna 1. Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington 2. Joaquim Lobo Silveira, 7th Count of Oriola 3. Ant\u00f3nio de Saldanha da Gama, Count of Porto Santo 4. Count Carl L\u00f6wenhielm 5. Jean-Louis-Paul-Fran\u00e7ois, 5th Duke of Noailles 6. Klemens Wenzel, Prince von Metternich 7. Andr\u00e9 Dupin 8. Count Karl Robert Nesselrode 9. Pedro de Sousa Holstein, 1st Count of Palmela 10. Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh 11. Emmerich Joseph, Duke of Dalberg 12. Baron Johann von Wessenberg 13. Prince Andrey Kirillovich Razumovsky 14. Charles Stewart, 1st Baron Stewart 15. Pedro G\u00f3mez Labrador, Marquis of Labrador 16. Richard Le Poer Trench, 2nd Earl of Clancarty 17. Wacken (Recorder) 18. Friedrich von Gentz (Congress Secretary) 19. Baron Wilhelm von Humboldt 20. William Cathcart, 1st Earl Cathcart 21. Prince Karl August von Hardenberg 22. Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-P\u00e9rigord 23. Count Gustav Ernst von Stackelberg[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<div class=\"atom__components__document\"><\/div>\r\n<div id=\"image_35222_text_equivalent\" class=\"atom__components__figure__text_equivalent\"><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Attributions<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Participants of the Congress\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"attribution\">\"Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-P\u00e9rigord.\" <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-Perigord\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-Perigord<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"attribution\">\"Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh.\" <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"attribution\">\"Karl August von Hardenberg.\" <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karl_August_von_Hardenberg\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karl_August_von_Hardenberg<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"attribution\">\"Klemens von Metternich.\" <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Klemens_von_Metternich\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Klemens_von_Metternich<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"attribution\">\"Congress of Vienna.\" <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Congress_of_Vienna\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Congress_of_Vienna<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div class=\"attribution\">\"800px-Congress_of_Vienna.PNG.\" <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Congress_of_Vienna.PNG\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Congress_of_Vienna.PNG<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikimedia Commons<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","rendered":"<h2 id=\"concept_1200\">24.1.2: Participants of the Congress<\/h2>\n<div class=\"brief\">\n<p>The leading participants of the Congress of Vienna were British foreign secretary Lord Castlereagh, Austrian Chancellor Klemens von Metternich, and Tsar Alexander I of Russia, all of whom had a reactionary, conservative vision for Europe after the Napoleonic Wars, favoring stability and the <em>status quo<\/em> over liberal progress.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objective<\/h3>\n<p>Identify the participants in the Congress of Vienna and their representatives<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Points<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>The objective of the Congress of Vienna was to provide a long-term peace plan for Europe by settling critical issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars.<\/li>\n<li>The leading personalities of the Congress were British foreign secretary Lord Castlereagh, Austrian Chancellor Klemens von Metternich, and Tsar Alexander I of Russia.<\/li>\n<li>These three leaders in the Congress are known for their conservatism, aimed at creating lasting peace and maintaining the<em> status quo<\/em> and opposed to liberal progress and nationalism.<\/li>\n<li>This conservative agenda has been heavily criticized by many historians who argue that it stood in the way of progress and created the conditions for World War I.<\/li>\n<li>Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-P\u00e9rigord of France was largely responsible for quickly returning France to its place alongside the other major powers in international diplomacy after their defeat in the Napoleonic Wars.<\/li>\n<li>Virtually every state in Europe had a delegation in Vienna \u2013 more than 200 states and princely houses were represented at the Congress.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Key Terms<\/h3>\n<dl class=\"key_terms\">\n<dt><strong>Napoleonic Wars<\/strong><\/dt>\n<dd>A series of major conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European powers formed into various coalitions, primarily led and financed by the United Kingdom. War broke out as a continuation of the French Revolution, which had plunged the European continent into war since 1792.<\/dd>\n<dt><strong>reactionary<\/strong><\/dt>\n<dd>A person who holds political views that favor a return to the <em>status quo ante<\/em>, the previous political state of society, which they believe possessed characteristics (discipline, respect for authority, etc.) that are negatively absent from the contemporary <em>status quo<\/em> of a society.<\/dd>\n<dt><strong>Klemens von Metternich<\/strong><\/dt>\n<dd>A politician and statesman of Rhenish extraction and one of the most important diplomats of his era, serving as the Austrian Empire&#8217;s Foreign Minister from 1809 and Chancellor from 1821 until the liberal revolutions of 1848 forced his resignation. He led the Austrian delegation at the Congress of Vienna that divided post-Napoleonic Europe amongst the major powers.<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich and held in Vienna from November 1814 to June 1815, though the delegates had arrived and were already negotiating by late September 1814. The objective of the Congress was to provide a long-term peace plan for Europe by settling critical issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. In a technical sense, the &#8220;Congress of Vienna&#8221; was not properly a Congress: it never met in plenary session, and most of the discussions occurred in informal, face-to-face sessions among the Great Powers of Austria, Britain, France, Russia, and sometimes Prussia, with limited or no participation by other delegates.<\/p>\n<h1><\/h1>\n<h1>Major Participants of the Congress<\/h1>\n<p>The Congress functioned through formal meetings such as working groups and official diplomatic functions; however, a large portion was conducted informally at salons, banquets, and balls.<\/p>\n<p>Austria was represented by Prince Klemens von Metternich, the Foreign Minister, and by his deputy, Baron Johann von Wessenberg. As the Congress&#8217;s sessions were in Vienna, Emperor Francis was kept closely informed. Metternich was one of main architects of the balance of power in Europe and approached the matter from a perspective of conservatism. He was a staunch opponent of liberalism and nationalism, favoring instead the preservation of the <em>status quo<\/em> in the face of the revolutionary challenge. He was also wary of Russian dominance. Critics of his diplomatic agenda paint him as the man who prevented Austria and the rest of central Europe from \u201cdeveloping along normal liberal and constitutional lines.&#8221; Had Metternich not stood in the way of \u201cprogress,\u201d some argue, Austria might have reformed and dealt better with its problems of nationality, and the First World War might never have happened.<\/p>\n<p>Great Britain was represented first by its Foreign Secretary, Viscount Castlereagh, then by the Duke of Wellington, after Castlereagh&#8217;s return to England in February 1815. In the last weeks it was headed by the Earl of Clancarty after Wellington left to face Napoleon during the Hundred Days. Castlereagh, a conservative like Metternich, had a vision of long-term peace in Europe that united efforts of the great powers. At the same time he was watchful of Britain&#8217;s mercantile and imperial interests. He saw that a harsh treaty based on vengeance and retaliation against France would fail, and anyway the conservative Bourbons were back in power. He employed his diplomatic skills to block harsh terms. Bringing France back into diplomatic balance was important to his vision of peace.<\/p>\n<p>Tsar Alexander I controlled the Russian delegation formally led by the foreign minister, Count Karl Robert Nesselrode. The tsar had three main goals: to gain control of Poland, to form a league that could intervene and stop revolutions against monarchies and traditionalism, and to promote the peaceful coexistence of European nations. He succeeded in forming the Holy Alliance (1815), based on monarchism and anti-secularism, and formed to combat any threat of revolution or republicanism.<\/p>\n<p>Prussia was represented by Prince Karl August von Hardenberg, the Chancellor, and the diplomat and scholar Wilhelm von Humboldt. King Frederick William III of Prussia was also in Vienna, playing his role behind the scenes. Hardenberg was more liberal than the other main participants, and earlier in his career implemented a variety of liberal reforms. To him and Baron von Stein, Prussia was indebted for improvements in its army system, the abolition of serfdom and feudal burdens, the opening of civil service to all classes, and the complete reform of the educational system. However, by the time of the Congress of Vienna, the zenith of his influence, if not of his fame, was passed. In diplomacy he was no match for Metternich, whose influence soon overshadowed his own. During his late career he acquiesced to reactionary policies along the lines of the rest of the Congress.<\/p>\n<p>France, the &#8220;fifth&#8221; power, was represented by its foreign minister, Talleyrand, as well as the Minister Plenipotentiary the Duke of Dalberg. Talleyrand had already negotiated the Treaty of Paris (1814) for Louis XVIII of France; the king, however, distrusted him and was also secretly negotiating with Metternich by mail. Talleyrand played a major role at the Congress, where he negotiated a favorable settlement for France while undoing Napoleon&#8217;s conquests. He sought a negotiated secure peace so as to perpetuate the gains of the French revolution.<\/p>\n<p>Initially, the representatives of the four victorious powers hoped to exclude the French from serious participation in the negotiations, but Talleyrand skillfully managed to insert himself into &#8220;her inner councils&#8221; in the first weeks of negotiations. He allied himself to a Committee of Eight lesser powers (including Spain, Sweden, and Portugal) to control the negotiations. Once Talleyrand was able to use this committee to make himself a part of the inner negotiations, he then left it, once again abandoning his allies.<\/p>\n<p>Congress Secretary Friedrich von Gentz reported, &#8220;The intervention of Talleyrand and Labrador has hopelessly upset all our plans. Talleyrand protested against the procedure we have adopted and soundly [be]rated us for two hours. It was a scene I shall never forget.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Other Participants<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Spain \u2013 Marquis Pedro G\u00f3mez de Labrador<\/li>\n<li>Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves \u2013 Plenipotentiaries: Pedro de Sousa Holstein, Count of Palmela; Ant\u00f3nio de Saldanha da Gama, Count of Porto Santo; Joaquim Lobo da Silveira.<\/li>\n<li>Sweden \u2013 Count Carl L\u00f6wenhielm<\/li>\n<li>Denmark \u2013 Count Niels Rosenkrantz, foreign minister. King Frederick VI was also present in Vienna.<\/li>\n<li>The Netherlands \u2013 Earl of Clancarty, the British Ambassador at the Dutch court, and Baron Hans von Gagern<\/li>\n<li>Switzerland \u2013 Every canton had its own delegation. Charles Pictet de Rochemont from Geneva played a prominent role.<\/li>\n<li>The Papal States \u2013 Cardinal Ercole Consalvi<\/li>\n<li>Republic of Genoa \u2013 Marquise Agostino Pareto, Senator of the Republic<\/li>\n<li>Bavaria \u2013 Maximilian Graf von Montgelas<\/li>\n<li>W\u00fcrttemberg \u2013 Georg Ernst Levin von Wintzingerode<\/li>\n<li>Hanover, then in a personal union with the British crown \u2013 Georg Graf zu M\u00fcnster.<\/li>\n<li>Mecklenburg-Schwerin \u2013 Leopold von Plessen<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Virtually every state in Europe had a delegation in Vienna \u2013 more than 200 states and princely houses were represented at the Congress. In addition, there were representatives of cities, corporations, religious organizations (for instance, abbeys), and special interest groups (e.g. a delegation representing German publishers, demanding a copyright law and freedom of the press). The Congress was noted for its lavish entertainment: according to a famous joke it did not move, but danced.<\/p>\n<div class=\"atom__components__figure\">\n<div class=\"atom__components__figure__cont\">\n<div style=\"width: 350px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"atom__components__figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1599\/2017\/07\/18194359\/media_35222_medium.png\" alt=\"A drawing of the participants of the Congress of Vienna, seated or standing in a lavishly decorated parlor room.\" width=\"340\" height=\"253\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Participants of the Congress of Vienna 1. Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington 2. Joaquim Lobo Silveira, 7th Count of Oriola 3. Ant\u00f3nio de Saldanha da Gama, Count of Porto Santo 4. Count Carl L\u00f6wenhielm 5. Jean-Louis-Paul-Fran\u00e7ois, 5th Duke of Noailles 6. Klemens Wenzel, Prince von Metternich 7. Andr\u00e9 Dupin 8. Count Karl Robert Nesselrode 9. Pedro de Sousa Holstein, 1st Count of Palmela 10. Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh 11. Emmerich Joseph, Duke of Dalberg 12. Baron Johann von Wessenberg 13. Prince Andrey Kirillovich Razumovsky 14. Charles Stewart, 1st Baron Stewart 15. Pedro G\u00f3mez Labrador, Marquis of Labrador 16. Richard Le Poer Trench, 2nd Earl of Clancarty 17. Wacken (Recorder) 18. Friedrich von Gentz (Congress Secretary) 19. Baron Wilhelm von Humboldt 20. William Cathcart, 1st Earl Cathcart 21. Prince Karl August von Hardenberg 22. Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-P\u00e9rigord 23. Count Gustav Ernst von Stackelberg<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"atom__components__document\"><\/div>\n<div id=\"image_35222_text_equivalent\" class=\"atom__components__figure__text_equivalent\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Attributions<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Participants of the Congress\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">&#8220;Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-P\u00e9rigord.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-Perigord\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-Perigord<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">&#8220;Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">&#8220;Karl August von Hardenberg.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karl_August_von_Hardenberg\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karl_August_von_Hardenberg<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">&#8220;Klemens von Metternich.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Klemens_von_Metternich\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Klemens_von_Metternich<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">&#8220;Congress of Vienna.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Congress_of_Vienna\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Congress_of_Vienna<\/a>. <span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">&#8220;800px-Congress_of_Vienna.PNG.&#8221; 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